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Antifungal substances of plant origin could be used as an inhibitor to control fungal seed diseases growth and development. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of alcoholic and aqueous extracts of few medicinal plants (Fennel, Cichorium, Asafoetida, Echinacea, Balangu (Lady's mantle and Olender) on growth and development of Alternaria alternata fungi. The experimental treatments were arranged as factorial and the data were analyzed based on a completely randomized design with three replications. The effect of seed and plant extracts, plant type (plant), and their interactions were significant on the fungal growth and development. The strong antifungal properties of aqueous and alcoholic extracts of balangu and oleander showed a broad-spectrum natural antifungal resistance in those plants. However, the results indicated a high resistance for A. alternata against the aqueous extract of fennel. This study concluded a high potential for the alcoholic extract of balangu and oleander (100% inhibition) in the biological control of the A. alternata fungus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A field experiment was conducted during 2016-2017 to investigate the effect of irrigation scheduling on three barley cultivars (viz Nosrat, Roudasht and Behrokh) under water deficit stress conditions. Irrigation treatment was applied based on the maximum allowable depletion of available soil water. Treatment levels comprised of irrigation scheduled at: (I1) 30%; (I2) 60%; and (I3) 90% depletion of available soil water which was applied after flowering stage. Studied traits included: plant height, shoot fresh weight, shoot dry weight, the number of spikes per plant, the number of grains per spike, 1000-grain weight, awn length, harvest index, biological yield, grain yield, and total protein content of grain. Results showed that all traits were significantly reduced with an increase in the severity of stress due to a reduction in the availability of water. However, no significant reduction was observed for cultivar Nosrat regarding grain yield, biological yield and the number of spikes per plant between I2 and I3 treatment levels. Estimation of production functions with respect to yield contributing traits revealed that, at a severe drought stress, the order of the importance of yield-contributing traits was as: harvest index>biomass>spikes per plant>grains per spike. Based on the results, to achieve the highest grain yield and grain total protein content, irrigation should be scheduled at a maximum allowable depletion equal to 30% of available soil water. Nevertheless, an economic production can be achieved with a delayed irrigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Effects of organic, biological, and chemical fertilizers along with water-deficit regimes were investigated on forage barley in a field experiment during 2007–2008. Irrigation regimes were nonstressed (NS), moderately stressed (MS), and severely stressed (SS) and fertilizer treatments were no fertilizer (NF), phosphorus and nitrogen biofertilizers (BF), chemical fertilizer (CF), vermicompost (VC), chemical fertilizer + vermicompost (CV), and chemical fertilizer + biofertilizer (CB). Water stress reduced leaf/stem ratio and dry-matter digestibility (DMD), but increased crude protein (CP), acid detergent fiber (ADF), and neutral detergent fiber (NDF). However, the effect of water deficit on DMD, ash, and NDF depended on the fertilizer treatment. In BF and CV, the barley forage had the greatest DMD and least ash and NDF under water-deficit conditions. The integrated fertilizing systems are more reliable than conventional systems to produce high-quality forage barley in arid environments with late water stress or water deficit irrigation system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]