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As muscle and bone are closely-related, we have explored the association between sarcopenia-related measurements and bone mineral density (BMD) (and osteoporosis) in postmenopausal women. Grip strength, anterior thigh muscle thickness and chair stand test were found to be related with BMD. Additionally, grip strength 22 kg increased the odds ratio of osteoporosis 1.6 times.As muscle and bone are two closely related tissues, we aimed to investigate the association between sarcopenia-related measurements (i.e., sonographic anterior thigh muscle thickness, grip strength, chair stand test (CST), gait speed) and clinical factors, lumbar/femoral BMD, and the presence of osteoporosis (OP) in postmenopausal women.Community dwelling postmenopausal women from two physical and rehabilitation medicine outpatient clinics were consecutively included in this cross-sectional study. Demographic data, age, weight, height, education/exercise status, smoking, and comorbidities were registered. BMD measurements were performed from lumbar vertebrae (L1-4) and femoral neck using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). A T-score of ≤ -2.5 SD in the lumbar vertebrae (L1-L4) and/or femoral neck was accepted as OP. Anterior thigh muscle thickness (MT) at the midthigh level was measured sonographically using a linear probe. Grip strength was measured from the dominant side. Physical performance was assessed by CST and gait speed.Among 546 postmenopausal women, 222 (40.7%) had OP. Among sarcopenia-related parameters, grip strength and anterior thigh MT were positively associated with lumbar vertebral BMD. CST performance was positively associated with femoral neck BMD. After adjusting for confounding factors, low grip strength ( 22 kg) increased 1.6 times the risk of OP.Loss of muscle mass/function (i.e., sarcopenia) can coexist with loss of trabecular and cortical bone. To this end, grip strength and anterior thigh MT seem to be associated with the lumbar vertebral BMD, while CST is associated with the femoral neck BMD. Lastly, low grip strength might have an association with postmenopausal OP.

This paper presents a compact implantable antenna’s design, fabrication, and measurement for biotelemetry applications. The proposed design with the size of 255 mm3 provides a triple-band operation that covers all the Medical Implant Communication Service (MICS: 402 MHz), Medical Device Radiocommunications Service (MedRadio: 405 MHz), and Industrial, Scientific, and Medical (ISM: 433, 915 and 2450 MHz) bands simultaneously. The compact structure with triple- band performance is essentially achieved by using a spiral-like radiator loaded with meandered and internal gear-shaped elements excited by a vertical coaxial probe feed. Also, the slots-loaded partial ground plane is utilized to improve impedance matching at the desired frequency bands. The design and analysis of the antenna were carried out using the Ansoft HFSS software in a homogenous skin model and the CST Microwave Studio in a realistic human model. The proposed antenna was fabricated to validate the simulated results, and characteristics of its return loss and radiation patterns were measured in minced pork meat. Moreover, realized gains and specific absorption rate (SAR) values of the antenna were numerically computed using the simulators. Based on the simulated and measured results, the proposed antenna performance was found to be comparable to the limited number of multiband implantable antenna designs reported in the recent literature.

Objective:This study aimed to evaluate the effects of genetic characteristics on the survival in patients with myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS).Methods:This retrospective study reviewed the data on epidemiological features, main laboratory tests, International Prognostic Scoring System (IPSS) and revised-IPSS risk categories, genetic anomalies, genetic risk categories, and survival in patients who are diagnosed with MDS in our center. According to the IPSS risk categories, patients were classified into three groups as follows: “low risk,” “intermediate-1,” and “intermediate-2 risk and high risk.” The groups were compared using the ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis tests.Results:The study reviewed the data of 99 patients. The mean age was 66±11.6 years. A genetic anomaly was detected in 30.3%, of which the most common was del20q (26.7%). The median survival was 61 months [95% confidence interval (CI): 50.9-71] in the study population. The 5-year survival rate was calculated as 64%, 41%, and 33% in “low risk,” “intermediate-1,” and “intermediate-2 risk and high risk” groups, respectively. The predicted median survival rate was 96 months (95% CI: 47.7-144.2), 56 months (95% CI: 34.1-77.8), and 18 months (95% CI: 15.1-20.8), respectively, which indicate a significant difference (log-rank chi-square: 6.6; p=0.035). The risk for mortality was 3.3-folds higher in the “intermediate-2 and high risk” group compared to the “low risk” group (RR: 3.3; 95% CI: 1.2-8.6; p=0.017).Conclusion:Our study supports that risk groups that are determined by several parameters, including genetic characteristics, provide predictive information about survival in MDS.

Pufferfish, also known globally as ballfish, globefish and toadfish, is a fish species belonging to the Tetrodontiformes family. Following the consumption of this fish, tetrodotoxin (TTX), a type of neurotoxin, causes a rare type of intoxication. This has mostly been observed in the Southeast Asian coasts, Taiwan and Japan; however, it has also been observed in the Mediterranean coastal countries in recent years. Not all species of porcupine fish are toxic; some contain only mild venom. Approximately 28 TTX analogues have been recorded to date, and some have been identified in marine organisms. In addition, TTX toxicity varies according to sex, seasons and geographic regions. In humans, TTX blocks sodium channels in the cell membrane, inducing numbness in the tongue and lips, dizziness, vomiting, tingling and numbness in the extremities, tachycardia, hypotension and paralysis. This case report aimed to provide information about the risks, toxicity and treatment methods in people exposed to TTX.

Osmanlı ilmiye sınıfının başı sayılan şeyhülislamların verdikleri fetvaları içeren fetva mecmuaları birçok disiplinin özellikle de Osmanlı Tarihi ve Osmanlı Hukuk Tarihi çalışmalarının önemli müracaat kaynaklarından biridir. Bununla birlikte her ne kadar fetva mecmuaları üzerine yapılan çalışmalar son yirmi yıldır sayıca artsa da bunlar eldeki kaynakların zenginliği dikkate alındığında oldukça sınırlı kalmaktadır. Ayrıca fetvaların ne zaman kim tarafından verildiğine dair bilgilerimiz de hala hem sınırlı hem de sağlaması çok az yapılmış bilgilerdir. Bu makalede, günümüzde XVIII. yüzyıl başlarında görev yapmış olan Abdurrahim Efendi’nin şeyhülislamlığı döneminde verdiği fetvalardan oluşan müstakil bir mecmua olarak bilinen Fetâvâ-yı Abdurrahim’in aslında XVII. yüzyılın ikinci yarısında görevde bulunan Minkârizâde Yahya Efendi’nin fetvalarının fıkıh sistematiğine göre derlendiği bir fetva mecmuası olduğu ortaya konulacaktır. Fetâvâ-yı Abdurrahim, bugüne kadar yapılan –tespit edebildiğimiz- bütün akademik çalışmalarda Menteşzâde Abdurrahim Efendi’nin verdiği fetvalardan oluşan müstakil bir fetva mecmuası olarak kabul görmüştür. Fetâvâ-yı Abdurrahim’e XVIII. yüzyılla ilgili yapılan çalışmalarda sıkılıkla müracaat edilmiş ve eser bu dönemin hukuki, siyasi ve iktisadi meselelerinin anlaşılmasında birincil kaynak olarak kullanılmıştır. Hâlbuki araştırmacılar tarafından müstakil bir fetva mecmuası olarak kabul edilen bu eserdeki fetvalar, Abdurrahim Efendi’den yaklaşık yarım asır önce Şeyhülislamlık yapan Minkârizâde Yahya Efendi’nin Fetâvâ-yı Minkârizâde olarak bilinen fetvalarıyla aynıdır. Bizim tespitimize göre Abdurrahim Efendi, Minkârizâde Yahya Efendi’nin verdiği fetvaları tasnif etmiş ve bunların fihristini çıkarmıştır. Abdurrahim Efendi’nin yaptığı bu derleme faaliyeti ile ortaya çıkan eser, özellikle II. Abdülhamid dönemindeki basımının Abdurrahim Efendi’nin ismiyle yapılmasının etkisiyle Yahya Efendi’ye değil kendisine atfedilmiştir. Dolayısıyla Fetâvâ-yı Abdurrahim’in müstakil bir fetva mecmuası olarak değerlendirilmesi ve burada yer alan fetvaların Abdurrahim Efendi’nin şeyhülislamlığı döneminde verdiği fetvalar olarak kabul edilmesi hatası günümüze kadar devam etmiştir. Bu çalışmada öncelikle bu iki Osmanlı ilim ve hukuk adamının hayatı ve yaptıkları çalışmalara kısaca değinilecek, daha sonra bahsedilen karışıklığa sebep olan eserin Minkârizâde Yahya Efendi’nin fetvalarından oluştuğu delilleriyle ortaya konulacaktır.

The aim of this study is to investigate the physicochemical properties, antioxidant activities, and total phenolic contents of the plateau (multifloral), chestnut, rhododendron, and acacia honey collected from Ordu province in Turkey. The rhododendron honey had the highest acidity (p

Diabetes mellitus and obesity are very similar in terms of pathogenesis and pathophysiology. Most obese patients have adipose tissue dysfunction caused by genetic and environmental factors. Adipose tissue is the source of adipokines secreted from adipocytes. Vaspin, Visfatin and Chemerin are adipokines discovered in recent years. The study consists of 43 non-diabetic obese and 51 diabetic obese individuals. The PCR-RFLP method and agarose gel electrophoresis techniques were used to detect gene polymorphisms of Chemerin rs17173608, Vaspin rs2236242 and Visfatin rs2110385 from DNA samples. In our study, when diabetic obese and non-diabetic obese patient groups were examined in terms of Vaspin gene polymorphism, statistically significant results were obtained (22% → 7%, p=0.048, respectively). The distribution of Chemerin or Visfatin gene variants were not different in study groups (p>0.05). Our results indicate that Chemerin rs17173608 and Visfatin rs2110385 gene polymorphisms were not risk factors for development of diabetes in obese individuals, however, Vaspin rs2236242 gene polymorphism may be a contributory risk of development of diabetes in obese individuals.

Kan glukozunun yükselmesiyle karakterize olan diyabet, pankreastaki fonksiyon bozukluğu neticesinde oluşmaktadır ve bu durum insülin etkisine karşı dirence veya insülin üretiminin azalmasına neden olmaktadır. Diyabet, Tip-I ve Tip-II olmak üzere iki grupta incelenmektedir. Tip-I diyabet, pankreasın beta hücresinden salınan insülin hormonundaki yetersizlik neticesinde gelişim göstermektedir. Burada T-hücresi aracılığıyla gerçekleşen otoimmün yanıtın, pankreasın beta hücre fonksiyonunu etkilediği bilinmektedir. Tip-II diyabet sağlıksız beslenme, hareketsizlik, genetik-çevresel faktörlerden kaynaklı gelişim göstermektedir. Prevalansı yüksek Tip-II diyabette, insülin direnci oluşumu, beta hücre fonksiyonunda kayıp ile hiperglisemi gelişmektedir. Tümör nekroz faktör ilişkili apoptoz indükleyici ligand (TRAIL), tümör nekroz faktör (TNF)-süper ailesinin üyesi olup; Tip-II transmembran proteini olarak ifade edilmektedir. İmmün yanıt ve inflamasyonun düzenlenmesinde önemli fonksiyonlara sahiptir. Biyolojik etkilerini, hücre yüzeyindeki reseptörleri sayesinde gerçekleştirmektedir. TNF-alfa’nın senteziyle oluşan lenfosit infiltratları, Tip-I diyabete yol açmaktadır. TRAIL’in diyabet gelişimindeki rolüyle ilgili çalışmalar ilk olarak hayvan modellemeleriyle başlamıştır. TRAIL eksikliği olan hayvan çalışmalarında, otoimmün kaynaklı diyabetin ve pankreatik adacık inflamasyonunun arttığı kaydedilmiştir. Bu bulgular TRAIL’in diyabet patofizyolojisinde önemli bir rol oynadığını göstermektedir. Klinik veriler neticesinde TRAIL ekspresyonunun sağlıklı bireylerde yüksek olması obezite ve diyabette koruyucu bir rolü olduğunu düşündürmektedir. Bu derlemede, elde edilen bulgular temelinde TRAIL’in diyabetteki koruyucu rolünün incelenmesi hedeflenmiştir.

Objective: We aimed to analyze the changes in metabolic parameters after administration of irisin to obese female mice. Materials and Methods: Sixty mice aged 5-6 weeks were randomized into three groups as irisin, exercise, and control. The control and irisin group remained sedentary, whereas the exercise group started free wheel exercising 6 weeks after the start of the study. The irisin group received irisin after 20 weeks. All mice were sacrificed at the 22nd week of the study, and obesity-related metabolic parameters were analyzed. Results: There was no significant difference between the irisin and exercise groups in weight gain (P > 0.05). By contrast, weight gain in the control group was significantly higher compared with the irisin and exercise groups (P < 0.05). Serum bone morphogenetic protein (BMP), ghrelin, insulin, kisspeptin, leptin, and visfatin levels were statistically lower in the irisin and exercise groups compared with the control group, but no significance was detected between the irisin and exercise groups (P < 0.05 for all parameters). Conclusion: Similar to the effect of exercise, irisin injections resulted in the amelioration of certain obesity-related parameters such as the concentration of adipokines, BMP4, insulin, and ghrelin. Its role as a potential alternative to exercise needs to be further studied.

Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) has recently gained more interest due to its high nutritional value such as high protein quality, high phenolic and dietary fiber contents. However, saponins present in quinoa negatively impact its nutritional and sensory attributes. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of washing process, which is commonly used to eliminate the undesired effects of saponins, on phenolic and saponin contents, and antioxidant capacities of different colored quinoa seeds. Our results show that red (55.02 mg GAE/100 g) and black (53.25 mg GAE/100 g) quinoa seeds had significantly higher total phenolic contents than their white (46.27 mg GAE/100 g) counterparts (p0.05). Moreover, the disc diffusion assay indicated that quinoa seeds have no inhibitory activity against the tested bacteria. Consequently, red and black colored quinoa seeds have better functional properties than white counterparts. Herewith, development of improved washing methods for more efficient removal of saponin from quinoa seeds while protecting its bioactive compounds is advised.

Introduction Trastuzumab emtansine (TDM-1) is an antibody–drug conjugate effective in human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 - expressing advanced breast cancer. Pulmonary complications of TDM-1 are rarely reported. TDM-1-associated interstitial lung disease is referred to as pneumonitis. Case report A 47-year-old female patient who underwent modified radical mastectomy and axillary lymph node dissection operations due to a palpable mass in the right breast and axillary region. The patient who had received multiple chemotherapy was last receiving TDM-1 treatment. Fatigue, dyspnea, and tachypnea were detected for the first time on 20 days after the 6th treatment. Menagement and outcome In our case, we first considered metastasis, pneumonia and fungal infection based on radiological findings, but the lack of response to the treatments and the results of the investigations suggested drug-induced pneumonia and steroid treatment was started. Our case had a complete radiological recovery and complete response to sterod therapy. In such cases, it is important to first exclude infections and metastasis. In cases of drug-induced pneumonia, the first treatment option is systemic corticosteroids and generally responded well. Discussion Unlike other cases of interstitial pneumonia, lung imaging of our case was resembling a metastasis, pneumonia and fungal infection. With increasing use of TDM-1, we will have more experience in both efficacy and complications of TDM-1. Although TDM-1 is a well-tolerated drug, clinicians should be aware of rare pulmonary complications and prepared to respond appropriately.

Due to its high nutritional value and health-promoting effects, there is an increasing interest in utilizing chia seed in the human diet. The aim of this study was to compare the compositional and functional characteristics of white and black chia seeds that are commercially available in Turkey. Compositional comparisons were done by quantifying protein, oil, ash and moisture contents. The total phenolic content and antioxidant activity were measured using defatted ground chia seeds. Our results revealed that black chia seeds had significantly higher protein, ash and moisture contents, compared to white chia seeds, but no difference was found in terms of oil content (P > 0.05). Conversely, the total phenolic content of white chia seeds (3.52 ± 0.08 mg GAE [gallic acid equivalent]/g sample) was significantly higher than those in black seeds (3.42 ± 0.06 mg GAE/g sample) (P < 0.05). Consequently, a significant difference (P < 0.05) was observed between DPPH free radical scavenging activities of white and black chia seeds, with the former exhibiting 231.5 ± 6.3 m mol Trolox equivalent (TE)/g, and the latter having 197.5 ± 7.4 m mol TE/g. The higher antioxidant activity of white chia seed was further confirmed by calculating IC 50 values (IC 50 of black chia seed = 2.001 mg/ml vs that of white chia seed = 1.735 mg/ml). Finally, we assessed antibacterial activities of chia seed extract and chia seed oil against human pathogens using agar disc-diffusion and agar well-diffusion assays. However, neither of the assays had shown antimicrobial activity against the tested bacteria. Considering the previously published reports, chia seed and chia seed oil seem to possess species-, and even strain-, specific antimicrobial activities. Overall, the results of this study suggest that white chia seed has better functional properties than black seeds.

The Mamu Dagi ophiolite, ca. 13 km long and 5 km across (Tokat, Sakarya Zone), consists of peridotites, pyroxenites, gabbros, and basalts, which are crosscut by dolerite dykes. These rocks show var...

Basaltic and deep-sea sedimentary rocks are widely exposed in the Tekelidag Melange, eastern part of the Izmir-Ankara-Erzincan (IAE) suture zone. In this study, we present petrogenetic features of the basaltic rocks and new micropalaeontological data from the radiolarian cherts. The basaltic rocks are divided into two different groups based on whole-rock geochemistry data. The first group of basaltic rocks displays MORB-like geochemical characteristics. The second group exhibits island-arc tholeiite (IAT) geochemical characteristics. The cherts, which coexist within the basaltic rocks, yielded Middle Jurassic to Early Cretaceous radiolarian assemblages. Late Bajocian (Middle Jurassic) to Tithonian (Late Jurassic) ages were obtained from the radiolarian cherts observed within the MORB-type basalts belonging to the first group. On the other hand, the supra-subduction zone (SSZ)-type basalts belonging to the second group are associated with upper Aalenian (Middle Jurassic) and lower Aptian (Lower Cretaceous) radiolarian cherts. The new Middle–Late Jurassic and Early Cretaceous radiolarian dates and MORB- and SSZ-type basaltic rocks are consistent with radio-isotopic ages previously obtained from ophiolites and ophiolitic melanges along the IAE suture zone. The radiolarian ages associated with basaltic rock data indicate that the occurrence of the MORB- and SSZ-type magmatism were simultaneous. The coeval IAT and MORB-like basalt generation inferred to occur in the SSZ environment similar to the South Sandwich back-arc basin system from South Atlantic Ocean, the Mariana Trough (e.g., Fiji and Tonga basin) from the Western Pacific and Coast Range Ophiolite from California.

This study aimed to bring out chemical, physical, and microbiological quality together with volatile aroma profiles of traditional yogurts collected from the highlands of Ordu and Giresun cities in the Black Sea Region (Turkey). For this purpose, 24 traditional yogurts, 20 of which were produced from cow milk and the remaining were produced from buffalo milk, were collected and analyzes were performed. The average dry matter, protein, fat, pH, total acidity (lactic acid%), viscosity (10 °C), and syneresis values for cow milk and buffalo milk yogurts were 12.68 vs. 14.44%, 3.51 vs. 4.13%, 4.51 vs. 6.55%, 3.80 vs. 3.78, 1.32 vs. 1.60%, 241.09 vs. 1009.21 cP, and 17.43 vs. 9.02%, respectively. The buffalo milk yogurts had higher dry matter, protein, fat, viscosity but lower syneresis values compared to those of cow milk yogurts. The lactic acid bacteria counts were under the required number of 107 for cow yogurts while yeast & mould counts were over 105 for both cow and buffalo yogurts. Moreover, five of the cow yogurts were found to have coliforms and one being contaminated with Escherichia coli indicating unhygienic production conditions. All yogurts contained acetaldehyde, acetoin, ethanol, hexanoic acid, octanoic acid, hexanal, 2-Heptanaone, and 2-Nonanone while diacetyl could not be detected in any yogurt samples. Regarding their compositional values, homemade yogurts were acceptable however they were not appropriate for consumption microbiologically and require improved hygienic conditions for healthier products.

The late Cretaceous accretionary complex along the Izmir–Ankara–Erzincan suture zone, northern Turkey, includes various types of metamorphic rock together with radiolarite, sandstone, mudstone, serpentinite, basalt and limestone. Meta-plagiogranite blocks (up to 5 m in diameter) and a meta-gabbro slice (800 × 500 m) cross-cut by meta-plagiogranite are observed in a matrix of serpentinite, mudstone and radiolarian chert. These meta-gabbros and meta-plagiogranites show subduction-related geochemical characteristics. Laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry U–Pb dating of zircons from two meta-plagiogranites yielded 222.3 ± 1.5 and 227.2 ± 1.6 Ma crystallization ages. This study shows that the meta-gabbro and meta-plagiogranite from the accretionary complex are remnants of the metamorphosed equivalents of the late Triassic lower crustal rocks of the subducted Tethyan oceanic crust. They are the oldest lower crustal rocks observed in the Izmir–Ankara–Erzincan suture zone. Both the meta-gabbros and meta-plagiogranites have Na–Ca amphiboles, indicating blueschist facies metamorphism. However, phengites from a blueschist facies rock yielded an 40 Ar/ 39 Ar age of 104.3 ± 0.7 Ma, indicating that blueschist metamorphism occurred during the Albian. All these data suggest that the oceanic crust formed during the Norian, metamorphosed during the Jurassic to early Cretaceous and then dismembered during accretionary complex formation in the late Cretaceous. Supplementary material: A complete description of the analytical methods ( electron microprobe, LA-ICP-MS zircon U–Pb and 40 Ar/ 39 Ar age analyses, pseudo-section modelling and THERMOCALC) are available at https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.6509984

Kashar is a cooked-curd cheese and traditionally produced without using any starter cultures. Three different types of commercial starter cultures Choozit ™ MA 11 (MA), BT 01 (BT) and Feta A (Feta) applied to the Kashar cheeses after the cooking stage using an immersion technique to eliminate the negative effect of heat on the viability of starter cultures and their activities. Compositional, sensory and ripening characteristics including electrophoresis were determined. MA-culture showed the highest acid production capability while BT-culture possessed the highest proteolytic activity and sensory scores. The results suggest that the immersion technique has a potential use in the production of cooked-curd cheeses.

Introduction The diagnostic accuracy of the FAST exam performed by EM residents were shown to be similar to radiology residents. However, in the last 2 decades, an extended-FAST (E-FAST) protocol including thoracic examination to exclude pneumo- and hemothorax was introduced. The accuracy of emergency physicians (EPs) while performing E-FAST is a less studied area, especially in Europe. The aim of this study was to compare the diagnostic accuracy of the E-FAST exam performed by EM residents with the results of CT scan as a gold standard. Methods This was a prospective, observational, diagnostic accuracy study conducted at the ED of a Level 1 Trauma Center. All consecutive adult multiple trauma patients were eligible, and any patient in whom thoraco-abdominal CT was ordered were recruited. Unstable and unavailable patients were excluded. E-FAST examination was performed by EPs as the index test, and CT examinations reported by a blinded academic radiology faculty was the gold standard. Results A total of 140 patients were recruited from eligible 144 patients. The final study population was 132 for abdominal and 130 for thorax examinations. In this study, AUC of E-FAST was 0.71 for abdominal free fluid, 0.87 for pneumothorax and 1.00 for pleural effusion. The sensitivity was 42.9% and specificity was 98.4%. The + LR for abdominal free fluid was 26.8 and − LR was 0.58. Conclusion E-FAST examination has an excellent specificity. However, the sensitivity of the test is not high enough to rule-out thoraco-abdominal injuries in trauma patients when performed by EPs.

BACKGROUND/AIM Adipocyte gene expression is altered in obese individuals through multiple metabolic and biochemical pathways. In this study, we aimed to examine the expression of resistin (Retn), amylin (Iapp), and dopamine receptor domain 5 (Drd5) genes previously suggested to contribute to the pathogenesis of obesity, albeit controversially. We also aimed to determine the effects on short and long-term mRNA levels of these genes in obese mice, induced with high-fat diet (HFD). MATERIALS AND METHODS Two obesity models were created in our study: group T1 (20 mice) was fed with HFD (60% fat) for 3 months, and group T2 (20 mice) was fed with HFD (60% fat) for 6 months. The control group T0 (20 mice) was fed with a diet of 10% kcal fat supplement for 6 months. At the end of the experiment, their adipose tissues were dissected surgically. Tissue samples of each group were pooled for RNA isolation, cDNA synthesis was carried out and the mRNA levels were examined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Serum resistin levels were measured using multiplex bead (luminex) technology for validation. RESULTS In T2 mice, the mRNA expression of Retn showed a moderate up-regulation (fold change=8.32; p=0.0019) in the adipose tissues. Iapp expression was also significantly up-regulated (fold change=9.78; p=0.012). Moreover, a 6.36-fold up-regulation for Drd5 was observed in the adipose tissues of T2 mice (p

Potential lactobacilli isolates (20) from traditional yogurt samples were primarily selected based on their antimicrobial activity against common pathogens of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Following this, the highest acidity values were determined in K1 (0.63%) and EPSC2 (0.61%) isolates after 6 h; KKC1 (1.62%) and EPSC2 (1.59%) after 24 h. The highest proteolytic activity in the first 36 h of incubation was observed in K11B, M2, CBB5 and CBB3 isolates while the lowest activity was in K10, M6, and KKC2 isolates, respectively. Subsequently, 10 isolates that carry the potential to be used as yogurt starter cultures were picked and identified at the molecular level using 16S rDNA sequences and a phylogenetic tree was created. The closest species to all of the selected isolates was determined to be Lactobacillus bulgaricus. The flavor profiles of these isolates indicated that the highest acetaldehyde concentrations were detected in the KKC1, M6, and KKC2 isolates while these values were found to be higher than that of the commercial Lactobacillus. Consequently, CBX, CBH4, M6, EPSC2, and KKC2 were found to possess the potential to be used as starter cultures therefore they could be recommended for utilization in fermented dairy products, especially yogurt.

Three different commercial starter cultures, Choozit™ MA 11 (MA), Choozit™ BT 01 (BT) and Choozit™ Feta A (Feta), were used to remedy textural and aromatic defects and improve the overall quality of low-fat Tulum cheeses. Chemical and sensory analyses as well as electrophoresis were performed. Supplemental yoghurt bacteria and Lactobacillus helveticus were found to be key contributors in proteolysis with varying protein breakdown capacities. The results suggest that using appropriate culture combinations could result in low-fat Tulum cheeses with better sensory characteristics and proteolysis rates.

Aim ATM, RAD51 and TP73 are genes that take part in DNA repair pathways. The aim of this prospective case-control study was to determine the genotype and allele distributions of the ATM 5′-UTR G/A, RAD51 135 G/C and TP73 GC/AT polymorphisms and their relationship with clinical parameters in Turkish colorectal cancer (CRC) patients. Material and methods One hundred and four CRC patients and 113 healthy individuals were included in this study as control. The polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism techniques were used. Results The ATM 5′-UTR G/A polymorphism GG (p = 0.001) and AA (p = 0.0001) genotypes were found higher in the patient group, while the GA genotype (p = 0.0001) and A allele (p = 0.001) were significantly higher in the control group. Moreover, the GG genotype (p = 0.042) was higher among patients with advanced-stage cancer and, while GA genotype (p = 0.047) was increased in patients without perineural invasion. The RAD51 135 G/C polymorphism GC genotype (p = 0.0001) and C allele (p = 0.0001) were significantly higher in the patient group, while CC genotype (p = 0.0001) was higher in the control group. No statistical significance was observed between the TP73 GC/AT polymorphism genotype and allele distribution and the clinical parameters. Conclusion In the Turkish population, the ATM 5′-UTR GG and AA genotypes, and the RAD51 135 G/C GC genotype and the C allele presence may be risk factors for CRC.

Purpose: The aim of the study is examine the effect of oral contraceptives on the serum levels of adhesion molecules and identify if the synthetic oestrogens provide protection against atherosclerosis.Materials and Methods: The interleukin 6 (IL-6), Tumor necrosis factor alfa (TNF Alfa), Vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1), Intercellular Adhesion Molecule (ICAM-1), E selectin, P selectin, C selectin, C Reactive Protein (CRP) levels and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESH) of patients between 18-45, without additional illness, using oral contraceptives for contraception at least for three years were compared to healthy volunteers, aged between 18-45, having regular menstruation and without any additional diseases.Results: There has been no meaningful difference between the VCAM-1, ICAM-1, E selectin, P selectin, TNF alfa, IL 6, ESH levels of the two groups. Serum CRP levels are meaningfully higher in the group using oral contraceptives.Conclusion: Oral contraceptives change the serum levels of adhesion molecules. The change in the serum CRP levels might be due to the liver first pass effect., Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı, oral kontraseptiflerin adezyon moleküllerinin serum seviyelerine olan etkisini araştırarak, sentetik östrojenlerin ateroskleroza karşı koruyucu etkisi olup olmadığı saptamaktır.Gereç ve Yöntem: Ek hastalığı bulunmayan, kontrasepsiyon amaçlı en az 3 aydır oral kontraseptif kullanan, 18-45 yaş aralığında olan hastaların serum interlökin 6 (İL-6), tümör nekrozis faktör alfa (TNF alfa), damarsal hücre yapışma molekülü 1 (VCAM-1), hücreler arası adezyon molekülü (ICAM-1), E selektin, P selektin, c reaktif protein (CRP) seviyeleri ve eritrosit sedimentasyon hızları (ESH); ek hastalığı bulunmayan, düzenli adet gören, 18-45 yaş aralığında olan sağlıklı gönüllülerle karşılaştırıldı.Bulgular: Her iki grubun VCAM-1, ICAM-1, E selektin, P selektin, TNF alfa, İL 6, ESH seviyeleri arasında anlamlı fark saptanmadı. Oral kontraseptif kullanan grupta serum CRP seviyeleri anlamlı olarak daha yüksek saptandı.Sonuç: Oral kontraseptiflerin adezyon moleküllerinin serum seviyelerini değiştirdiği gösterilemiştir. Serum crp seviyelerinin değişimleri ise karaciğer ilk geçiş etkisine bağlanmaktadır.

Aim: To investigate the possible effects of polymorphisms in genes encoding some important antioxidant enzymes such as super oxide dismutase 2 (SOD2), glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPX1), endothelial NOS (eNOS) and catalase (CAT) in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).Methods: Peripheral blood of 100 patients with PCOS and 100 healthy control group were collected, Polymorphisms in related genes was investigated by using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism. In addition, the related biochemical values of the patients were also investigated.Result: In our study there is no significant results for SOD2 gene but the results obtained between GPX1, eNOS and CAT genes were significant. Fasting blood sugar (FBS), insulin, triglyceride, waist circumference and dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (DHEAS) were found to be significant with the disease, whereas follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) was found to be effective in preventing the disease.Conclusions: These findings suggest that polymorphisms in genes encoding GPX1, eNOS and CAT enzymes may be associated with PCOS. Additionally, it is thought that the genes of FBS, triglyceride, insulin, DHEAS and waist circumference are important in the pathogenesis of the disease in the presence of homozygous mutation.

Background Ultrasonography (US) is noninvasive, readily available, and cheap. The diameter of inferior vena cava (dIVC) and its respiratory variation were proposed as a good surrogate of the hemodynamic state. However, recent studies have shown conflicting results, and the value of IVC-derived parameters in the estimation of fluid status and hemorrhage remains unclear. Methods This was an observational study of trauma patients who presented to emergency department. dIVC and aorta diameter (dAorta) were measured at the initial US and CT in all patients. The correlation of these measurements and all parameters derived from those measurements along with the initial vital signs and laboratory values of hemorrhage (hemoglobin, hematocrit) and shock (lactate, base excess) were assessed. US and CT values were also compared for accuracy using Bland-Altman analysis. Results The final study population was 140, with a mean age of 38 years and 79.3% were male. dIVC and dAorta did not have any clinically significant correlation with any of the vital signs or laboratory values of hemorrhage or shock when measured by US or CT. A good and significant correlation was observed between dIVC and dAorta measured by US and CT. Conclusion The value of an initial and single measurement of IVC and aorta parameters in the evaluation of trauma patients should be questioned. However, the change in the measured parameters may be of value and should be investigated in further studies.

Al-rich spinels were rarely reported compared to Cr-spinels, which were mostly observed in ophiolitic rocks. Pleonaste [(Mg, Fe 2+ )Al 2 O 4 ], which is an Al-rich spinel, was observed in the ophiolitic mafic-ultramafic rocks tectonically located in the Early Cretaceous accretionary complex, at the eastern part of the Armutlu peninsula, NW Turkey. The ophiolitic mafic-ultramafic rocks have cumulate character, and most of them are represented by peridotite and pyroxenite. Pleonaste was observed in pyroxenites and gabbros of the ophiolitic rocks. Pyroxenites consist mainly of clinopyroxene + orthopyroxene + amphibole ± olivine + spinel. Gabbros are composed of clinopyroxene + orthopyroxene + amphibole + plagioclase + spinel. Pleonaste in these rocks lies parallel to the magmatic layers and is distinguished by its emerald greenish color under the microscope. Pleonastes have high Al 2 O 3 (59.65-62.24 wt.%) and low Cr 2 O 3 (0.05-1.32 wt.%) contents with Mg# and Fe 3+ # ranging from 54.23 to 59.77 and 3.83 to 4.28, respectively. Petrographical observations and the pressure?temperature (P-T) pseudosection modelling suggest that pleonaste in the mafic-ultramafic rocks from the study area crystallized during magmatic processes. Presence of amphibole and Ca-rich (An % 85-88) plagioclase in these rocks suggests that the ophiolitic rocks, located in the Early Cretaceous accretionary complex at the eastern part of Armutlu peninsula, formed from an arc-related hydrous magma source.

One of the most appropriate approaches to better understand and interpret geologic evolution of an accretionary complex is to make a detailed geologic map. The fact that ophiolite sequences consist of various rock types may require a unique image processing method to map each ophiolite body. The accretionary complex in the study area is composed mainly of ophiolitic and metamorphic rocks along with epi-ophiolitic sedimentary rocks. This paper attempts to map the Late Cretaceous accretionary complex in detail in northern Sivas (within Izmir-Ankara-Erzincan Suture Zone in Turkey) by the analysis of all of the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) bands and field study. The new two hybrid color composite images yield satisfactory results in delineating peridotite, gabbro, basalt, and epi-ophiolitic sedimentary rocks of the accretionary complex in the study area. While the first hybrid color composite image consists of one principle component (PC) and two band ratios (PC1, 3/4, 4/6 in the RGB), the PC5, the original ASTER band 4 and the 3/4 band ratio images were assigned to the RGB colors to generate the second hybrid color composite image. In addition to that, the spectral indices derived from the ASTER thermal infrared (TIR) bands discriminate clearly ultramafic, siliceous, and carbonate rocks from adjacent lithologies at a regional scale. Peridotites with varying degrees of serpentinization illustrated as a single color were best identified in the spectral indices map. Furthermore, the boundaries of ophiolitic rocks based on fieldwork were outlined in detail in some parts of the study area by superimposing the resultant maps of ASTER maps on Google Earth images of finer spatial resolution. Eventually, the encouraging geologic map generated by the image analysis of ASTER data strongly correlates with lithological boundaries from a field survey. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Fetva, ilk defa Osmanlı Devleti’nde bir müessese haline gelmiştir. Fetva müessesesinin en önemli ürünleri olan ve ortaya çıktığı çağın dini, hukuki, siyasi ve sosyal hayatına dair önemli malumatlar ihtiva eden fetva mecmualarının birçoğu günümüze ulaşmıştır. Bu çalışma, Osmanlı Devleti’nin merkez ve taşrasında iki meşhur müftünün Kitâbu’s-Siyer fetvalarını kaynak, muhteva ve şekil açısından mukayese ederek bir yandan İslam uluslararası hukukuna dair meselelerin Osmanlı merkez ve taşrasında nasıl değiştiğini gösterirken diğer yandan merkez ve taşrada verilen fetvaların hukuki referanslarını, şekilsel özelliklerini, muhtevalarını ve konu farklılıklarını incelemektedir.--------------------Fatwā had taken the form of an institution for the first time in the Ottoman Empire, and Fatwa collections are its most significant product. Fatwa collections which contain important information regarding religious, legal, political and social life of a given period are still extant. This study compares the Kitāb al-Siyar fatwās of two famous muftīs from the Ottoman center and periphery in terms of source, content and form. In this way, we aim to show both how matters of Islamic International Law evolved in the Ottoman center and periphery, and to also examine the fatwās in terms of their legal references, modal characteristics, and differences in content and substance.

It has been documented that exogenously administered irisin (1010 fibronectin-type III domain-containing 5 [FNDC5]), which is a new polypeptide hormone, induces the browning of subcutaneous fat and thermogenesis. In this study, effects of physical activity and exogenous administration of irisin were investigated on parameters related with reproduction and metabolism in the high-fat diet-induced obesity model of the female C57BL/6J mice. Sixty mice were gathered at age approximately 5 to 6weeks and were divided into 3 groups. Control group remained sedentary. Irisin group remained also sedentary but intravenously received 1010 FNDC5-expressing adenovirus after 20 weeks. Exercise group performed treadmill after 6 weeks. All mice were sacrificed 22 to 23 weeks after the start of the study. There was a significantly greater Δ weight in the controls compared with the irisin and exercise groups ( P .05), whereas primary and secondary follicles per ovary were higher in the irisin and exercise groups compared with controls ( P < .05). Pharmacologic introduction of irisin may improve metabolic factors such as insulin sensitivity and obesity by promoting weight loss and consequently improving the reproductive potential.

Freeze-drying is a common method for preservation of probiotics, including bifidobacteria, for further industrial applications. However, the stability of freeze-dried bifidobacteria varies depending on the freeze-drying method and subsequent storage conditions. The primary goals of this study were to develop an optimized freeze-drying procedure and to determine the effects of temperature, water activity, and atmosphere on survival of freeze-dried bifidobacteria. To address these goals, a commercially used bifidobacteria strain that is resilient to stress, Bifidobacterium animalis ssp. lactis Bb-12, and a characterized intestinal strain that is more sensitive to stress conditions, Bifidobacterium longum DJO10A, were used. A freeze-drying protocol was developed using trehalose as the cryoprotectant, which resulted in almost no loss of viability during freeze-drying. Resuscitation medium, temperature, and time did not significantly influence recovery rates when this cryoprotectant was used. The effects of temperature (−80 to 45°C), water activity (0.02 to 0.92), and atmosphere (air, vacuum, and nitrogen) were evaluated for the stability of the freeze-dried powders during storage. Freeze-dried B. animalis ssp. lactis Bb-12 was found to survive under all conditions tested, with optimum survival at temperatures up to 21°C, water activities up to 0.44, and all 3 atmospheres tested. The intestinal-adapted strain B. longum DJO10A was much more sensitive to the different storage conditions, but could be adequately maintained using optimum conditions. These optimum storage conditions included frozen storage, replacement of oxygen with nitrogen, and water activities between 0.11 and 0.22. These results indicated that an optimized storage environment is required to maintain viability of stress-sensitive bifidobacteria strains, whereas stress-resilient bifidobacteria strains can maintain viability over a wide range of storage conditions, which is practical in countries where controlled cold storage conditions may not be readily available.

Objective: The ABCB1/MDR1 is a 170-kDa transporter protein called P-glycoprotein (Pgp) which has been associated with the transport of cellular lipids and drugs. Recent studies focused on MDR1, and its effects on lipid transport, show that the constitutive expression of P-gp transporter in normal tissues plays an important role in drug disposition and response. In addition, it is known that some polymorphisms on the MDR1 gene alter the expression of the P-gp. This study aims to investigate the effects of the MDR1 C3435T and the C1236T gene polymorphisms on the dyslipidemia of diabetic patients. Material and methods: The PCR-RFLP method has been used on 77 patients and 75 controls in order to determine the MDR1 genotype. Results: There are no statistical differences for the MDR1 C3435T and the C1236T genotype ranges among between our inspected groups. However, the C1236T mutant type T allele ratio increases statistically in the patient group (p = 0.026 OR: 1.679 % 95 CI: 1.062 – 2.652 ). A weak connection has been observed between the MDR1 C3435T C and the C1236T C alleles, according to the linkage disequilibrium analysis. Conclusion: This study is one of the preceding studies, which examines the relationship between MDR1 polymorphisms and type 2 diabetes. Studies on MDR1 genotypes, and their effects on lipid levels are new in literature, hence our study proves to be unique when it comes to both the C3435T and the C1236T polymorphisms in type 2 diabetes patients; however, further research is still needed for the confirmation of our findings.

The Late Cretaceous accretionary complex of the ?zmir-Ankara-Erzincan suture zone, near Artova, is composed mainly of peridotites (variably serpentinized), amphibolite, garnet-micaschist, calc-schist, marble, basalt, sandstones, neritic limestones. The metamorphic rocks were interpreted as the metamorphic sole rocks occurring at the base of mantle tectonites, because: (i) amphibolites were observed together with the serpentinized peridotites suggesting their occurrences in the oceanic environment; (ii) foliation in amphibolites and serpentinized peridotites run subparallel to each other; (iii) all these metamorphic rocks and serpentinized peridotites are cross-cut by the unmetamorphosed dolerite dikes with island arc tholeiite-like chemistry. Geochemical characteristics of the amphibolites display enriched mid-ocean ridge basalt (E-MORB)- and ocean island basalt (OIB)-like signatures. The dolerite dikes, on the other hand, yield an island arc tholeiite-like composition. Geothermobarometric investigations of the metamorphic sole rocks suggest that the metamorphic temperature was ~650 ± 30°C and the pressure condition was less than 0.5 GPa. Dating of hornblende grains from amphibolite yielded age values ranging from 139 ± 11 to 157 ± 3.6 Ma (2?). The oldest weighted average age value is regarded as approximating the timing of the intra-oceanic subduction. These cooling ages were interpreted to be the intra-oceanic subduction/thrusting time of the ?zmir-Ankara-Erzincan oceanic domain.

The Kizilirmak accretionary complex near Kargi is tectonically bounded by the Jurassic and Early Cretaceous metamorphic massives of the Central Pontides. It consists mainly of serpentinite, serpentinized peridotite, gabbro, basalt, metabasite and deep-marine sedimentary rocks. The metabasites in the Kizilirmak accretionary complex are tectonically located within a serpentinite, radiolarian chert, spilitized basalt, gabbro association and commonly display a steep contact with serpentinites. Amphiboles from metabasites yielded robust 40Ar/39Ar plateau ages ranging between 159.4 ± 0.4 Ma and 163.5 ± 0.8 Ma. These are interpreted as cooling ages of the metabasites. The metabasites have 87Sr/86Sr(i) between 0.7035 and 0.7044 and 206Pb/204Pb(i) ranging between 18.18 and 18.92. The gabbros have higher 87Sr/86Sr(i) between 0.7044 and 0.7060 and 206Pb/204Pb(i) ranging between 17.98 and 18.43. Three basalt samples display 87Sr/86Sr(i) between 0.7040 and 0.7059. Their 206Pb/204Pb(i) are unrealistically low (15.42 and 15.62), suggesting, most likely, Pb loss which results in over-corrected values for decay through time. Pb–Sr–Nd isotopic compositions for all samples consistently plot between the fields of MORB or the Depleted MORB Mantle reservoirs and enriched mantle reservoirs (EMII rather than EMI). All the samples (except one dolerite dike) have negative ɛNdDM(t = 160 Ma) values, suggesting derivation from a reservoir more enriched than the depleted mantle. The protoliths of metabasites correspond to diverse sources (N-MORB, E-MORB, OIB and IAT) based on whole rock major and trace element composition. An IAT-like protolith for the metabasites indicates that the Izmir–Ankara–Erzincan ocean domain was subducting and the tectonic regime was compressional during Late Jurassic and before. The protoliths of these rocks were metamorphosed during the subduction/accretion processes, as observed in the metamorphic rocks located along the Balkan, Northern Turkey and Armenia/Iran ophiolites and/or accretionary complexes. IAT-like geochemistry for the gabbro/dolerites indicates that the non-metamorphosed basaltic rocks occurred in a supra-subduction tectonomagmatic environment and is in agreement with their radiogenic isotope compositions.

Introduction: If untreated, infective endocarditis is virtually always a fatal disease. Fever, cardiac souffle, and nonspecific symptoms, such as myalgia and fatigue, are common. Here, we present a patient with the last diagnosis of infective endocarditis whose pre-diagnosis was meningitis and who developed stroke during the follow-up. Case Report: A 19-year-old male presented with a complaint of clouded consciousness and hyperthermia that he had experienced for 10 days. He was known to have no systemic disease. No obvious respiratory tract, genitourinary tract, gastrointestinal tract, or skin lesions were observed. Also, there was no neck stiffness on physical examination. He developed left hemiparesia (4/5) during the follow-up of the meningitis, and using cranial magnetic resonance, infarcts were found in the right MCA territories. After all, infective endocarditis was found as the origin of his complaints. Conclusion: This case report also emphasizes that we should not forget infective endocarditis in the etiology of systemic embolisms, especially in young patients.