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The ability to communicate with words is one of a person's distinguishing characteristics. People who have lost their ability to talk are unable to communicate effectively for whatever reason. The acquisition (AAC) approach was implemented as a viable alternative for assisting these individuals. Objective: To find out awareness of augmentative and alternative communication among final semester students of SLP. Methods: The cross-sectional study was conducted in seven major institutes of Lahore (University Of Lahore, Riphah International University, King Edward Medical University, School Of Allied Health Sciences, Fatima Memorial Hospital, Punjab University, NUR International University). Final semester students of BS or MS program in SLP were included in the study. The research employed the convenient sampling methodology and standardized questionnaire was used having 26 questions, with responses obtained through an online form and survey. SPSS17 was used to analyze data collected from 50 respondents. Results: Overall awareness was calculated of respondents regarding Augmentative and Alternative communication. Results indicated that 32(65.71%) of final semester students of speech language pathology have adequate knowledge about AAC technology, 10(18.40%) did not significant knowledge about AAC technology while 8(15.89%) totally unfamiliar about AAC technology. Conclusion: After analysis it was concluded that majority of students had awareness of AAC. Most of Lacking was seen in students who did not have good academic exposure and did not practice with patient of AAC.

Sustainable Development Agenda is gaining importance, acknowledging its importance right adaptation of interventions for housing regarding vector-borne disease prevention as suggested by “Keeping the Vector Out” can make cities and human settlements vector-proof and sustainable.Objective: To assess community perceptions regarding chikungunya vector-proof housing for sustainable development. MethodS: Descriptive cross-sectional study included 400 households of Aziz Bhatti Town, Lahore. A semi-structured questionnaire administered by personal interview method to the available and willing adult member of the household by Researcher with the environmental inspector and lady sanitary patrol of Dengue and Polio survey teams of DDO office Aziz Bhatti Town Lahore, using simple random sampling technique after consent and ethical approval. The questionnaire was pre-tested (Pilot). Data analyzed using SPSS 20.0. Results: Among 400 households interviewed, the majority 69.7% were living in houses that were built >9 years ago, 86.8 % were concrete. Climatic change and global warming can increase disease carried by mosquito AedesAegypti believed by 90.2 % and their impact can be mitigated by improved housing reported by 91.5%. Regarding community perceptions about vector-proof housing, 74.6% believed that improved house design can prevent entry and breeding of mosquitoes therefore, 86.3% screened windows doors and eaves, 83.0% believed that they always checked cracks and crevices in the wall, floor and roof and cemented them. But 58.7% believed that they do not consider mosquito prevention housing interventions as one of the important factors when constructing their house as among barriers 73.5% could not afford modern building materials, 73.5% lack detailed knowledge and 13.8% thought screening as an obstruction to ventilation. Dengue, Chikungunya, and Zika disease are spread by Aedes mosquito species believed by 78% who (agreed and strongly agreed) still 81.8% urged for healt

To determine the relation between consanguinity and keratoconus (KC).  Study Design: Comparative cross sectional study. Place and duration of study: Ophthalmology department of The University of Lahore Teaching Hospital, Lahore from 12th February to 18th June, 2021. Methods:A comparative cross sectional study was carried out to find the relation between consanguinity and keratoconus. 30 KC diagnosed patients were included in the study according to sample size. A self administered questionnaire was made to collect information about demographic data, various KC findings, clinical signs andnature of marriage between the parents of the participants. Results:Out of 30recruitedKC patients with age ranging between 10-30 years, 13 subjects were male and 17 were female. 56.7% of patients reported with first parental cousin marriage, 26.7% with second, 6.7% with third and 10% with out of family parental marriages. Relation between consanguinity and KC was obtained with P< 0.05, showing the results were significant. Results showed that the patients whose parents had consanguinity of first degree were more susceptible to the disease and had more severe keratoconus than rest of the population. Conclusion:This study supports the hypothesis that a significant direct association between keratoconus and consanguinity persists. Results show, risk of Keratoconus development is much higher in parental consanguinity of first degree than other type of intermarriages. KC in such susceptible group was observed to be more progressive.

The ACL joins the thighbone's (femur) bottom to the shinbone's top (tibia). The ACL aids in the stability of the knee. If the anterior cruciate ligament is stretched too far, it might rip. The tear could be partial (through a section of the ACL) or full (through the entire ACL) (all the way through the ACL).Objective: To determine the grading and evaluation of ACL Injuries on Magnetic Resonance Imaging.Material and Methods: A Descriptive cross sectional study was conducted in 9 Months from January 2021 to September 2021. The data of 103 Patients was collected through convenient sampling in Radiology Department including Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries in all the population diagnosed on Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). Physical complaints, Patient History and Demographic data were displayed on patient’s reports and used for data analysis. MRI scans was performed on 1.5 T- Scanner (Phillips) and data was collected, recorded and analyzed on SPSS as frequency tables and Pie Charts. Results:A total of 103 Patients were included following Grade 1, Grade 2 & Grade 3 Injuries. The data was collected and distributed into Three Age groups commonly 26-35 have 49 (47.6%) and the occurrence of ACL Injuries in specific gender as 74 females and 29 males. Grade 1 contains 49 (47.6%). The Grade 2 Injuries on ACL evaluated the frequency 35 (34%) Partial Tear which is due to a stretch but did not tear and making ligament loosen it. Grade 3 has the most Severe ACL Injuries with Complete Ligament Tear diagnosed on Magnetic Resonance Imaging and shows the frequency of 19 (18.4). Female Patients associated with Athletics and Sports activities were more common. Conclusion:In conclusion the ACL Injuries are common in Female because of Sports and Athletic Injuriesbecause of the smaller intercondylar notch. Women are three times more likely than males to sustain ACL injuries. MRI is the gold standard for diagnosing ACL injuries, and it has demonstrated to be quite accurate

The Zoonotic viruses have been a threat to the health care systems in all around the globe. The spread was pandemic with high mortality and morbidity rates [1]. The zoonotic viruses like small pox and monkey pox is included in orthopox genus of poxviridae family and is public health concern all around the world. The newly emerging zoonotic diseases have the potential to cause epidemics and have high mortality, have long been a threat to the security of global health [2, 3]. Prior to 2003, the first human monkey pox case around the Africa was identified and the monkey pox was endemic to nations such as western and central African. There has been a lot of upheaval recently because to the monkey pox outbreak that has affected 18 non-African nations, totaling 103 sure diseases cases and about 106 cases who had a little suspicion or early signs related [4, 5]. The worldwide epidemic of this illness has shown no fatalities have been recorded yet. Following a warning from the World Health Organization regarding an increase in cases of monkey pox in non-endemic nations, the National Institute of Health (NIH) Pakistan’s health authority, issued a warning to provincial and national health organizations advising them to intensify surveillance of the occurrence [3, 6]. Pakistan now is attempting to deal with the COVID-19 difficulties in this dire political and economic scenario. Another health and economic catastrophe rose in the next days as a result of the brittle healthcare system, inability to prevent fatal illnesses, and lack of resources [7]. A sensitive people are more vulnerable to subsequent epidemic cycles because of the ecological void left by the rising number of people lacking poxvirus protection after the smallpox vaccination programme was discontinued. In light of these challenges, Pakistan must make proactive plans in advance to prevent any disastrous events. The smallpox vaccine has historically demonstrated cross-protective immunity against monkey pox; however

Renal stones are solid masses, which are a build-up of crystals. They usually develop anywhere in urinary system consisting kidneys, ureters bladder and urethra. Renal stones cause severe pain in the respective organ which may vary according to stone size and shape. Their etiology depends on geographic, socioeconomic and clinical factors.Objective: To determine the frequency and spectroscopy of renal stones on Perkin Elmer FTIR Spectrum Two Instrument. Methods:A study was conducted on200 patients, both males and females with renal stones having agegroups of 1-20, 21-40 and 41-60 years for the duration of 11 months in Lahore, Pakistan. Demography on risk factors for stones included family history, obesity, gastro-intestinal disease, surgery, dehydration and certain diets was observed.A focus was on number of stones, its size, colour, shape and surface build up. The spectroscopy of stones was carried out using Perkin Elmer FTIR spectrum 2. Results: Renal stones were observed to be more frequentin males than females. Meanwhile, females have common features of renal stones but may have variationsin some properties. Age group 21-40 years have high frequency with 143 patients (36.67%). In spectroscopy nature and shape of stone reveals that most common shape of the stone was irregular and 68% were pure stones while 33% mixed in composition and propertiesConclusions: The formations of stones may depend on geographic, socioeconomic and clinical factors withvarying frequencies and propertiesin male and female ratio.

Heavy metals liberated by various industrial and agricultural processes are the major pollutants in soil, agricultural, marine, and industrial and even treated waste waters. Lead is greatly used in many industrial applications such as a storage battery manufacturing, printing, fuels, photographic materials, pigments and explosive manufacturing Objective: To assess the ability of Aspergillus fumigatus for removal of metal contamination such as lead by biosorptionMethods: The pure culture of the Aspergillus fumigatus was used for biosorption. The initial samples were cultured on the bread as the fungal spores were given suitable environmental conditions i.e., temperature, moisture, pH etc. For obtaining the pure culture of the Aspergillus fumigatus culture media was prepared. The spores collected were then allowed to grow on a specific culture media in a sterile Petri plates under aseptic conditions. Inoculation will be carried out by using 20 loops of fungal spores spread on the culture medium. After inoculation these plates were incubated at 28°C for few days and the colonies of the fungal strain becomes visible after 48 hours. The prepared agar is poured in the sterilized Petri plates were allowed to cool and solidify. As a result of this centrifugation, the spores and agar were separated. After 12 days of incubation, one fourth portion of the agar plate was cut and placed into the falcon tubes containing 10 ml distilled water Results: The results revealed that the biosorption recovery rate is maximum at 120 mg\g of dry mass i.e. 3.4%. The above estimation shows that the percentage of biosorption is directly proportional to the biomass concentration.

Introduction:Antenatal care is the daily health management of healthy pregnant women with few symptoms, orderly diagnosis of diseases or difficulties connected to obstetrics, and contributing to lifestyle, pregnancy, antenatal care, and safe delivery of child. Objective:To assess the knowledgeof antenatal Care among Pregnant women of Rural Population Material and Methods:The study was conducted at rural areas of Gujrat city for the periodof 6 months, fromJanuary 2021 to June 2021. The data was collected through Questionnaire which was piloted tested and validated by Cronbach. A sample of 100 was taken following inclusion criteria of pregnant women to assess knowledge from rural under developed areas of Gujrat, Pakistan. Results:A total of 100 participants were included in which common agegroups were 26-32 having 37%. The Profession and literacy status was evaluated and found 73% Housewives and 59% Illiterate. Results also shows the Responses about their knowledge clearly showing that 59% pregnant women do not visit and unaware of number of visits in Maternity Clinics. 40 % of the women were unaware about Blood Pressure maintenance in Antenatal care.52% women did not know about blood and urine tests performed during pregnancy. Pregnant women who was unaware of vaccination during antenatal care was 54% and 59% do not acknowledge about using of Multi vitamins during this period of pregnancy. Conclusion:In conclusion rural population had little of Antenatal care, maternal issues, nutritional supplements, investigation tests, and vaccinations practices. The primary reason for this was lack of awareness about proper health care services in rural areas. The secondary reason was family/husband restraints and impediments for not seeking antenatal care.

Objective:To Determine the Specificity, Accuracy and Sensitivity of HRCT in Diagnosis of Covi-19. Methods: Prospective cohort study was done with 181 participants who were suspected for COVID-19 infection and were followed to evaluate PCR and HRCT reporting in patients with clinical symptoms. Results: 86.8% of patients had a dry cough, followed most commonly with shortness of breath. 65 (35.9%) of patients had ground-glass opacities of haze on HRCT followed by 47 (26 %). who had consolidations present. 147 (81.2)patients had a positive PCR whereas 34 (18.7%) was negative had an HRCT that was suggestive of having COVID-19 pneumonia. Conclusion:In conclusion clinical symptomatology, HRCT findings and PCR all should be used in a triple examination. It is concluded that a positive PCR test is very specific and used to make diagnosis for Covid-19. CT has a higher sensitivity but a lower specificity, thus helping with disease diagnosis and therapy.

Vitamin D is a group of fat-soluble sec steroids responsible for increasing intestinal absorption of calcium, magnesium, and phosphate, and multiple other biological effects. The most important compounds in human are vitamin D₃ and vitamin D₂. Vitamin D is essential for strong bones, because it helps the body use calcium from the diet. Vitamin D deficiency has been associated with rickets, a disease in which the bone tissue doesn't properly mineralize, leading to soft bones and skeletal deformities. A cross sectional study was conducted from 30th January 2021  to 30th June 2021 to evaluate adverse outcomes of Vitamin D level among 370 females of aged 20-60 years were recruited through non-probability convenient sampling technique from students and Faculty ofColleges and Universities in Lahore, Pakistan. The data was collected through a Semi-Structured Questionnaire.A total 370 participantswere included age groups of female ranging from 20-60. Comparing age and level of Vitamin D was more common in reproductive age of females with more association in young females of 20 to 30 years. 81.9 % participants had general awareness regarding deficiency of vitamin D. 80% People eat Vitamin D Rich Diet While only 20% use vitamin D supplements and only 41.9 % females drinks a Cup of Cow Milk. 73.8% participants had suffered weakness and general body aches and 82.2% females reported musculoskeletal pain.This studyevaluated thatMost of Educated People are unaware of Vitamin D knowledge and intake. They take insufficient amount of Vitamin D and experience discomfort in Muscoskeletal system.

Oral diseases can vastly depreciate the individual’s quality of life. It has also been considered as the most important oral health burden worldwide. It can also have significant implications on the functional, mental, and social well-being of the individual. This has been found as a preventable dental and oral health issue which have also been amongst the most prevalent chronic disease. Objectives: To estimate the frequency of dental caries and its impact on the quality of children’s life in Hafiz- Abad, Pakistan. Methods: It was a cross sectional analytics based study spanning around nine months. Three hundred and seventy children (aged between 1-5 years) were included as subjects, who visited the District Headquarter (DHQ) hospital, Hafiz Abad, Lahore, Pakistan. Dental caries were measured by using decayed missing filled (DMF) index. Data was collected and analyzed by using SPSS version 23.0. Results: A high prevalence frequency of 243 (65.7%) were found suffering from dental caries. High prevalence of dental caries (70%) in children of low literate parents has been found statistically significant (p=0.035). As far as brushing frequency is concerned 93.8% children were not found brushing their teeth prior to breakfast. Theassociation between brushing frequency prior to breakfast and formation of dental caries was found statistically significant (p<0.001). Conclusion:High prevalence of dental caries coupled with high severity level was found associated with the worse dental and oral hygiene awareness levels amongst the preschool children and their parents

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a subgroup of retrovirus causing HIV infection which if prolongs turns into a progressive failure of the immune system called as acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. It is commonly prevalent in Male Transgenders who are born male and disobeys the cultural defined social norms and identify themselves as a female. The objective was to assess knowledge, Attitudes and Practices of Transgender Community regarding Transmission of Human Immunodeficiency Virus in Lahore, Pakistan. A Descriptive Cross-sectional Survey was conducted in Nine Towns of Lahore. A sample size of 79 was calculated and data was collected in duration of 9 months. A self-administered survey-based questionnaire was developed using WHO and National AIDS control Programme guidelines followed and pilot tested. Data was collected after Informed consent.The mean age of Respondents was 29.56 ± 8.27 years with minimum and maximum age as 19 and 50. In this study the mean knowledge score of the transgender about HIV Transmission was 2.804±0.32, the mean score of attitudes of transgender were 3.25±0.19 and the mean practice score was 2.931±0.28.Majority of the transgender have insufficient knowledge, and bad attitude towards their health. They have unsafe sexual practice and Drug Interventions playing a significant role in HIV epidemic. Majority of them are uneducated, unemployed and found sex selling and dancing an easiest way of earning. Their knowledge about HIV screening, transmission, and antiretroviral therapy is low.

Menstruation is a normal physiological process unique to females. Pre-menarche is characterized by physiological, cognitive, and psychological transitions which may be initiated from the midst of their second decade. The onset of puberty/ menstruation in girls tends to change their role in society. Overall inadequate awareness levels accompanied by socio-cultural taboos and prevailing myths and misconceptions about menarche and menstruation have played havoc on human society. Objective:To diagnose and compare the prevailing level ofknowledge, attitude, and practices of adolescent girls studying in government and private schoolstowards menstrual hygiene and management. Methods: This Analytical and cross-sectional study was conducted at Government Jouhar Girls High School and Shiblee Grammar School System, Gulberg Branch (private) Faisalabad. A self-administered survey-based questionnaire was developed. Prior formal written approval from school authorities was followed by the pre-planned scheduled visits, explaining the purpose of the study, assuring confidentiality of acquired information, and self-administration of survey-based questionnaires. Results:The results indicated that the mean age at menarches of the girls was 13.69±0.95 years. A relatively more percentage of government (59.6%) school respondents followed by private school respondents (57.1%) had satisfactory knowledge about their age of first menarche (p = 0.806). Motivated by the socio-cultural taboos and /or fear or shame a majority of government (59.6%) and private school respondents (57.1%) had satisfactory knowledge about their age of first menarche (p = 0.806). A strong prevalence of Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) was found in private school girls 87(49.2%) and 21(11.9%), followed by respective percentages of 78(43.8%), 16(9.0%) amongst the government school respondents who recorded their responses as agreed and strongly agreed about the development of reproductive tract infection in the post-menstru

Despite advancing medical technology, Heart Failure (HF) is still a prevalent disease with high mortality and high health expenditure.To improve patient outcome and prognosis, it is important to identify the association of risk factors which leads to the co-morbid depression and anxiety in heart failure patients.Objectives: To determine the association of depression and/or anxiety with age, gender and ejection fraction in heart failure patients.Methods:It is ananalytical cross sectional study including 323 CHF patients who visited the to the Faisalabad Institute of Cardiology hospital Out-Patient Department, 250 were males and 73 were females, mean age was 54.1 ± 9.2 years having 70 years as maximum and 25 years as minimum.  Data collection was done using Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) questionnaire to assess depression and anxiety. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 24. For quantitative data, mean and standard deviation was calculated and for qualitative data frequency and percentages was calculated. To measure the association of anxiety and depression with age categories, ejection fraction and gender, chi square test was used. P values less than and equal to 0.05 were taken as significant.Results: No association of depression and anxiety with gender and Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction (LVEF) was observed. However, depression and anxiety were found to be significantly associated with age.Conclusions: The study concluded that age is a strong risk factor of depression and anxiety in congestive heart failure patients. Multidisciplinary health care team approach and interventions are required to cater chronic heart failure (CHF) patients to address the psychological burden.