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1. Differentiable programming across the PDE and Machine Learning barrier

Author

Bouziani, Nacime, Ham, David A., and Farsi, Ado

Subjects
Computer Science - Machine Learning, Computer Science - Mathematical Software, Mathematics - Numerical Analysis, Physics - Computational Physics
Abstract

The combination of machine learning and physical laws has shown immense potential for solving scientific problems driven by partial differential equations (PDEs) with the promise of fast inference, zero-shot generalisation, and the ability to discover new physics. Examples include the use of fundamental physical laws as inductive bias to machine learning algorithms, also referred to as physics-driven machine learning, and the application of machine learning to represent features not represented in the differential equations such as closures for unresolved spatiotemporal scales. However, the simulation of complex physical systems by coupling advanced numerics for PDEs with state-of-the-art machine learning demands the composition of specialist PDE solving frameworks with industry-standard machine learning tools. Hand-rolling either the PDE solver or the neural net will not cut it. In this work, we introduce a generic differentiable programming abstraction that provides scientists and engineers with a highly productive way of specifying end-to-end differentiable models coupling machine learning and PDE-based components, while relying on code generation for high performance. Our interface automates the coupling of arbitrary PDE-based systems and machine learning models and unlocks new applications that could not hitherto be tackled, while only requiring trivial changes to existing code. Our framework has been adopted in the Firedrake finite-element library and supports the PyTorch and JAX ecosystems, as well as downstream libraries.

Published
2024

2. Simplicity of $*$-algebras of non-Hausdorff $\mathbb{Z}_2$-multispinal groupoids

Author

Farsi, C., Larsen, N. S., Packer, J., and Thiem, N.

Subjects
Mathematics - Operator Algebras, Mathematics - Group Theory, Mathematics - Rings and Algebras
Abstract

We study simplicity of $C^*$-algebras arising from self-similar groups of $\mathbb{Z}_2$-multispinal type, a generalization of the Grigorchuk case whose simplicity was first proved by L. Clark, R. Exel, E. Pardo, C. Starling, and A. Sims in 2019, and we prove results generalizing theirs. Our first main result is a sufficient condition for simplicity of the Steinberg algebra satisfying conditions modeled on the behavior of the groupoid associated to the first Grigorchuk group. This closely resembles conditions found by B. Steinberg and N. Szak\'acs. As a key ingredient we identify an infinite family of $2-(2q-1,q-1,q/2-1)$-designs, where $q$ is a positive even integer. We then deduce the simplicity of the associated $C^*$-algebra, which is our second main result. Results of similar type were considered by B. Steinberg and N. Szak\'acs in 2021, and later by K. Yoshida, but their methods did not follow the original methods of the five authors.

Published
2024

3. On the Capacity of Correlated MIMO Phase-Noise Channels: An Electro-Optic Frequency Comb Example

Author

Farsi, Mohammad, Joudeh, Hamdi, Liga, Gabriele, Alvarado, Alex, Karlsson, Magnus, and Agrell, Erik

Subjects
Computer Science - Information Theory, Electrical Engineering and Systems Science - Signal Processing
Abstract

The capacity of a discrete-time multiple-input-multiple-output channel with correlated phase noises is investigated. In particular, the electro-optic frequency comb system is considered, where the phase noise of each channel is a combination of two independent Wiener phase-noise sources. Capacity upper and lower bounds are derived for this channel and are compared with lower bounds obtained by numerically evaluating the achievable information rates using quadrature amplitude modulation constellations. Capacity upper and lower bounds are provided for the high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) regime. The multiplexing gain (pre-log) is shown to be $M-1$, where $M$ represents the number of channels. A constant gap between the asymptotic upper and lower bounds is observed, which depends on the number of channels $M$. For the specific case of $M=2$, capacity is characterized up to a term that vanishes as the SNR grows large., Comment: 45 pages, 3 figures, submitted to TIT, single-column

Published
2024

4. A manufacturable platform for photonic quantum computing

Author

Alexander, Koen, Bahgat, Andrea, Benyamini, Avishai, Black, Dylan, Bonneau, Damien, Burgos, Stanley, Burridge, Ben, Campbell, Geoff, Catalano, Gabriel, Ceballos, Alex, Chang, Chia-Ming, Chung, CJ, Danesh, Fariba, Dauer, Tom, Davis, Michael, Dudley, Eric, Er-Xuan, Ping, Fargas, Josep, Farsi, Alessandro, Fenrich, Colleen, Frazer, Jonathan, Fukami, Masaya, Ganesan, Yogeeswaran, Gibson, Gary, Gimeno-Segovia, Mercedes, Goeldi, Sebastian, Goley, Patrick, Haislmaier, Ryan, Halimi, Sami, Hansen, Paul, Hardy, Sam, Horng, Jason, House, Matthew, Hu, Hong, Jadidi, Mehdi, Johansson, Henrik, Jones, Thomas, Kamineni, Vimal, Kelez, Nicholas, Koustuban, Ravi, Kovall, George, Krogen, Peter, Kumar, Nikhil, Liang, Yong, LiCausi, Nicholas, Llewellyn, Dan, Lokovic, Kimberly, Lovelady, Michael, Manfrinato, Vitor, Melnichuk, Ann, Souza, Mario, Mendoza, Gabriel, Moores, Brad, Mukherjee, Shaunak, Munns, Joseph, Musalem, Francois-Xavier, Najafi, Faraz, O'Brien, Jeremy L., Ortmann, J. Elliott, Pai, Sunil, Park, Bryan, Peng, Hsuan-Tung, Penthorn, Nicholas, Peterson, Brennan, Poush, Matt, Pryde, Geoff J., Ramprasad, Tarun, Ray, Gareth, Rodriguez, Angelita, Roxworthy, Brian, Rudolph, Terry, Saunders, Dylan J., Shadbolt, Pete, Shah, Deesha, Shin, Hyungki, Smith, Jake, Sohn, Ben, Sohn, Young-Ik, Son, Gyeongho, Sparrow, Chris, Staffaroni, Matteo, Stavrakas, Camille, Sukumaran, Vijay, Tamborini, Davide, Thompson, Mark G., Tran, Khanh, Triplet, Mark, Tung, Maryann, Vert, Alexey, Vidrighin, Mihai D., Vorobeichik, Ilya, Weigel, Peter, Wingert, Mathhew, Wooding, Jamie, and Zhou, Xinran

Subjects
Quantum Physics, Physics - Applied Physics, Physics - Optics
Abstract

Whilst holding great promise for low noise, ease of operation and networking, useful photonic quantum computing has been precluded by the need for beyond-state-of-the-art components, manufactured by the millions. Here we introduce a manufacturable platform for quantum computing with photons. We benchmark a set of monolithically-integrated silicon photonics-based modules to generate, manipulate, network, and detect photonic qubits, demonstrating dual-rail photonic qubits with $99.98\% \pm 0.01\%$ state preparation and measurement fidelity, Hong-Ou-Mandel quantum interference between independent photon sources with $99.50\%\pm0.25\%$ visibility, two-qubit fusion with $99.22\%\pm0.12\%$ fidelity, and a chip-to-chip qubit interconnect with $99.72\%\pm0.04\%$ fidelity, not accounting for loss. In addition, we preview a selection of next generation technologies, demonstrating low-loss silicon nitride waveguides and components, fabrication-tolerant photon sources, high-efficiency photon-number-resolving detectors, low-loss chip-to-fiber coupling, and barium titanate electro-optic phase shifters., Comment: 8 pages, 5 figures

Published
2024

5. Collapse in Noncommutative Geometry and Spectral Continuity

Author

Farsi, Carla and Latremoliere, Frederic

Subjects
Mathematics - Operator Algebras, 46L30, 58B34
Abstract

If two compact quantum metric spaces are close in the metric sense, then how similar are they, as noncommutative spaces? In the classical realm of Riemannian geometry, informally, if two manifolds are close in the Gromov-Hausdorff distance, and belong to a class of manifolds with bounded curvature and diameter, then the spectra of their Laplacian or Dirac operators are also close under many scenari. Of particular interest is the case where a sequence of manifolds converge for the Gromov-Hausdorff distance to a manifold of lower dimension, and the question of the continuity, in some sense, of the spectra of geometrically relevant operators. In this paper, we initiate the study of the continuity of spectra and other properties of metric spectral triples under collapse in the noncommutative realm. As a first step in this study, we work with collapse for the spectral propinquity, an analogue of the Gromov-Hausdorff distance for spectral triples introduced by the second author, i.e. a form of metric for differential structures. Inspired by results from collapse in Riemannian geometry, we begin with the study of spectral triples which decompose, in some sense, in a vertical and a horizontal direction, and we collapse these spectral triples along the vertical direction. We obtain convergence results, and by the work of the second author, we conclude continuity results for the spectra of the Dirac operators of these spectral triples. Examples include collapse of product of spectral triples with one Abelian factor, $U(1)$ principal bundles over Riemannian spin manifolds, and noncommutative principal bundles, including C*-crossed-products and other noncommutative bundles., Comment: 41 pages

Published
2024

6. Spectral Triples on noncommutative solenoids from the standard spectral triples on quantum tori

Author

Farsi, Carla, Latremoliere, Frederic, and Packer, Judith

Subjects
Mathematics - Operator Algebras, 46L89
Abstract

We address the natural question: as noncommutative solenoids are inductive limits of quantum tori, do the standard spectral triples on quantum tori converge to some spectral triple on noncommutative solenoid for the spectral propinquity? We answer this question by showing that, using appropriate bounded perturbation of the spectral triples on quantum tori, such a spectral triple on noncommutative solenoid can be constructed., Comment: 15 pages

Published
2024

7. Euler characteristics of linear symplectic quotients and $\operatorname{O}(2)$-spaces

Author

Farsi, Carla, Meit, Hannah, and Seaton, Christopher

Subjects
Mathematics - Algebraic Topology, Mathematics - Symplectic Geometry, Primary 57S15, Secondary 22A22, 14P10, 57R18
Abstract

We give explicit computations of the $\Gamma$-Euler characteristic of several families of orbit space definable translation groupoids. These include the translation groupoids associated to finite-dimensional linear representations of the circle and real and unitary representations of the real $2\times 2$ orthogonal group. In the case of translation groupoids associated to linear symplectic quotients of representations of a arbitrary compact Lie group $G$, we show that unlike the other cases, the $\Gamma$-Euler characteristic depends only on the group and not on the representation., Comment: 24 pages

Published
2024

10. RFBES at SemEval-2024 Task 8: Investigating Syntactic and Semantic Features for Distinguishing AI-Generated and Human-Written Texts

Author

Rad, Mohammad Heydari, Farsi, Farhan, Bali, Shayan, Etezadi, Romina, and Shamsfard, Mehrnoush

Subjects
Computer Science - Computation and Language, Computer Science - Artificial Intelligence, Computer Science - Machine Learning
Abstract

Nowadays, the usage of Large Language Models (LLMs) has increased, and LLMs have been used to generate texts in different languages and for different tasks. Additionally, due to the participation of remarkable companies such as Google and OpenAI, LLMs are now more accessible, and people can easily use them. However, an important issue is how we can detect AI-generated texts from human-written ones. In this article, we have investigated the problem of AI-generated text detection from two different aspects: semantics and syntax. Finally, we presented an AI model that can distinguish AI-generated texts from human-written ones with high accuracy on both multilingual and monolingual tasks using the M4 dataset. According to our results, using a semantic approach would be more helpful for detection. However, there is a lot of room for improvement in the syntactic approach, and it would be a good approach for future work., Comment: Mohammad Heydari Rad, Farhan Farsi, and Shayan Bali have made equal contributions to this work

Published
2024

11. Pilot Distributions for Phase Noise Estimation in Electro-Optic Frequency Comb Systems

Author

Farsi, Mohammad, Karlsson, Magnus, and Agrell, Erik

Subjects
Electrical Engineering and Systems Science - Signal Processing
Abstract

We explore the optimal pilot positioning for phase tracking in electro-optic frequency comb setups. We show that, in contrast to previous results for regular multichannel systems, allocating the first and the last channels for pilots is optimal given a fixed pilot overhead, Comment: Presented at European Conference on Optical Communications (ECOC) 2023

Published
2024

12. Vehicle Routing Problem for Urban and Grey Zones Considering Heterogeneous Fleets and Carpooling

Author

Keshvarinia, M., Al-e-hashem, S. M. J. Mirzapour, Shahin, R., Farsi, A., and Kiaghadi, M.

Subjects
Mathematics - Optimization and Control
Abstract

The conveyance of employees holds paramount significance for expansive corporations. Employees typically commute to their workplaces either via personal vehicles or through public transit. In this research endeavor, our role is that of a third-party entity entrusted with orchestrating the transportation of employees whose place of employment is situated within the grey zone. This zone exclusively permits the ingress of electric/hybrid vehicles and buses. We advocate for employees to adopt carpooling and furnish bus services for those who abstain from it. The primary objective of this research is to curtail the quantity of vehicles leased by the third-party entity, promote carpooling among employees, amplify employee contentment, and mitigate environmental degradation stemming from vehicular gasoline consumption. To decipher the model delineated in this study, the epsilon constraint method is proffered for petite-scale instances, while NSGA-II is introduced as a potent meta-heuristic technique tailored for large-scale scenarios. Computational trials corroborate that the models posited can be efficaciously harnessed by enterprises to pare down transportation expenditures.

Published
2023

13. ChatGPT in Education Between Advantages, Authority and Ethics: A Rapid Literature Review

Author

Alfiras, Mohannad Ismael Ibrahim, Emran, Abdul Qader, Bojiah, Janaki, Al Farsi, Monia Mohammed, Shobbar, Sharifa, Alhawi, Omar Ahmed, Kacprzyk, Janusz, Series Editor, Novikov, Dmitry A., Editorial Board Member, Shi, Peng, Editorial Board Member, Cao, Jinde, Editorial Board Member, Polycarpou, Marios, Editorial Board Member, Pedrycz, Witold, Editorial Board Member, AlDhaen, Esra, editor, Braganza, Ashley, editor, Hamdan, Allam, editor, and Chen, Weifeng, editor

Published
2025
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19. A universal Euler characteristic of non-orbifold groupoids and Riemannian structures on Lie groupoids

Author

Farsi, Carla, Proctor, Emily, and Seaton, Christopher

Subjects
Mathematics - Differential Geometry, Mathematics - Algebraic Topology, 22A22, 53C65, 57S15, 14P10, 57R18
Abstract

We introduce the universal Euler characteristic of an orbit space definable groupoid, a class of groupoids containing cocompact proper Lie groupoids as well as translation groupoids for semialgebraic group actions. Generalizing results of Gusein-Zade, Luengo, and Melle-Hern\'andez, we show that every additive and multiplicative invariant of orbit space definable groupoids with an additional local triviality hypothesis arises as a ring homomorphism applied to the universal Euler characteristic. This in particular includes the $\Gamma$-orbifold Euler characteristic introduced by the first and third authors when $\Gamma$ is a finitely presented group. For Lie groupoids with Riemannian structures in the sense of del Hoyo-Fernandes, and for Cartan-Lie groupoids with Riemannian structures in the sense of Kotov-Strobl, we study the Riemannian structures induced on the suborbifolds of the inertia space given by images of isotropy groups. We realize the $\mathbb{Z}$-orbifold Euler characteristic as the integral of a differential form defined on the arrow space or the space of composable pairs of arrows of the original groupoid., Comment: 23 pages

Published
2023

20. An Efficient Resilient MPC Scheme via Constraint Tightening against Cyberattacks: Application to Vehicle Cruise Control

Author

Farsi, Milad, Bian, Shuhao, Azad, Nasser L., Shi, Xiaobing, and Walenstein, Andrew

Subjects
Electrical Engineering and Systems Science - Systems and Control, Mathematics - Optimization and Control
Abstract

We propose a novel framework for designing a resilient Model Predictive Control (MPC) targeting uncertain linear systems under cyber attack. Assuming a periodic attack scenario, we model the system under Denial of Service (DoS) attack, also with measurement noise, as an uncertain linear system with parametric and additive uncertainty. To detect anomalies, we employ a Kalman filter-based approach. Then, through our observations of the intensity of the launched attack, we determine a range of possible values for the system matrices, as well as establish bounds of the additive uncertainty for the equivalent uncertain system. Leveraging a recent constraint tightening robust MPC method, we present an optimization-based resilient algorithm. Accordingly, we compute the uncertainty bounds and corresponding constraints offline for various attack magnitudes. Then, this data can be used efficiently in the MPC computations online. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the developed framework on the Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC) problem., Comment: To Appear in ICINCO 2023

Published
2023

23. Success rate and outcome of labor epidural among variable levels of residents and practicing anesthesiologists in an academic medical center in Saudi Arabia

Author

Sara H. Farsi

Subjects
analgesia, clinical skills, experiential learning, learning curve, medical education, obstetric anesthesia, Anesthesiology, RD78.3-87.3
Abstract

Background and Aims: This study aimed to highlight differences in success rates and patient outcomes during epidural insertion among anesthesia staff, junior trainees, and staff anesthesiologists. Methods: We included all women who received a labor epidural between January 1, 2020 and April 30, 2022. The cases were divided into three groups: junior residents, senior residents, and staff anesthesiologists. Results: Among 822 cases included in analysis, 92, 240, and 490 catheters were placed by junior residents, senior residents, and staff anesthesiologists, respectively. Although the success rate among junior residents (90.7%) was lower than those of senior residents (97%) and staff anesthesiologists (95.1%), the difference was not significant (P = 0.067). The mean procedural time in minutes was significantly longer in the junior resident’s group (18.1 min) compared to the senior residents (14.18 min) and staff anesthesiologists (14.87 min) (P < 0.001). A significant difference was observed in the number of needle pricks and catheter insertion attempts when comparing the junior residents, senior residents, and staff anesthesiologists’ groups (P < 0.001). In the logistic regression analysis, procedural time remained the only predictor of epidural success. Conclusions: With the success rate above 90%, junior anesthesia trainees require more time and attempts to insert labor epidurals. It is essential that training programs provide opportunities for anesthesia trainees to become proficient in their epidural insertion techniques prior to clinical practice.

Published
2024
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24. Association between Obesity and Dental Caries in Adults: An analysis of WHR, and DMFT score

Author

Alaa Jameel Kabbarah, Meyassara Samman, Abdulraheem A. Alwafi, Heba Ashi, Layla Waleed Abuljadayel, Lina O. Bahanan, Mona T. Rajeh, and Nada J. Farsi

Subjects
Nutrition. Foods and food supply, TX341-641, Nutritional diseases. Deficiency diseases, RC620-627
Abstract

Introduction: The relationship between obesity and dental caries in adults presents inconsistent findings in current literature, which necessitates further research to clarify this relationship. This study aimed to examine the association between obesity and dental caries in adults using a nationally representative sample. Methods: This study employed data of US adults aged > 20 years from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) pre-pandemic cycle. Obesity was defined using the waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), body mass index (BMI), and waist circumference. Dental caries were assessed using the Decayed, Missing, Filled Teeth (DMFT) scores. Results: Most participants were categorized as individuals with obesity based on the WHR (74.5%) or BMI (72.7%). A significant difference in the DMFT scores and missing teeth was observed between individuals with normal weight and individuals with obesity. After adjusting for the sociodemographic variables, individuals with obesity had a 0.11 higher DMFT score (95% CI: -0.01–0.23). A significant association was observed between the WHR and DMFT scores when age was excluded from the model, demonstrating a higher coefficient of 0.17 (95% CI: 0.05–0.30). Conclusions: A positive association was observed between obesity and dental caries in the US adult population. However, age was found to be a confounding factor in this relationship. This study highlights the relationship between oral and general health, advocating healthcare providers for an integrated health promotion strategy, through comprehensive campaigns addressing obesity, diet, lifestyle, and dental health, aiming for raising awareness and a more effective public health strategy.

Published
2024
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25. Global Practice Patterns in the Evaluation of Non-Obstructive Azoospermia: Results of a World-Wide Survey and Expert Recommendations

Author

Rupin Shah, Amarnath Rambhatla, Widi Atmoko, Marlon Martinez, Imad Ziouziou, Priyank Kothari, Nicholas Tadros, Nguyen Ho Vinh Phuoc, Parviz Kavoussi, Ahmed Harraz, Gianmaria Salvio, Murat Gul, Taha Hamoda, Tuncay Toprak, Ponco Birowo, Edmund Ko, Mohamed Arafa, Ramy Abou Ghayda, Vilvapathy Senguttuvan Karthikeyan, Ramadan Saleh, Giorgio Ivan Russo, Germar-Michael Pinggera, Eric Chung, Missy Savira, Giovanni M. Colpi, Wael Zohdy, Edoardo Pescatori, Hyun Jun Park, Shinichiro Fukuhara, Akira Tsujimura, Cesar Rojas-Cruz, Angelo Marino, Siu King Mak, Edouard Amar, Wael Ibrahim, Puneet Sindhwani, Naif Alhathal, Gian Maria Busetto, Manaf Al Hashimi, Ahmed El-Sakka, Asci Ramazan, Fotios Dimitriadis, Massimiliano Timpano, Davor Jezek, Baris Altay, Daniel Suslik Zylbersztejn, Michael YC Wong, Du Geon Moon, Christine Wyns, Safar Gamidov, Hamed Akhavizadegan, Alessandro Franceschelli, Kaan Aydos, Vinh Nguyen Quang, Shedeed Ashour, Adel Al Dayel, Mohamed S. Al-Marhoon, Sava Micic, Saleh Binsaleh, Alayman Hussein, Haitham Elbardisi, Taymour Mostafa, Emad Taha, Jonathan Ramsay, Athanasios Zachariou, Islam Fathy Soliman Abdelrahman, Osvaldo Rajmil, Arif Kalkanli, Juan Manuel Corral Molina, Kadir Bocu, Gede Wirya Kusuma Duarsa, Gokhan Ceker, Ege Can Serefoglu, Fahmi Bahar, Nazim Gherabi, Shinnosuke Kuroda, Abderrazak Bouzouita, Ahmet Gudeloglu, Erman Ceyhan, Mohamed Saeed Mohamed Hasan, Muhammad Ujudud Musa, Ahmad Motawi, Cho Chak-Lam, Hisanori Taniguchi, Christopher Chee Kong Ho, Jesus Fernando Solorzano Vazquez, Shingai Mutambirwa, Nur Dokuzeylul Gungor, Marion Bendayan, Carlo Giulioni, Aykut Baser, Marco Falcone, Luca Boeri, Gideon Blecher, Alireza Kheradmand, Tamilselvi Sethupathy, Ricky Adriansjah, Nima Narimani, Charalampos Konstantinidis, Tuan Thanh Nguyen, Andrian Japari, Parisa Dolati, Keerti Singh, Cevahir Ozer, Selcuk Sarikaya, Nadia Sheibak, Ndagijimana Jean Bosco, Mehmet Serkan Özkent, Sang Thanh Le, Ioannis Sokolakis, Darren Katz, Ryan Smith, Manh Nguyen Truong, Tan V. Le, Zhongwei Huang, Muslim Dogan Deger, Umut Arslan, Gokhan Calik, Giorgio Franco, Ayman Rashed, Oguzhan Kahraman, Sotiris Andreadakis, Rosadi Putra, Giancarlo Balercia, Kareim Khalafalla, Rossella Cannarella, Anh Đặng Tuấn, Amr El Meliegy, Birute Zilaitiene, Marlene Lizbeth Zamora Ramirez, Filippo Giacone, Aldo E. Calogero, Konstantinos Makarounis, Sunil Jindal, Bac Nguyen Hoai, Ravi Banthia, Marcelo Rodriguez Peña, Dharani Moorthy, Aram Adamyan, Deniz Kulaksiz, Hussein Kandil, Nikolaos Sofikitis, Ciro Salzano, Andreas Jungwirth, Surendra Reddy Banka, Tiago Cesar Mierzwa, Tahsin Turunç, Divyanu Jain, Armen Avoyan, Pietro Salacone, Ateş Kadıoğlu, Chirag Gupta, Haocheng Lin, Iman Shamohammadi, Nasser Mogharabian, Trenton Barrett, Yavuz Onur Danacıoğlu, Andrea Crafa, Salima Daoud, Vineet Malhotra, Abdulmalik Almardawi, Osama Mohamed Selim, Mohamad Moussa, Saeid Haghdani, Mesut Berkan Duran, Yannic Kunz, Mirko Preto, Elena Eugeni, Thang Nguyen, Ahmed Rashad Elshahid, Seso Sulijaya Suyono, Dyandra Parikesit, Essam Nada, Eduardo Gutiérrez Orozco, Florence Boitrelle, Nguyen Thi Minh Trang, Mounir Jamali, Raju Nair, Mikhail Ruzaev, Franco Gadda, Charalampos Thomas, Raphael Henrique Ferreira, Umit Gul, Serena Maruccia, Ajay Kanbur, Ella Kinzikeeva, Saad Abumelha, Nguyen Quang, Raghavender Kosgi, Fatih Gokalp, Mohammad Ayodhia Soebadi, Gustavo Marquesine Paul, Hesamoddin Sajadi, Deepak Gupte, Rafael F. Ambar, Emrullah Sogutdelen, Karun Singla, Ari Basurkano, Shannon Hee Kyung Kim, Mohammad Ali Sadighi Gilani, Koichi Nagao, Sakti Ronggowardhana Brodjonegoro, Andri Rezano, Mohamed Elkhouly, Rossella Mazzilli, Hasan M. A. Farsi, Hung Nguyen Ba, Hamed Alali, Dimitrios Kafetzis, Tran Quang Tien Long, Sami Alsaid, Hoang Bao Ngoc Cuong, Knigavko Oleksandr, Akhmad Mustafa, Herik Acosta, Hrishikesh Pai, Bahadır Şahin, Eko Arianto, Colin Teo, Sanjay Prakash Jayaprakash, Rinaldo Indra Rachman, Mustafa Gurkan Yenice, Omar Sefrioui, Smit Paghdar, Shivam Priyadarshi, Marko Tanic, Noor Kareem Alfatlawy, Fikri Rizaldi, Ranjit B. Vishwakarma, George Kanakis, Dinesh Thomas Cherian, Joe Lee, Raisa Galstyan, Hakan Keskin, Jana Wurzacher, Doddy Hami Seno, Bambang S. Noegroho, Ria Margiana, Qaisar Javed, Fabrizio Castiglioni, Raman Tanwar, Ana Puigvert, Coşkun Kaya, Medianto Purnomo, Chadi Yazbeck, Azwar Amir, Edson Borges, Marina Bellavia, Isaac Ardianson Deswanto, Vinod K V, Giovanni Liguori, Dang Hoang Minh, Kashif Siddiqi, Fulvio Colombo, Armand Zini, Niket Patel, Selahittin Çayan, Ula Al-Kawaz, Maged Ragab, Guadalupe Hernández Hebrard, Ivan Hoffmann, Ozan Efesoy, Barış Saylam, and Ashok Agarwal

Subjects
azoospermia, diagnosis, guideline, infertility, male, surveys and questionnaires, Medicine, Diseases of the genitourinary system. Urology, RC870-923
Abstract

Purpose: Non-obstructive azoospermia (NOA) represents the persistent absence of sperm in ejaculate without obstruction, stemming from diverse disease processes. This survey explores global practices in NOA diagnosis, comparing them with guidelines and offering expert recommendations. Materials and Methods:Materials and Methods: A 56-item questionnaire survey on NOA diagnosis and management was conducted globally from July to September 2022. This paper focuses on part 1, evaluating NOA diagnosis. Data from 367 participants across 49 coun-tries were analyzed descriptively, with a Delphi process used for expert recommendations. Results:Results: Of 336 eligible responses, most participants were experienced attending physicians (70.93%). To diagnose azoosper-mia definitively, 81.7% requested two semen samples. Commonly ordered hormone tests included serum follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) (97.0%), total testosterone (92.9%), and luteinizing hormone (86.9%). Genetic testing was requested by 66.6%, with karyotype analysis (86.2%) and Y chromosome microdeletions (88.3%) prevalent. Diagnostic testicular biopsy, distinguishing obstructive azoospermia (OA) from NOA, was not performed by 45.1%, while 34.6% did it selectively. Differ-entiation relied on physical examination (76.1%), serum hormone profiles (69.6%), and semen tests (68.1%). Expectations of finding sperm surgically were higher in men with normal FSH, larger testes, and a history of sperm in ejaculate. Conclusions:Conclusions: This expert survey, encompassing 367 participants from 49 countries, unveils congruence with recommended guidelines in NOA diagnosis. However, noteworthy disparities in practices suggest a need for evidence-based, international consensus guidelines to standardize NOA evaluation, addressing existing gaps in professional recommendations.

Published
2024
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26. Impact of Frailty on Omani Older Adults: A Retrospective Cohort Study Using the Multidimensional Prognostic Index in Primary Health Care

Author

Chefi Ben Chaouacha, Yahya Al Farsi, and Hamed Al-Reesi

Subjects
frailty, older adults, outcomes, primary health care, sultanate of oman, Geriatrics, RC952-954.6
Abstract

Background: Frailty, a state of diminished physiological reserve and increased vulnerability to stressors, is common among geriatric Omani patients attending primary health-care settings. Frailty has been shown to be a dominant predictor of multiple adverse health outcomes such as falls, functional disability, delirium, health-care utilization, and all-cause mortality. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to explore the relationship between frailty and adverse health outcomes in Omani older adults. Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study at a single center, from April 2020 to December 2022, involving 197 participants aged 65 years and older. Frailty was determined using the Multidimensional Prognostic Index (MPI). The adverse outcomes under investigation included a history of falling, utilization of primary health-care services, and all-cause mortality. We calculated unadjusted and adjusted odds ratios (ORs), along with their corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs), to evaluate the relationships between frailty and these adverse outcomes. Results: In the adjusted logistic regression model, frail older patients exhibited an elevated risk of falling in comparison to nonfrail patients (OR: 1.44, 95% CI: 0.68, 3.05; OR: 5.94, 95% CI: 1.49, 23.69, respectively). Notably, frailty status demonstrated a significant difference in terms of primary health-care utilization (P = 0.016), particularly for prefrailty (mean ± standard deviation 18.8 ± 10.8). Furthermore, a weak positive correlation was identified between MPI means and the level of primary health-care utilization (r = 0.229, P < 0.001). In addition, it was observed that prefrailty and frailty significantly heightened the risk of all-cause mortality (OR: 1.45, 95% CI: 0.16, 13.30; OR: 27.96, 95% CI: 3.37, 232.24, respectively). Conclusion: Prefrailty and frailty exert detrimental effects on older adults. It is imperative to focus on addressing prefrailty and frailty within primary health care to mitigate adverse outcomes and enhance the overall well-being of older adults.

Published
2024
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27. Predicting blood transfusion needs in colorectal surgery at a university hospital in Saudi Arabia: insights into anemia, malnutrition, and surgical factors

Author

Sara Farsi

Subjects
Perioperative transfusion, Colorectal surgery, Anemia, Blood management, Transfusion risk factors, Replacement donors, Surgery, RD1-811
Abstract

Abstract Background In Saudi Arabia, nearly a quarter of a hospital’s blood supply is consumed in operating rooms. However, blood is a scarce resource, and its unavailability has led to the cancellation of many surgeries. This study aims to identify risk factors for perioperative blood transfusion in colorectal surgery, thus providing valuable insights for better blood management and transfusion planning. Methods We conducted a retrospective cohort study of patients who underwent colorectal surgery at King Abdulaziz University Hospital from 2013 to 2022. Data on patient demographics, comorbidities, surgical details, and transfusion outcomes were collected and analyzed. Statistical analyses included logistic regression to identify predictors of transfusion and over-transfusion. Results We collected data from 434 patients. Women were almost twice as likely (OR = 1.98; 95%CI = 1.35–2.90) as men to receive one or more units of RBCs. Also more likely to be transfused were patients with a higher ASA score; a lower pre-operative serum hemoglobin (Hgb) level; and malignant disease as the reason for surgery (all p

Published
2024
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28. Prevalence of hyponatremia among medically hospitalized patients and associated outcomes: a retrospective cohort study

Author

Intisar Hamood Al Yaqoubi, Juhaina Salim Al-Maqbali, Afnan Ahmed Al Farsi, Rayan Khalfan Al Jabri, Saif Ahmed Khan, and Abdullah M. Al Alawi

Subjects
Medicine
Abstract

BACKGROUND: Hyponatremia is a common electrolyte disturbance among hospitalized patients and is linked to increased mortality as well as poor outcomes. OBJECTIVES: Study the prevalence of hyponatremia among medically admitted patients and the outcomes associated with hyponatremia. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort SETTING: Medical ward at tertiary hospital setting PATIENTS AND METHODS: The study included adult (≥18 years) hospitalized patients in general medical wards. Three readings of serum sodium level were taken (initial sodium level, nadir during admission, and before discharge). SAMPLE SIZE AND BASIS: The sample size of 350 was determined based on a presumed 35% incidence of hyponatremia among hospitalized patients, with a 5% error margin. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The prevalence of hyponatremia among medically hospitalized patients and association with health outcomes including length of hospital stay, inpatient mortality, 90-days readmission and 1-year mortality. RESULTS: In this study, 736 patients met the inclusion criteria. Of these, 377 (51.2%) had hyponatremia on admission, increasing to 562 (76.35%) during hospitalization. Mild hyponatremia was observed in 49.6% (n=365), moderate in 13.6% (n=100), and severe in 13.2% (n=97). Severe hyponatremia patients were significantly older (P

Published
2024
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29. The Use of Mirror Therapy in Children With Physical Disabilities: A Scoping Review

Author

Fatemeh Mohamadian, Alireza Farsi, and Behrouz Abdoli

Subjects
children, mirror therapy (mt), scoping review, rehabilitation, international classification of functioning, disability and health (icf), Medicine, Vocational rehabilitation. Employment of people with disabilities, HD7255-7256
Abstract

Objectives: This scoping review allows a better understanding of current evidence regarding mirror therapy (MT) among children to help the future development of MT intervention protocol on children. Methods: PubMed, Science-Direct, Web of Science and ProQuest databases were searched from January 2005 to January 2023 for interventions within the scope of MT for children. Google Scholar was also scanned for additional resources. The process of the present study was according to guidelines of the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses extension for scoping reviews. The main inclusion criteria were articles in English and Persian language and peer-reviewed empirical studies of MT for children. This study charted methodological information from articles according to participant characteristics, design, intervention, and outcome measures. Results: Of 18 studies that were included in this scoping review, 17 studies were conducted in children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy, and only two studies were in other conditions. A total of 16 articles were randomized controlled clinical trials, one case study and one single subject. Meanwhile, 33 outcomes were in the body structures (BS) and functions level, and 10 outcome measures were in the activities and participation levels of the International classification of functioning. Discussion: The review indicates that in future studies, it is necessary to pay more attention to other disorders beyond hemiplegic cerebral palsy; furthermore, levels of activity and participation as the outcome need to be used more.

Published
2024

30. The Role of Risk and Protective Factors in Autism Spectrum Disorders

Author

Zahra Farsi, Masoud Jabari Morooei, Samaneh Farnia, Ali Abbaskhanian, Sara Dehbozorgi, and Amir Asadi

Subjects
autism spectrum disorders, risk factors, protective factors, Therapeutics. Pharmacology, RM1-950
Abstract

Background: Identifying the risk factors and protective measures for Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) can significantly contribute to their prevention. This study aimed to ascertain the risk factors and protective measures associated with ASD.Methods: This retrospective case-control study was conducted in Sari, Iran, from 2020 to 2021. A total of 196 children, aged 2-17 years, were recruited by convenience sampling from the Baghban (Touba) Clinic, Zareh Psychiatric Hospital Clinic, and Bu-Ali Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinic. The case group consisted of 98 children with ASD, diagnosed based on the DSM-V criteria, while the control group included 98 children without ASD. Subsequently, potential risk factors in both groups were examined. The odds ratio was calculated at a 95% confidence level, with a significance level of P

Published
2024
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31. Investigating Nursing Students' Satisfaction with the Quality of Courses and Virtual Learning during the COVID-19 Pandemic in 2020-2021

Author

Farsi, Zahra, Afaghi, Effat, Fournier, Andrew, Ahmadi, Yazdan, Sajadi, Seyedeh Azam, and Aliyari, Shahla

Abstract

Education in medical sciences, including nursing, has encountered numerous challenges following the worldwide outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Additionally, students' satisfaction with the methods of instruction can be accompanied by improved learning outcomes. This study aimed to investigate the nursing students' satisfaction with the quality of courses (SQC) and satisfaction with virtual learning (SVL) during the COVID-19 pandemic. This cross-sectional study was conducted at a nursing school (105 nursing students) in Tehran,Iran, in the first semester of 2020-2021. The individual characteristics questionnaire, the Course Experience Questionnaire (CEQ), and the e-Learning Satisfaction Questionnaire (e-LSQ) were used for data collection. More than 88% of the nursing students were satisfied with the quality of the courses. The level of SVL in 57.1% of them was moderate. Among the individual variables, only the academic semester was regarded as a predictor of SQC (p=0.025). There was no significant relationship between the dimensions and the total score of CEQ with students' academic achievement (p<0.05). Additionally, all the CEQ dimensions were significant predictors of the nursing students' SQC (p<0.001). Given the unknown time of eradicating COVID-19, it is necessary to adopt appropriate policies and perform proper planning to continue better nursing education and increase student satisfaction.

Published
2022

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