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9. Exogenous Nitric Oxide Improves the Protective Effects of TiO2Nanoparticles on Growth, Antioxidant System, and Photosynthetic Performance of Wheat Seedlings Under Drought Stress

Author

Faraji, Javad and Sepehri, Ali

Abstract

Drought stress is one of the most important environmental constraints that negatively affect crop growth and production worldwide. Recently, nanotechnology has increasingly been applied to improve tolerance in plants exposed to abiotic stresses such as drought. A pot experiment was conducted to examine the influence of nitric oxide donor sodium nitroprusside (SNP: 100 μM) in presence of TiO2nanoparticles (TiO2NPs: 500, 1000, and 2000 mg kg−1) on wheat seedlings under drought stress conditions. Water deficit negatively affected growth and photosynthetic parameters with simultaneous increase in activity of antioxidant enzymes. Under severe drought stress, soil-applied 2000 mg kg−1TiO2NPs enhanced seedling dry weight (DW), relative water content (RWC), catalase (CAT) activity, ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activity, and proline content. Moreover, 2000 mg kg−1TiO2NPs enhanced total chlorophyll (total Chl), carotenoids (Car), stomatal conductance (gs), and transpiration (E) under severe drought stress. However, addition of 100 μM SNP in presence of 2000 mg kg−1TiO2NPs significantly increased seedling length (SL), superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, total soluble proteins, net photosynthetic rate (Pn), and intercellular CO2concentration (Ci). The aforementioned treatment also significantly reduced hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents under severe drought stress. Our results suggest that foliar application of SNP in the presence of TiO2NPs can protect wheat seedlings against drought-induced oxidative damage.

Published
2024
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11. Nanopartículas de dióxido de titânio e nitroprussiato de sódio aliviam os efeitos adversos do estresse por cádmio na germinação e no crescimento do trigo (Triticum aestivum L.)

Author

Faraji, Javad, Sepehri, Ali, and Salcedo-Reyes, Juan Carlos

Subjects
óxido nítrico nanopartículas de TiO2, bestrés por Cadmio, trigo, germinação, Cadmium stress, Germination, Nitric oxide, germinación, nanopartículas de TiO2, Wheat, óxido nítrico, Estresse por Cádmio, TiO2 nanoparticles
Abstract

Effect of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) (0, 500, 1 000 and 2 000 mg/L) and sodium nitroprusside (SNP) (0 and 100 μM) as nitric oxide (NO) donor, on wheat seed germination and seedling growth were investigated under cadmium (Cd) stress (0, 50 and 100 mM CdCl2). Concentration-dependent declining trends were observed in wheat germination indices upon seed exposure to CdCl2 suspensions which were more obvious under higher Cd stress. Exogenous sodium nitroprusside (SNP) and TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) positively affected most germination indices under normal and stress conditions. In most cases, combined application of TiO2 NPs and SNP suspensions boosted stimulatory function of both compounds and moderated adverse effects of Cd treatments on wheat seed germination and seedling growth. 2 000 mg/L TiO2 + SNP (100 μM) treatment recorded the best results regarding most germination indices under lower and higher (50 and 100 mM CdCl2) Cd stress. Overall, it could be concluded that application of TiO2 NPs in combination with SNP might be a promising approach in counteracting the adverse effects of Cd stress on wheat seed germination and early growth. Resumen Se investigó el efecto de nanopartículas de dióxido de titanio (TiO2 NPs) (0, 500, 1 000 and 2 000 mg/L) y nitroprusiato de sodio (SNP) (0 and 100 μM) como donador de óxido nítrico (NO), en la germinación de las semillas y el crecimiento de las plántulas de trigo bajo estrés por Cadmio (Cd) (0, 50 and 100 mM CdCl2). Se observaron tendencias decrecientes en los índices de germinación de las semillas de trigo expuestas a suspensiones de CdCl2. Estas tendencias fueron dependientes de la concentración, y más obvias ante alto estrés por Cd. El Nitroprusiato de Sodio exógeno (SNP) y las nanopartículas de TiO2 (NPs) afectaron positivamente la mayoría de los índices de germinación bajo condiciones normales y de estrés. En la mayoría de los casos, la aplicación combinada de suspensiones de TiO2 NPs y SNP incrementó la función estimulante de ambos componentes y moderó los efectos adversos de los tratamientos de Cd en la geminación de las semillas de trigo y el crecimiento de las plántulas. Con el tratamiento de 2000 mg/L TiO2 + SNP (100 μM) se registraron los mejores resultados en cuanto a los índices de germinación sometidos a bajo y alto estrés por Cd (50 and 100 mM CdCl2). En general, podría concluirse que la aplicación de TiO2 NPs en combinación con SNP podría ser una aproximación promisoria para contrarrestar los efectos adversos del estrés por Cd en la germinación de las semillas de trigo y en su crecimiento temprano. Resumo Foram investigados os efeitos de nanopartículas de dióxido de titânio (TiO2 NPs) (0, 500, 1000 e 2000 mg/L) e nitroprussiato de sódio (SNP) (0 e 100 pM) como donadoras de óxido nítrico (NO) na germinação de sementes e no crescimento de plántulas de trigo sob estresse por cádmio (Cd) (0, 50 e 100 mM CdCl2). Se observaram tendências decrescentes nos índices de germinação de sementes de trigo expostas a suspensões de CdCl2. Essas tendências foram dependentes da concentração, sendo mais evidentes frente ao alto estresse por Cd. O nitroprussiato de sódio (SNP) e as nanopartículas de TiO2 (NPs) afetaram positivamente a maioria dos índices de germinação sob condições normais e de estresse. Na maioria dos casos, a aplicação combinada de suspensões de TiO2 NPs e SNP aumentou a função estimulante de ambos componentes e moderou os efeitos adversos dos tratamentos de Cd na germinação de semestres de trigo e no crescimento das plántulas. Com o tratamento de 2 000 mg/L TiO2 + SNP (100 μM) se registraram os melhores resultados em quanto aos índices de germinação submetidos a baixo e alto estresse por Cd (50 e 100 mM CdCl2). De modo geral, se pode concluir que a aplicação de TiO2 NPs em combinação com SNP poderia ser uma aproximação promissora para combater os efeitos adversos do estresse por Cd na germinação de sementes de trigo e no seu crescimento inicial.

Published
2018

16. Ameliorative effects of TiO2 nanoparticles and sodium nitroprusside on seed germination and seedling growth of wheat under PEG-stimulated drought stress.

Author

Faraji, Javad and Sepehri, Ali

Subjects
*GERMINATION, *SODIUM nitroferricyanide, *WHEAT seeds, *WHEAT, *SEEDLINGS, *DROUGHT tolerance
Abstract

Seed germination and early seedling growth are sensitive to drought stress in wheat. A factorial experiment was arranged based on a completely randomized design with three replicates to study the impacts of TiO2 nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs: 0, 500, 1000 and 2000 mg.L) and sodium nitroprusside (SNP: 0 and 100 µM), as NO donor, on seed germination and seedling growth of wheat under polyethylene glycol (PEG)-induced drought stress (0, -0.4 and -0.8 MPa). Our results revealed that PEG-stimulated drought stress significantly decreased germination percentage (GP), germination energy (GE), germination rate (GR), root length (RL), shoot length (SL), root fresh weight (RFW), shoot fresh weight (SFW) and vigor index (VI) but increased mean germination time (MGT) in wheat seeds. However, application of TiO2 NPs and SNP alone or in combination significantly enhanced GP, GE, GR, RL, SL, RFW, SFW and VI up to 23.72%, 50%, 33.74%, 85.38%, 93.28%, 73%, 91.91% and 91.04% respectively, but significantly reduced MGT up to 28.36% under severe drought stress. Our results showed that application of TiO2 NPs and SNP alone or in combination can significantly alleviate the adverse effects of PEG-stimulated drought stress on seed germination and early seedling growth of wheat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2019
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17. Robust nonlinear control of atomic force microscope via immersion and invariance.

Author

Keighobadi, Jafar, Hosseini‐Pishrobat, Mehran, Faraji, Javad, Oveisi, Atta, and Nestorović, Tamara

Subjects
ROBUST control, NONLINEAR control theory, ATOMIC force microscopes, FEEDBACK control systems, CLOSED loop systems
Abstract

Summary: This paper reports an immersion and invariance (I&I)–based robust nonlinear controller for atomic force microscope (AFM) applications. The AFM dynamics is prone to chaos, which, in practice, leads to performance degradation and inaccurate measurements. Therefore, we design a nonlinear tracking controller that stabilizes the AFM dynamics around a desired periodic orbit. To this end, in the tracking error state space, we define a target invariant manifold, on which the system dynamics fulfills the control objective. First, considering a nominal case with full state measurement and no modeling uncertainty, we design an I&I controller to render the target manifold exponentially attractive. Next, we consider an uncertain AFM dynamics, in which only the displacement of the probe cantilever is measured. In the framework of the I&I method, we recast the robust output feedback control problem as the immersion of the output feedback closed‐loop system into the nominal full state one. For this purpose, we define another target invariant manifold that recovers the performance of the nominal control system. Moreover, to handle large uncertainty/disturbances, we incorporate the method of active disturbance rejection into the I&I output feedback control. Through Lyapunov‐based analysis of the closed‐loop stability and robustness, we show the semiglobal practical stability and convergence of the tracking error dynamics. Finally, we present a set of detailed, comparative software simulations to assess the effectiveness of the control method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2019
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