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Over the past decades, neuroimaging has become widely used to investigate structural and functional brain abnormality in neuropsychiatric disorders. The results of individual neuroimaging studies, however, are frequently inconsistent due to small and heterogeneous samples, analytical flexibility, and publication bias toward positive findings. To consolidate the emergent findings toward clinically useful insight, meta‐analyses have been developed to integrate the results of studies and identify areas that are consistently involved in pathophysiology of particular neuropsychiatric disorders. However, it should be considered that the results of meta‐analyses could also be divergent due to heterogeneity in search strategy, selection criteria, imaging modalities, behavioral tasks, number of experiments, data organization methods, and statistical analysis with different multiple comparison thresholds. Following an introduction to the problem and the concepts of quantitative summaries of neuroimaging findings, we propose practical recommendations for clinicians and researchers for conducting transparent and methodologically sound neuroimaging meta‐analyses. This should help to consolidate the search for convergent regional brain abnormality in neuropsychiatric disorders.

Humans need about seven to nine hours of sleep per night. Sleep habits are heritable, associated with brain function and structure, and intrinsically related to well-being, mental, and physical health. However, the biological basis of the interplay of sleep and health is incompletely understood. Here we show, by combining neuroimaging and behavioral genetic approaches in two independent large-scale datasets (HCP (n = 1106), age range: 22-37, eNKI (n = 783), age range: 12-85), that sleep, mental, and physical health have a shared neurobiological basis in grey matter anatomy; and that these relationships are driven by shared genetic factors. Though local associations between sleep and cortical thickness were inconsistent across samples, we identified two robust latent components, highlighting the multivariate interdigitation of sleep, intelligence, BMI, depression, and macroscale cortical structure. Our observations provide a system-level perspective on the interrelation of sleep, mental, and physical conditions, anchored in grey-matter neuroanatomy.

Humans need about 7 to 9 hours of sleep per night. Sleep habits are heritable, associated with brain function and structure, and intrinsically related to well-being, mental and physical health. This raises the question whether associations between sleep, mental and physical health can be attributed to a shared macroscale neurobiology.Combining neuroimaging and behavioral genetic approaches in two independent large-scale datasets (n=1887) we demonstrate phenotypic and genetic correspondence between sleep, intelligence, and BMI. Sleep was associated with local thickness variation in frontal, temporal, and occipital cortices. Using a comprehensive multivariate approach, we identified two robust latent components highlighting the interdigitation of sleep, intelligence, BMI, and depression and their shared relation to regions in unimodal and heteromodal association cortices. Latent relationships were heritable and driven by shared additive genetic factors. These observations provide a system-level perspective on the interrelation of sleep, mental, and physical conditions, anchored in grey-matter neuroanatomy.

The findings of neuroimaging studies in children/adolescents with ADHD, and even those of previous meta-analyses, are divergent. Here, Activation Likelihood Estimation meta-analysis, following the current best-practice guidelines, was conducted. We searched multiple databases and traced the references up to June 2018. Then, we extracted the reported coordinates reflecting group comparison between ADHD and healthy subjects from 96 eligible studies, containing 1914 unique participants. The analysis of pooled structural and functional, sub-analyses restricted to modality, and in-/decreased contrast did not yield any significant findings. However, further sub-analyses in the task-fMRI experiments (neutral stimuli only) led to aberrant activity in the left pallidum/putamen and decreased activity (male subjects only) in the left inferior frontal gyrus. The overall findings indicate a lack of regional convergence in children/adolescents with ADHD, which might be due to heterogeneous clinical populations, various experimental design, preprocessing, statistical procedures in individual publications. Our results highlight the need for further high-powered investigations, but may also indicate ADHD pathophysiology might rest in network interactions rather than just regional abnormality.

Impulsivity and hypomania are common non-motor features in Parkinson's disease (PD). The aim of this study was to find the overlapping and distinct neural correlates of these symptoms in PD. Symptoms of impulsivity and hypomania were assessed in 24 PD patients using the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS-11) and Self-Report Manic Inventory (SRMI), respectively. In addition, fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) imaging for each individual was performed. We conducted two separate multiple regression analyses for BIS-11 and SRMI scores with FDG-PET data to identify the brain regions that are associated with both impulsivity and hypomania scores, as well as those exclusive to each symptom. Then, seed-based functional connectivity analyses on healthy subjects identified the areas connected to each of the exclusive regions and the overlapping region, used as seeds. We observed a positive association between BIS-11 and SRMI scores and neural metabolism only in the prefrontal areas. Conjunction analysis revealed an overlapping region in the middle frontal gyrus. Regions exclusive to impulsivity were found in the medial part of the right superior frontal gyrus and regions exclusive to hypomania were in the right superior frontal gyrus, right precentral gyrus and right paracentral lobule. Connectivity patterns of seeds exclusively related to impulsivity were different from those for hypomania in healthy brains. These results provide evidence of both overlapping and distinct regions linked with impulsivity and hypomania scores in PD. The exclusive regions for each characteristic are connected to specific intrinsic functional networks.