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Ginsenosides belong to a group of steroid glycosides that are extracted from the plant genus Panax (ginseng). This plant has been used for a long time for the treatment of a variety of disorders in traditional medicine. Recent studies have assessed the biological impact of Ginsenosides in cell culture or animal models. Animal studies have shown their beneficial impacts in the remedy of pathological conditions in different tissues. The ameliorating effects of Ginsenosides in diverse pathogenic conditions can be attributed to their effects on the production of reactive oxygen species. These substances mainly affect the activity of AMPK/AKT and PI3K/AKT pathways. The beneficial effects of Ginsenosides have been appraised in diabetes-related complications, spinal cord injury, cerebral ischemia, myocardial ischemia, and other disorders which are associated with oxidative stress. Moreover, these substances have been shown to interfere with the pathologic conditions during carcinogenesis. In the current study, we explain these impacts in two distinct sections including non-neoplastic conditions and neoplastic conditions.

BACE1 enzyme has been known a potential target involved in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Present research was focused on the principles of virtually screening, chemical synthesis and protease inhibitory effect of BACE1 enzyme via biaryl guanidine derivatives. In-silico based paradigm (ligand binding interaction within active domain of BACE 1 enzyme i.e., aspartate Asp32 and Asp228) a novel compound was synthesized and subsequently subjected to in-vitro and in-vivo evaluation. 1,3-di(isoquinolin-6-yl) guanidine was synthesized and found potent (IC

Retrofitting concrete with fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) wrap has been considered as an effective method to compensate for the loss of the compressive strength of the concrete at an elevated temperature. This paper presents a study on the axial compressive behavior of heat-damaged steel fiber-reinforced concrete strengthened with carbon FRP (CFRP) wraps. To this effect, steel fibers were added to two concrete mixtures with volume fractions of 0.5% and 1%. The effect of full and partial wrapping with CFRP composites on the compressive behavior of the heated concrete was examined. A stress–strain model was also proposed to predict the behavior of CFRP-confined post heated steel fiber-reinforced concrete. It was found that heated concrete wrapped with CFRP layers exhibits a higher compressive strength, peak axial strain, maximum volumetric strain, toughness and relative energy absorption than that of unwrapped concrete. The results also showed that the exposure of concrete to the heat leads to a slight decrease in the ascending and descending slopes of the axial stress–strain relationship. The comparison between the model predictions and experimental results revealed that the proposed model accurately predicts the axial stress-axial strain and axial stress-lateral strain of the heated concrete. These results are promising and demonstrate the benefits of full and partial FRP wrapping in the development of high-performance structural members subjected to an elevated temperature.

Background: Rosa canina has been traditionally known as a medicinal plant. Different applications of fruits (Rose hip) comprise the food, perfume, and cosmetic industries. Objectives: This study aimed to prepare an enriched polyphenolic fraction from Rosa canina in addition to its biological activities. Methods: Poly phenolic enriched fraction was prepared using Amberlite XAD-7 for removing unwanted components. Phenols, flavonoids, and anthocyanins content analyses showed that they increased significantly compared to the extract. HPLC analysis showed that this fraction is a rich source of ascorbic acid. Results: The results of the DPPH, ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), ABTS, and nitric oxide assay confirmed that the antioxidant activities of the fraction had been increased compared to the extract. The oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) assay and cellular antioxidant activity of the fraction also confirmed its potential antioxidant activity. This fraction showed xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity at 100 µg/mL concentration. Comet assay analysis revealed that this fraction at 25 - 100 µg/mL concentrations inhibited H2O2 genotoxicity in human lymphocytes. Conclutions: This study suggests that the fruit of Rosa canina could be considered as a potential antioxidant, a xanthine oxidase inhibitor, and an antigenotoxic source, and the application of Amberlite XAD-7 improves extraction efficiencies through enrichment of phenolic compounds in this plant.

Propranolol hydrochloride is a beta-blocker used for the management and treatment of hypertension, angina, coronary artery disease, heart failure, fibrillation, tremors, migraine etc. The objective of the present study was to design Propranolol Hydrochloride floating tablets by direct compression method and to explore the role of a new gum as a matrix former. A 22 full factorial design was selected for the present study. Prunus domestica gum and HPMC (K4M) were used as independent variables, swelling index and drug dissolution at 12 hours as dependent variables. Formulations were subjected to pre- and post-compression tests that showed good micromeritics and buoyancy characteristics (Carr’s index 11.76%–14.00%, Hausner’s ratio 1.13°–1.16°, angle of repose 22.67°–25.21°, floating lag time 56–76 seconds, total floating time 18–25 hours and swelling index 59.87%–139.66%). The cumulative drug release in 0.1 N HCl at 12 hours was 72%–90% (p2>0.99) among all other studied models. Multiple regression showed a significant effect of Prunus domestica gum and HPMC K4M on the swelling index and dissolution profiles of propranolol HCl (pin-vitro performance and cost-effectiveness, formulation F4 was the best formulation. It is evident from the results that Prunus domestica gum possesses excellent drug release retardant potential for the floating drug delivery system and this new gum should be further explored alone or with other natural and synthetic polymers in future studies.

Bidang pemetaan lahan skala kecil menggunakan UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) sebagai sarana pemetaan. UAV memerlukan komunikasi tanpa kabel (wireless) dengan jarak yang jauh dan stabil. Untuk itu dibutuhkan sebuah antena dengan pola pancaran yang jauh dan penguatan (gain) yang tinggi. Penelitian ini menggunakan Antena Yagi karena memiliki pola pancaran yang terarah (directional) tetapi memilki kelemahan yaitu, antena yagi harus diarahkan secara pointing untuk menjaga komunikasi antara antena dan UAV. Berdasarkan hasil perhitungan dan simulasi antena yagi dengan frekuensi 433 MHz, diperoleh penguatan (gain) sebesar 14,2 dBi. Rancangan antenna yagi dibuat menggunakan Almunium dan tembaga berbentuk pipa. Dari hasil pengujian jarak komunikasi didapat jarak jangkauan ± 5 km. Pengujian dilakukan dengan memasangkan antena yagi ke modul receiver telemetri 433 MHz, kemudian modul transceiver dipasang di pesawat tanpa awak (UAV) yang diterbangkan.

The article addresses the tranced healing phenomena by locating it as a symbolic manifestation of culture that is related to the mystical symbolism and the Qur’an. The research aims to answer the question of what is the meaning of the tranced healing phenomena in the Kubrosiswo Bintang Mudo art show in its mystical symbolism context? By using qualitative method and semiotic approach, I argue that tranced healing phenomena is perceived as encountering two sources of strength, the black power which is coming from Satan, and the holy power which is coming from God. The success of healing the possessed people by using the verses of the Qur’an means a symbolic form of the power of the ba>t}il which is occupied by the rightly (h}aqq) power. This affirms a dominative power of God, because humans as ordinary people in their weaknesses of their physical body, when devoting unto God, then it is believed that there is no malevolent strength which is able to impair. In other words, healing is a symbolic manifestation of the nobility of human’s faith unto God.

The limitations of conventional type delivery systems to retain drug (s) in the stomach has resulted in the development of novel gastroretentive drug delivery system. We developed single-layer effervescent floating tablets of loxoprofen sodium for prolong delivery in the stomach using natural polymers xanthan gum, guar gum and semisynthetic polymer HPMCK4M. All the formulations (F1-F9) were developed by varying concentrations of xanthan gum and HPMCK4M while guar gum concentration was kept constant. Two gas generating agent (s) incorporated were sodium bicarbonate and citric acid. All compendial pre and post-compression tests results were in the acceptable limits. FTIR analysis confirmed drug-polymer compatibility. The in-vitro drug release in simulated conditions i.e., 0.1 N HCl for 12 h revealed orderly increase in total floating time, i.e., less than 6 h for F1 over 12 h for F9. Formulations F1 to F4 were not capable to retard drug release up to 12 h, whereas F5-F7 for 12 h, while F8 and F9 for more than 12 h. Data fitting in various kinetic models showed that drug release best fit in first order kinetic model and F9 in zero order. Based on results data, F7 was the best among all.

The objective was to use caffeine and Soluplus® to improve the dissolution rate and to maintain a concentration of BCS Class II rosuvastatin calcium that exceeds its solubility. Caffeine and Soluplus® together substantially improved the dissolution rate and the extent of rosuvastatin release. Formulations for direct compression tablets included Formulation F1, a control with drug but with neither caffeine nor Soluplus® present; F2 with drug-caffeine complex; F3 with drug and Soluplus® and F4 with drug-caffeine complex and Soluplus®. Each formulation blend provided satisfactory flow properties. Tablets were comparable in mass, hardness and friability. A marked decrease in disintegration time occurred when the hydrotropic or micellar agent was included in the formulation. Assay (98–100%) and content uniformity (99–100%) results met requirements. Release studies in pH 1.2, 6.6, and 6.8 buffers revealed the superiority of F4. At 45 min sampling time, F3 and F4 tablets each provided a cumulative drug release greater than 70% in each medium. F2 tablets exhibited compliance to official standards in pH 6.6 and 6.8 buffers but not in pH 1.2 buffer, whereas tablets based on F1 failed in each medium. Two-factor ANOVA of the release data revealed a statistical difference across the four formulations in each release medium. Pairwise comparison of release profiles demonstrated that, of the four formulations, F4 provided the most effectively enhanced dissolution rate, improvement to the extent of drug release and support of a concentration higher than the solubility of rosuvastatin calcium. Keywords: Rosuvastatin, Formulation, Caffeine complexation, Soluplus®, Solubilization, Dissolution rate

Because of the potential of significant geographic variation in the compositions of snake venoms, much insight can be gained by examining individuals originating from diverse locations, and...

The colon is a potential body organ exploited for both the local and systemic delivery of drugs. The targeted colon-specific delivery is highly desirable for a variety of bowel diseases and colonic pathologies such as amoebiosis, Crohn’s disease, ulcerative colitis (UC), and colonic cancer. Systemic absorption of many therapeutic moieties, for example, acid-sensitive drugs, protein, and peptides, are routed through colonic delivery as a means to protect them from harsh environment in stomach and enzymatic activities in small intestine. Biopolymer-based drug deliveries have gained an immense reputation as an effective therapeutic and formulation strategy for colon-specific drug-delivery systems owing to their diverse properties, including biocompatibility, mucoadhesion, colon-specific enzymatic degradation, and varying pH sensitivity across the gastrointestinal tract. Moreover, the versatile physical properties and abundant functional molecules of biopolymers render them suitable for colon-targeted drug delivery via a broad array of delivery systems. This chapter reviews various biopolymer-based colon-targeted drug-delivery systems accomplished particularly for the treatment of UC and colon cancer or used as protein and peptide carriers.

Medicinal plants of Pakistan are known for their curative properties against snake bite as rural people have been using natural herbs for such injuries for hundreds to thousands of years. People of rural areas of Pakistan are prone to snakebite, and on the whole death due to snakebite has been increasing worldwide. The objective of this study was to test the neutralizing potential of 17 Pakistani medicinal plant extracts against phospholipase A2 activity in Echis carinatus venom. Plant material was extracted by simple maceration and fractionation of active plant extracts. Venom was collected by manual massage of the venom glands. The PLA2 enzymatic assay was performed to map out the venomous activity of Echis carinatus envenomation. Snake venom released fatty acids at different concentrations (0.1-5 mg/ml) of venom in a dose-dependent manner. Reduction of pH by 01 correlated with 133 μmol of fatty acids released at 5mg/ml of venom. All plants extract inhibited PLA2 activity, however, Curcuma longa, Citrullus colocynthis and Rubia cordifolia inhibited maximum of PLA2 activity (⁓78%) comparable to the standard antidote (p0.5). Medicinal plants possess secondary metabolites and many active compounds that may have neutralizing or inhibiting properties against the PLA2 activity of Echis venom. Further studies such as compound analysis could provide an alternative against snakebites injuries resulting from Echis carinatus venom.

Malaria, dengue and chikungunya are the most rampant mosquito-borne infections predominantly in Pakistan. They pose a serious threat and cause a havoc for the victims owing to the life threatening signs and symptoms marked with elevated morbidity and mortality rate. It seems hard to discriminate due to common indications, consequently, deserves appropriate diagnosis prior elevated toll of death. Present article encompasses depth insights about their prevalence, diagnosis and clinical manifestation if erupt in the pandemic. However, host-vector-host cycle is the root cause of transmission and diverse mosquito species confer dissimilar infections. Indeed these infections are seasonal but other factors like flood, open irrigation channels, immense agricultural land, rich fauna and water reservoirs can't be overlooked. Dire need was felt to acknowledge and aware the public about local transmission, vector control, entomologic, research resources, diagnosis and advancement in healthcare system to alleviate them absolutely in future.

This paper first addresses the effect of steel and forta-ferro fibers on the mechanical properties of high-strength concrete, and then, investigates the effect of silica fume and nano-silica on the mechanical properties of the fiber-reinforced concrete. In total, 230 concrete specimens were produced in two stages and subsequently tested; in the first stage of specimen production, hooked-end steel fibers with Vf of 0.5%, 0.75%, 1%, 1.25%, and 1.5%, and forta-ferro fibers with Vf of 0.2%, 0.35%, 0.5%, 0.65%, and 0.8% were added to concrete mixture, and in the second stage, silica fume with the weight percentage of 8%, 10%, and 12%, and nano-silica with that of 1%, 2%, and 3% were replaced the cement in mixtures with a fixed volume fraction of both fibers. The aim was to study the mechanical properties of the fiber-reinforced concrete including compressive strength, tensile strength, modulus of elasticity, water absorption, and density, and to propose equations for predicting the compressive and tensile strength and the modulus of elasticity of the fiber-reinforced concrete with no pozzolan.

Penelitian ini bertujuan mengeksplorasi faktor – faktor yang mempengaruhi minat orang tua memilih sekolah di SMK Negeri 2 Semarang. Jenis penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kuantitatif dengan pendekatan dengan populasi kelas X SMKN 2 Semarang tahun 2017 dan sampelnya siswa/siswi kelas X SMKN 2 Semarang berjumlah 120 responden. Instrumen yang digunakan adalah angket dan dokumentasi, sedangkan teknik analissi data menggunakan uji prasyarat analisis dengan menggunakan uji normalitas, uji multikolinieritas dan uji heteroskidastisitas dan pengujian hipotesis menggunakan analisis regresi linier berganda., teknik pengumpulan data dengan angket, dan pengolahan data menggunakan program SPSS versi 20. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa: 1) Sarana dan Prasasara, kualifikasi akademik guru, dan kompetensi lulusan berpengaruh signifikan terhadap minat orang tua dalam memilih sekolah SMK N 2 Semarang, 2) Produk pendidikan dan biaya pendidikan tidak berpengaruh tidak signifikan terhadap minat orang tua dalam memilih sekolah SMK N 2 SemarangKata Kunci:Faktor-faktor,minat,orangtua,Sekolah menengah kejuruan.Abstract This study aims to explore the factors that influence parents' interest in choosing a school at SMK Negeri 2 Semarang. This type of research is a quantitative research approach with a population of class X of SMK 2 Semarang in 2017 and a sample of students in grade X of SMKN 2 Semarang totaling 120 respondents. The instruments used were questionnaires and documentation, while the data analysis technique used the analysis prerequisite test using normality test, multicollinearity test and heteroskidasticity test and hypothesis testing using multiple linear regression analysis, data collection techniques with questionnaires, and data processing using the SPSS version 20 program. The results of this study indicate that: 1) Facilities and Presasara, teacher academic qualifications, and graduate competency have a significant effect on parents 'interest in choosing SMKN 2 Semarang, 2) Education products and education costs do not significantly influence parents' interest in chose the SMKN 2 SemarangKeywords:Factors,Interest,parent,vocational high school

Cocrystallization is a novel approach for tackling the lower solubility concerns when they can yield solution concentration a lot better than their corresponding parent drug in crystalline form. To get the actual solubility and dissolution gains offered by the cocrystals, phase changes in solution (dissolution) has to be interrupted. In current study, we selected commonly used polymers in order to study their effects on the super saturation of carbamezepine-succinic acid (CBZ-SUC) cocrystal during dissolution studies. To observe solid phase changes during dissolution in situ Raman spectroscopy was used. At the completion of each test the solid phase was analyzed by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and powder X-Ray diffractometry. In polymers absence, no dissolution improvement was achieved by the cocrystal owing to its quick transformation to the stable carbamazepine dihydrate (CBZDH). Pre-dissolved PVP at 2% w/v concentration did not inhibit CBZ crystallization as a dihydrate, whereas at 0.025% w/v pre-dissolved hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose acetate succinate (HPMCAS) did stabilize the cocrystal in buffer solution (pH 6.8) for the course of time studied. This cocrystal stabilization resulted in enhanced CBZ solubility ( ̴ 4fold) caused by cocrystal super saturation state. Seeding of this stable supersaturated state with 1% w/v CBZDH resulted in CBZ crystallization as dihydrate with ultimate loss of solubility advantage.

Enzymes are biological catalyst involve in different biochemical reactions. But over activation of these biomolecules can cause disease thus different inhibitors and knockout therapies are use in current clinical practice. Carbonic anhydrases (CAs), a group of ubiquitously expressed metalloenzymes, are involved in numerous physiological and pathological processes, including gluconeogenesis, lipogenesis, ureagenesis, tumorigenicity and the growth and virulence of various pathogens. In addition to the established role of CA inhibitors (CAIs) as diuretics and antiglaucoma drugs, it has recently emerged that CAIs could have potential as novel anti-obesity, anticancer and anti-infective drugs. Furthermore, recent studies suggest that CA activation may provide a novel therapy for Alzheimer's disease. This article discusses the biological rationale for the novel uses of inhibitors or activators of CA activity in multiple diseases, and highlights progress in the development of specific modulators of the relevant CA isoforms, some of which are now being evaluated in clinical trials.

Carica papaya Linn is the member of Caricaceae family of Kingdom Plantae. The study was executed for the development of qualitative standards of male and female leaves of the plant. The study included evaluation of macroscopial, physico-chemical and preliminary phytochemical parameters to authorize the purity and authenticity of leaf of Carica papaya Linn based on guidelines provided by WHO. Qualitative phytochemical screening of extracts revealed the existence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, phenolic compounds, glycosides including cardiac glycosides, proteins and carbohydrate in different extracts of Carica papaya Linn which are majorly rich in female leaves as compared to male. Mean ash values, acid insoluble ash, water soluble ash, foaming index, swelling index and moisture contents were also evaluated which are more or less similar. FTIR profile of the samples were also generated that confirmed distinct peak values with respective functional groups exhibited by Carica papaya male and female plant. The current research reflected that female and male plant showed variations in phyto-constituents. This data will be utilized for additional Pharmacological and Instrumental evaluation of the plant which can not only be beneficial in discriminating and refining the type as well as nature of various phytochemicals present in Carica papaya male and female leaves but also establish the quality standards for future researches.

Pioglitazone is widely used for the management of type-II diabetes mellitus. The objective of the present study was to develop a simple and cost-effective HPLC method for the quantification of pioglitazone in human plasma. The mobile phase comprises of Acetonitrile, 0.1 M ammonium acetate and glacial acetic acid (25:25:1 v/v/v) at a flow rate of 1.2 mL/min., using Macherey-Nagel Column C18, (dimensions: 5 μm; 250 × 4.6mm) with a guard column. The UV detector was set at 269nm. The method was validated according to FDA guidelines. The present method showed good linearity (R

Recent recognition about snake bite envenomation on June, 2017 as neglected tropical disease under category-A by World Health Organization advocated again its undeniable importance. Present circumstances reasoned to work on a neglected subspecies of Naja naja, i.e., Naja naja karachiensis (N. n. karachensis) has been documented for frequent deaths in Pakistan. In this study median lethal toxic dose (LD

Currently cocrystals are considered as an established approach for making crystalline solids with overall improved physico-chemical properties. However, some otherwise well behaving cocrystals undergo rapid dissociation during dissolution, with ultimate conversion to parent drug and thus apparent loss of improved solubility. The polymeric carriers are long known to manipulate this conversion during dissolution to parent crystalline drug, which may hinder or accelerate the dissolution process if used in a dosage form. The goal of this study was to deliver in vivo a more soluble carbamazepine-succinic acid (CBZ-SUC) cocrystal in suspension formulation utilizing Hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC-AS) as a crystallization inhibitor and Polyvinyl carpolactam-polyvinyl acetate-polyethylene glycol graft copolymer ® as solubilizer. The concentration of these polymers were systemically varied during in vitro dissolution studies, while selected formulations from dissolution studies were tested in vivo. Pharmacokinetic studies (PK) in rabbits demonstrated that formulation F7-X (1% cocrystal, 1% HPMC-AS and 2% Polyvinyl carpolactam-polyvinyl acetatepolyethylene glycol graft co-polymer®) caused almost 6fold improvement in AUC0-72 (***P k 0.05) as well as much higher C

One of the effective ways to prevent the brittle behavior of high-strength concrete is to use fibers. Therefore knowing the stress-strain behavior of high-strength fiber-reinforced concrete...

Several pathologies such as neurodegeneration and cancer are associated with aging, which is affected by many genetic and environmental factors. Healthy aging conceives human longevity, possibly due to carrying the defensive genes. For instance, FOXO (forkhead box O) genes determine human longevity. FOXO transcription factors are involved in the regulation of longevity phenomenon via insulin and insulin-like growth factor signaling. Only one FOXO gene (FOXO DAF-16) exists in invertebrates, while four FOXO genes, that is, FOXO1, FOXO3, FOXO4, and FOXO6 are found in mammals. These four transcription factors are involved in the multiple cellular pathways, which regulate growth, stress resistance, metabolism, cellular differentiation, and apoptosis in mammals. However, the accurate mode of longevity by FOXO factors is unclear until now. This article describes briefly the existing knowledge that is related to the role of FOXO factors in human longevity.

Cefuroxime axetil immediate release tablets were formulated by direct compression method with different percentages of sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS) such as 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and also without SLS. Resulting batches of tablets were evaluated by both pharmacopeial and non-pharmacopeial methods to ascertain the physico-mechanical properties. Dissolution test were carried out in different medium like 0.07 M HCl, distilled water, 0.1M HCl of pH 1.2 and phosphate buffers at pH 4.5 and 6.8 to observe the drug release against the respective concentration of SLS used. Later, test formulations were compared by f1(dissimilarity) and f2(similarity) factors using a reference brand of cefuroxime axetil. Significant differences (p

Cefpodoxime proxetil is a third generation cephalosporin antibiotic demonstrates pH dependent solubility and is highly soluble only in acidic pH. The purpose of this investigation was to design and develop immediate release tablets of cefpodoxime proxetil by direct compression method and determine the effect of different solid buffers (organic acids) such as fumaric acid (formulations F1-F4), maleic acid (formulations M1-M4) and citric acid (formulations C1-C4) by using cefpodoxime and acid in the ratios of 4:1, 2:1, 1:1 and 1:2 to achieve pH-independent release of the drug. Physical parameters and assay were found to be within the acceptable range as prescribed in USP 36 / NF 31. In vitro dissolution studies of each formulation were performed in distilled water, USP dissolution medium, HCl buffer solution of pH 1.2, phosphate buffer solutions of pH 4.5 and 6.8 to observe the drug release. The formulations F3, F4, M4 were selected for film coating on the basis of better drug release profile, to protect the drug from chemical degradation through hydrolysis. Film coated formulation F3, F4 and M4 showed a remarkable in vitro release of the drug (72.88±0.43 to 92.67±0.71%) within 30min of observation in all dissolution media and further evaluated by model independent and model dependent approaches. The drug release was found to be best fit to Weibull model as highest r

Use of technology in education has increased worldwide. Teaching methodologies are shifting from traditional classroom lectures to e-learning and computer-based learning. Pakistani students are also now fathoming necessity of acquiring tools for strengthening their knowledge and skills. The objective of present study was to analyze the shifting trends (perception and attitudes) of Pakistani Pharmacy students towards learning tools. A survey based study conducted on 296 students from various years of Pharmacy, studying in a state owned university, Karachi, Pakistan. This study was initially piloted and Cronbach's-alpha was computed for evaluation of internal consistency of questionnaire (for perception; 0.660, for attitude; 0.777 respectively). Data was computed by SPSS, version 16 (Crosstab) and Chisquare (P=0.05). Most of the students strongly agreed (53%; χ² =495;P0.05) that introducing technology will improve learning; books are reliable reading source (53%; χ² =437.23; P0.05) or book-reading is essential (50%; χ² =360.36; P0.05) while others disagreed that they only study from class lectures (31%; χ² =17.22; P0.05); not take classes (41%; χ² =48.21; P0.05); have used software (44%; χ² =46.54; P0.05). Majority of the students agreed on incorporating technology to improve learning. Other factors such as unavailability and expenditure of books influenced their ability to learn. This study might assist policy makers in developing policies that could improve learning.