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IntroductionDurum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. var. durum) is the second most crucial wheat and the tenth main crop globally. Salinity stress prevents water absorption from the soil and disturbs the ionic balance of the cell. As a result, metabolic processes such as seed germination, seedling growth, flowering, and seed formation are inhibited. The purpose of this study is to the evaluation of the effects of salinity stress on the germination and seedling growth of different durum wheat genotypes, as well as to identify and select tolerant genotypes using multivariate selection indices such as the ideal genotype selection index (IGSI) and the multi-trait genotype–ideotype distance index (MGIDI).Materials and methodsIn this research, 50 different durum wheat lines and genotypes were prepared by the Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization of Iran and were evaluated in terms of tolerance to salinity in the germination stage, as a factorial experiment, based on a completely randomized design with three replications. Salinity levels included 0, 75, 150, and 300 mM sodium chloride concentrations. After one day, counting the number of germinated seeds was started daily. Based on the data obtained from counting the germinated seeds, various parameters of seed germination, including coefficient of the velocity of germination (CVG), germination index (GI), average germination duration (MGT), average daily germination (MDG) and final germination percentage (FGP) were calculated. In addition, after ten days, the characteristics such as root and shoot length and dry weight of root and shoot were measured for each genotype. Also, using the seedling height and dry weight, and the seed germination percentage, the seedling vigor was calculated. The MGIDI index of the studied genotypes was calculated based on factor scores of the first three factors with eigenvalues greater than one in factor analysis based on principal component analysis (PCA). The IGSI index also was calculated considering all the traits.Results and discussionThe analysis of variance showed significant differences (p < 0.01) between salinity levels and between genotypes in terms of all traits. But, the interaction effect of salinity × genotype was not significant for all studied traits. The comparison of the salinity levels showed that the germination components and the length and weight of the root and shoot decreased by increasing salinity levels. Factor analysis based on principal component analysis (PCA) showed that in normal conditions and salinity (150 mM NaCl) stress conditions, the first three factors with eigenvalues greater than one explained 83.89 and 84.97 percent of the total variance among the traits, respectively. According to the MGIDI index, under normal conditions based on the selection intensity of 30%, genotypes G30, G39, G51, G19, G14, G2, G31, G34, G5, G48, G7, G26, G1, G23, and G33 have the lowest values and were favorable. In 150 mM salinity condition, genotypes G9, G2, G29, G5, G12, G47, G30, G1, G31, G10, G34, G41, G13, G49, and G16 were the best genotypes with the lowest MGIDI values. According to the IGSI index in the 150 mM salinity level, genotypes G5, G29, G2, G30, G23, G9, G12, G1, G10, G41, G47, G34, G48, G16, and G13 have the highest values (between 0.60 to 0.80) were considered as desirable genotypes. On the contrary, genotypes G43, G46, G4, G26, G15, G19, G8, G14, G35, G44, G24, and G42, having IGSI values less than 0.40, were considered weak genotypes in this condition.ConclusionIn this study, IGSI and MGIDI indices were used to evaluate the response of different durum wheat genotypes to salinity using all studied traits. In general, the results of the present research showed a considerable genetic diversity among the studied durum wheat genotypes in terms of salinity tolerance at the germination stage, which can be used in the breeding programs of this valuable crop. Also, the IGSI and the MGIDI indices were effective in identifying superior genotypes based on all the studied traits. Using these indices in breeding programs to select desirable genotypes can be fruitful and effective.

BACKGROUND: Cardiovascular diseases are among the leading causes of death worldwide. Lack of accurate estimation of the risk factors associated with these diseases can impair the designing of effective interventions in this field; the present study aimed to investigate the risk factors attributable to cardiovascular diseases in males and females visiting comprehensive health service centers in 2018. MATERIAL AND METHOD: This cross-sectional study is part of the national health transformation plan shaped in response to the emerging epidemic of noncommunicable diseases. In the present study, 6,331 participants aged 30 years and older were randomly and census selected from comprehensive urban and rural health service centers in Naein County, in Isfahan, Iran, respectively. The data were collected using the electronic health record from the IraPEN program in two sections: demographic information and the prevalence of cardiovascular disease risk factors. They were then analyzed with Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) 24 software using descriptive statistics, Chi-square test, one-way ANOVA, and logistic regression. RESULTS: The participants’ mean age was 55.09 ± 16.11 years. The main risk factor was insufficient consumption of fruits and vegetables while smoking was a negligible risk factor. Low physical activity, diabetes, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, and high body mass index were more prevalent in females than in males, whereas smoking was more frequently reported in males (P < 0.001). Risk factors such as age, gender, education level, place of residence, and marital status, played a significant role in determining CVD risk factors. DISCUSSION: More than half of Iranian adults had one or older cardiovascular disease-related risk factors, and the prevalence of such factors was higher in females than in males. Given the importance of gender differences in cardiovascular disease-related health habits, it is necessary to reduce the majority of these diseases in society, especially in women, by controlling modifiable risk factors.

Introduction: Dealing with a child with cerebral palsy (CP) is often accompanied by numerous limitations and troublesome parenting and long-term rehabilitation services may impose high pressure on parents. The therapists should understand the needs and expectations of parents to provide appropriate services to them. So, this study is conducted aiming to explore the experiences of parents of children with CP about therapists’ rehabilitation services in Ahvaz, Iran.Materials and Methods: In this qualitative study, 10 parents of children with CP were selected through purposive sampling. Semi-structured interviews were used for data gathering. Interview questions were about the experience of parents about therapists’ rehabilitation services. The data were analyzed by qualitative content analysis through constant comparative method.Results: The data analysis led to a category named “characteristics of therapists providing rehabilitation services” that was divided into three subcategories including “clinical competency, adherence to professional duties, and adherence to professional ethics”. Clinical competency consisted of being scientifically certified, being experienced in the field, and masculine attitude and adherence to professional duties included parent training, understanding the parents’ conditions, and attention to parents’ therapeutic priorities. Finally, the adherence to professional ethics was comprised of consideration of ethical issues regarding children and parents.Conclusion: Parents of children with CP stressed the need for therapists with clinical competencies, perform professional duties, and adhere to professional ethics. Therefore, therapists could provide better services through applying and implementing these principles.

introduction: The goal of this study was to compare the personality characteristics and problem solving styles of addicted and non-addicted men. Method: This study is a causal comparative design survey. In this study 180 addicted men was selected through convenience sampling method from addicted men that refered to addiction treatment centers of Rasht city and matched in gender, age, education and job with 180 non addicted men and then two groups compared with each other. All participants completed the NEO-FFI-R and problem solving styles questionnaires. The gathered data were analyzed through SPSS software. Findings: The results showed that an addicted man in comparison with non-addicted men was upper in neuroticism and lower in agreeableness, extraversion and consciousness dimensions. Also there was no difference in openness dimension between two groups. Conclusion: The finding of present study suggests that educating efficient problem solving styles to people to cope with life stressful events could restrain and prevent addiction and other psychosocial disorders.

ABSTRACT Prurigo Pigmentosa is a rare inflammatory skin disease of unknown origin, characterized by pruritic, erythematous papules on the chest, back, neck, and anterior abdomen. The eruption resolves with reticular hyperpigmentation that cosmetically affects the patient's quality of life. Previous reports highlighted the role of the Ketogenic diet in triggering the disease in young female patients, however, no study reported the occurrence of Prurigo Pigmentosa in siblings of one family, unrelated to a ketogenic diet. Here, we report two sisters diagnosed with Prurigo Pigmentosa without undergoing a Ketogenic diet.

Abstract The Pabdeh Formation represents organic matter enrichment in some oil fields, which can be considered a source rock. This study is based on the Rock–Eval, Iatroscan, and electron microscopy imaging results before and after heating the samples. We discovered this immature shale that undergoes burial and diagenesis, in which organic matter is converted into hydrocarbons. Primary migration is the process that transports hydrocarbons in the source rock. We investigated this phenomenon by developing a model that simulates hydrocarbon generation and fluid pressure during kerogen-to-hydrocarbon conversion. Microfractures initially formed at the tip/edge of kerogen and were filled with hydrocarbons, but as catagenesis progressed, the pressure caused by the volume increase of kerogen decreased due to hydrocarbon release. The transformation of solid kerogen into low-density bitumen/oil increased the pressure, leading to the development of damage zones in the source rock. The Pabdeh Formation’s small porethroats hindered effective expulsion, causing an increase in pore fluid pressure inside the initial microfractures. The stress accumulated due to hydrocarbon production, reaching the rock’s fracture strength, further contributed to damage zone development. During the expansion process, microfractures preferentially grew in low-strength pathways such as lithology changes, laminae boundaries, and pre-existing microfractures. When the porous pressure created by each kerogen overlapped, individual microfractures interconnected, forming a network of microfractures within the source rock. This research sheds light on the complex interplay between temperature, hydrocarbon generation, and the development of expulsion fractures in the Pabdeh Formation, providing valuable insights for understanding and optimizing hydrocarbon extraction in similar geological settings.

Blended and interdisciplinary education is one of the most important and effective methods in teaching. In this regard, the present research has studied blended teaching of experimental science lessons and the Noble Qur’an chapters using a descriptive-analytic method and qualitative approach. To this aim, first relevant experimental science lessons in physics, chemistry, biology, and experimental science books in 12 school grades were analyzed and then the mentioned Qur’anic verses in those curricula were extracted. Afterwards, some usable Qur’anic verses were extracted for teaching those lessons which had not used any verses from the Qur’an. Finally, the 25th verse of Surah al-Hadid was mentioned to explain the miracle of iron in the chapter of “from Mine to Home” in the 7th grade experimental science book. The case study of the 25th verse in Surah al-Hadid showed that the Qur’an has talked about iron and its features so science teaches at schools can use it for teaching chapter 5 (from Mine to Home) in the 7th grade science book to explain some issues such as how iron was created, features of its net material, its benefits, and so on to prove them by the Qur’anic verses within a section entitled “creation miracles in the Noble Qur’an”. Of course, it seems that the main challenge in this method is teachers’ mastery of teaching interdisciplinary courses and their dominance over an accurate interpretation of different aspects of the Noble Qur’an wonders. Therefore, if this method is adopted for teaching experimental science books, teachers should become familiar with Qur’anic discussions through some workshops so that they can answer their students’ questions in this regard. Moreover, the results showed that although experimental science books have mentioned a few verses as an introduction to some chapters, they were not enough and not chosen accurately. Experimental and Islamic science experts ought to pay more attention to the better explanation of the Qur’anic verses to familiarize students with the miracles of the Noble Qur’an.

Knowledge is always considered a valuable asset and strength for organizations, and its achievement is a competitive advantage for organizations. Just as sharing knowledge has positive consequences for the organization, knowledge hiding can have destructive effects on the organization's performance in various aspects. It is necessary to encourage the factors that reduce the knowledge hiding behavior of employees, and one of the strongest factors of this is the leadership in the organization. The aim of this study is to systematic review the impact of different leadership styles on knowledge hiding with a meta-analytical approach. From a total of 167 articles that were obtained in the initial search from reliable scientific information and citation databases, 24 articles were finally selected for meta-analysis based on the protocol clauses. The analyzes show that according to the heterogeneity of the reviewed studies in relation to the research hypotheses based on the random effect size, the effect of all leadership styles on knowledge hiding is confirmed. Also, the results of the fail-safe N test show the stability and immutability of the results of this research. The results of this research show that ethical, altruistic, knowledge, inclusive and empowering leadership styles have a negative effect on knowledge hiding and exploitative leadership style has a positive effect on knowledge hiding.

Child marriage is a socio-cultural phenomenon that affects the lives of girls in some parts of the country and leads to many personal and social problems and damages. Therefore, the purpose of the present study is to investigate the marital experiences of children in marriage in women living in Shiraz city in Fars province. Purposive sampling was done through snowball method with 10 women in-depth interviews. The text of the interviews was analyzed using theoretical coding method. The findings of the research, which are the results of interviews, include causal conditions (gender stereotypes, lack of choice of spouse, lack of awareness), background conditions (lack of sexual readiness, passive agency) and intervention conditions (emotional entanglement, role weakness, interaction tension generator) that the category of marital impotence emerged as the main phenomenon. The results show that marrying at a young age makes women face powerlessness in the personal and interactive field of marital relations. Their action against the problem of powerlessness occurs in the form of concealment, divorce, adaptation and forced silence. Among its consequences, we can mention marital boredom, dissatisfaction with life, frustration, social isolation and emotional divorce.

Background: There are limited data on the real-world healthcare resource use (HCRU) and management costs of myasthenia gravis (MG) in England. Objective: This study aims to assess the burden of disease for patients with MG in England. Design: A retrospective, observational cohort study of adult patients diagnosed with MG, using data from the Hospital Episode Statistics data warehouse. Methods: Patients with a first-ever recorded diagnosis of MG between 30 June 2015 and 30 June 2020 were followed up until 30 June 2021 or death, whichever occurred first. Post-diagnosis patient characteristics, treatment patterns, HCRU, and costs were described. Costs were evaluated using National Health Service reference costs. Results: A total of 9087 patients with a median follow-up time of 2.9 years (range, 1.7–4.3 years) were included. The mean age at diagnosis was 66.5 years and 53% of the patients were male. A large proportion of patients (72.8%) were admitted as inpatients during follow-up with a mean number of 1.3 admissions. Patients hospitalized for MG-related complications spent a mean of 9.7 days per patient-year in the hospital. During follow-up, 599 (6.6% of the total cohort) and 163 (1.8%) patients had a record of rescue therapy with intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) and plasma exchange (PLEX), respectively. Rituximab was administered to 81 (0.9%) patients and 268 (2.9%) patients underwent thymectomy. In those patients receiving rescue therapy or rituximab, >10% received at least three cycles of the same treatment. The average annual cost of hospital admissions across all patients treated with IVIg, PLEX, and rituximab were £907,072, £689,979, and £146,726, respectively. Conclusion: A majority of MG patients required hospitalization or accident and emergency attendance, resulting in high HCRU and costs. A subset of patients required rescue therapy (including IVIg and PLEX), rituximab administration, ventilation, or thymectomy.

Introduction: SARS-CoV2 is the third strain from Corona family with zoonotic roots which has spread among humans from the beginning of this century. We conducted this study to examine mortality and its related factors among all patients admitted to Razi Hospital with suspicion of COVID-19 between February and April 2020. Materials and Methods: In this analytical cross-sectional study,after obtaining permission from the ethics committee under the university’s research deputy, the required information such as demographic data, clinical symptoms and imaging study results was collected by reviewing records of all patients with COVID-19 suspicion. Results: From 1792 cases, 1045 patients were male and 747 patients were female. Mortality was 27% in all patients and 30% and 22% in men and women. The highest hospitalization rate was in the age group of 51-60 years and the highest mortality rate was in the age group of 81-90 years. 1472 patients lived in urban areas and 316 patients in rural areas. 997 patients had 93% O2 Saturation and less, of which 36% died. PCR test was performed for 505 patients, of which 69% were positive. Chest CT scan was performed in 96% of patients and chest X-ray was performed in 66% of patients with COVID-19.The most common symptoms were shortness of breath, cough, fever, chills, weakness, nausea and headache, respectively. The highest mortality was in patients with impaired consciousness at the beginning of hospitalization. Conclusion: The results of the present study showed that male gender, older age, history of underlying disease, Chest x-ray involvement, drug use, shortness of breath and lesser O2 Saturation are associated with adverse outcomes, constitutional and gastrointestinal symptoms are associated with better outcomes in patients with COVID-19.

Bullous pemphigoid is the most common autoimmune subepidermal blistering disease, which typically presents in the elderly. Localized bullous pemphigoid is a rare variant of bullous pemphigoid, with only about 100 cases reported up to date. In this report, we describe a 32-year-old healthy male patient with bilateral hemorrhagic bullae and erosive lesions limited to the lower extremities. A biopsy for hematoxylin and eosin stain and direct immunofluorescence established the diagnosis of bullous pemphigoid. The blistering responded well to oral and topical steroids. The exact etiology of this rare variant of bullous pemphigoid remains unknown, leading to ongoing debates and numerous suggested hypotheses.

The levels of physical activity (PA) is an important for the health of children and environmental factors play a vital role in shaping children's attitudes, behavior and physical-mental development. Hence the identification of the environmental factors that may contribute to children`s health is important. The relevant literature between 2015-2020 was reviewed, and the factors classified according to three principal environments of home, neighborhood and school. Findings highlight the need for more studies, especially into contextual factors and design-related characteristics of the environments. Increasing child`s PA opportunities including active play and commute vs. sedentary behavior (SB) in all of the three environments were suggested through: 1) proper presence and availability of PA supportive places (either indoors or outdoors), routes (sidewalks, cycling routes) and equipment, 2) consideration of practical threshold for walking/cycling time and distance to schools and neighborhood destinations, 3) provision of neighborhood with more traffic/social safety, 4) limitation of child`s sedentary time (ST), SB supportive devices number and accessibility, 5) emphasizing the importance of teachers, child care providers and family role (role modeling, support, attitude, rules, socioeconomic status (SES), perceptions, concerns, priorities and physical-mental health). Implementation of policies and measures targeted at enhancement of the environments PA supportive qualities simultaneous with promotion of knowledge of planners, designers, teachers, child care providers and families about children`s PA importance is needed.

Abstract Background This study was designed to evaluate the prevalence, genotypic patterns, and predominant mutations of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection among diabetic patients. Methods Serum samples were obtained from 733 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and 782 non-diabetic controls. The presence of HBsAg and HBcAb was determined by ELISA. Nested PCR, targeting S and pre-core regions of the HBV genome, followed by sequencing was carried out to determine HBV genotypes and predominant mutations in the S, basal core promoter (BCP), and pre-core regions of the HBV genome. Results Of 733 diabetic patients, 94 cases (12.82%) were positive for HBcAb, 28 cases (3.82%) were positive for HBsAg, and 19 cases (2.59%) had HBV-DNA with genotype D, sub-genotype D1/D3 and subtype ayw2. An occult HBV infection was found in one of the HBV DNA-positive samples, which was positive for HBcAb but negative for HBsAg. P120T/G145R, G1896A/G1899A, and A1762T/G1764T were the most frequent point substitution mutations detected in the S, pre-core, and BCP regions of the HBV genome, respectively. P120T and G145R mutations were associated with low levels or undetectable levels of HBsAg in serum. Therefore, routine tests based on HBsAg detection cannot detect HBsAg-negative infected patients. Conclusions Relatively high prevalence of HBV infection was found in diabetic patients, while all of the HBV-infected patients were unaware of their infection. Therefore, screening for HBV infection should be included in the management program of diabetes for timely diagnosis and treatment of infected but asymptomatic patients.

Summary: Background: The causal relevance of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) for risk of site-specific cancers remains uncertain. Methods: Using a Mendelian randomization (MR) framework, we assessed the causal relevance of PUFAs for risk of cancer in European and East Asian ancestry individuals. We defined the primary exposure as PUFA desaturase activity, proxied by rs174546 at the FADS locus. Secondary exposures were defined as omega 3 and omega 6 PUFAs that could be proxied by genetic polymorphisms outside the FADS region. Our study used summary genetic data on 10 PUFAs and 67 cancers, corresponding to 562,871 cases and 1,619,465 controls, collected by the Fatty Acids in Cancer Mendelian Randomization Collaboration. We estimated odds ratios (ORs) for cancer per standard deviation increase in genetically proxied PUFA exposures. Findings: Genetically elevated PUFA desaturase activity was associated (P

Wastewaters and agricultural effluents are among the main sources of antibiotics and antibiotic resistant microorganisms. Rivers as the sink for the effluents may distribute this kind of contamination in the environment. This study aimed to investigate the variation of antibiotic resistant bacteria density in Gowharrood River. The water and sediment samples were taken at three points along the river (focused on river course in Rasht city), in autumn 2016 and in winter, spring and summer 2017. The number of heterotrophic and coliform bacteria were counted in the Nutrient agar and Eosine-Methylene Blue agar media containing 100 µg/mL of cephalexin, gentamicin, doxycyclin, ciprofloxacin, and trimetoprim antibiotics, respectively. pH and EC were also measured in water samples. Data for bacteria number were analyzed by repeated measures of factorial arrangement in a completely randomized design by SAS software package. As the river passes through the city, pH and EC of water increase. The average EC value of river water in spring and summer seasons was more than 2.5 times its value in autumn and winter seasons. The number of heterotrophic and coliform bacteria in both water body and sediment increased as the river passed throutgh the city. The average density of antibiotic resistant heterotrophic and coliform bacteria in the river water was 3.74 and 2.79 (Log CFU/mL) respectively, and the average density of antibiotic resistant heterotrophic and and coliform bacteria in sediment samples was 5.74 and 5.37 (Log CFU/g) respectively. Resistance pattern of both heterotrophic and coliform bacteria to antibiotics in both sediment and water samples was as follows: cephalexin> gentamicin> ciprofloxacin> doxycyclin> trimetoprim. Seasonal variation patterns for river water and sediment coliforms and sediment heterotrophic bacteria were as follows: winter>autumn>summer>spring. According to the results of this study, Gowharrood river is contaminated with antibiotic resistant, especially cephalexin resistant, bacteria and if the water of this river is used in aquaculture and irrigation of downstream agriculture fields, the antibiotic resistant bacteria and their antibiotic resistance genes may be spread in the other ecosystems and finally may enter the human food chain.

In this study, Bacillus thuringiensis var. tenebrionis-BN1 (Btt-BN1) was used as an effective bio-pesticide against elm leaf beetles. Statistical experimental design was applied for optimization of the culture media in order to achieve high level of colony forming unit (CFU) response from Btt-BN1. The response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize the parameters of the culture medium. Carbon source value, nitrogen source value, and carbon source type parameters were evaluated at five levels regarding CFU response. The results at operating condition of pH = 7 and temperature of 30° C after 72 h indicated that the maximum CFU of 4.85 × 107 spores.ml−1 (for sugar cane molasses) was achieved at the minimum nitrogen source (less than 2%v), at the maximum carbon source (above 11%v), and the optimal C/N ratio of 5.0. Moreover, the results of model validation indicated the CFU response for sugar cane molasses of 6.34 × 107 spores.ml−1. The results of Btt-BN1 bioassay on elm leaf beetle showed that two concentrations of five and 10 per thousand cause 66.7% and 80.0% mortality, respectively.

Objective Despite the relative acceptance of the functions of the dissemination of high quality information on social media, on the formation of a desirable mental image for the users and the significant impact of this mental image on users’ intention to buy in the domestic tourism literature, the quality and features of the content of published information on social media have received little attention by the researchers. Therefore, given the application and benefits of social media in various industries such as tourism industry, it is important to publish high quality information on social networks in order to gain a competitive advantage in the tourism industry. Moreover, there are very few studies investigating the impact of the quality of published information regarding the tourist destinations on social media on the formation of tourists’ mental image and the intention to buy. Hence, the purpose of this article is to provide answers to the following questions: “what are the factors influencing the formation of tourists’ behavioral image of tourist destinations on social media?”, “which of the following factors have the greatest impact on tourists’ behavioral image of tourist destinations on social media?”, and “what are the decision-making rules to predict the tourists’ behavioral image of tourist destinations on social media?” Methodology This research is descriptive-survey in terms of the purpose is based on consecutive exploratory research in term of strategy. It also uses both quantitative and qualitative methods of data analysis. In the first phase, based on the literature review and using the Delphi method, the conceptual research model was extracted and finalized according to the experts. And then, quantitative data were collected by distributing the questionnaires among the selected sample of the tourists. In the second phase, using Rough Sets Theory, the decision rules were extracted from the collected quantitative data. The research was conducted in the city of Tehran in autumn and winter of 2018. The statistical population of the qualitative part of the research consists of university experts and tourism industry activists, and 11 individuals were selected to take part in the present research based on purposeful sampling (considering some prerequisits such as academic knowledge or practical experience and expertise in social media marketing). In the quantitative part of the study, the target population includes the tourists who use social media to choose and buy their trip. Findings Related tourism information, up-to-date and comprehensiveness of the published information about tourist destinations and the facilities and travel amenities on social networks, are reported to have the strongest effects, respectively, on the formation of a cognitive mental image of tourist destinations among the tourists. In addition, attractiveness of the information and value-added information about tourist destinations and the travel facilities and amenities on social networks, are reported to have strong effects on the formation of an emotional mental image of tourist destinations among the tourists. The amount of information and the design of a website about tourist destinations and their facilities and travel amenities on social networks are considerd to have weak effects on the formation of cognitive and emotional mental image of tourist destinations among the tourists. The findings indicate that the cognitive image created from tourist destinations, in the minds of the tourists, affects the formation of emotional image of the tourist destination. There is a positive relationshipbetween the quality of tourism information on social media and the destination image. Moreover, tourists use social media as an effective source of tourism information. The relevance of tourism information has a significantly positive impact on the formation of the cognitive and emotional image of the destination. Up-to-date tourist information has a significantly positive effect on the formation of cognitive and emotional image of the destination. The comprehensiveness of tourism information has a significantly positive effect on the formation of the cognitive and emotional image of the destination. And finally, attarctive and invaluable information have a relatively significant effect on formation of the emotional image of the tourist destination. Conclusion Among the possible models of the Rough Sets Theory in the present study, it is shown that the relevance, up-to-date and comprehensiveness of destination information on social media should be the first priority of the owners and managers of tourism pages on social networks. Besides, it is necessary to focus on the production of attractive and valuable information content related to tourism on social media, with an emphasis on the functional features of content and visual, phonetic and other sensory attractions.

Abstract Since the rapid onset of the COVID‐19 or SARS‐CoV‐2 pandemic in the world in 2019, extensive studies have been conducted to unveil the behavior and emission pattern of the virus in order to determine the best ways to diagnosis of virus and thereof formulate effective drugs or vaccines to combat the disease. The emergence of novel diagnostic and therapeutic techniques considering the multiplicity of reports from one side and contradictions in assessments from the other side necessitates instantaneous updates on the progress of clinical investigations. There is also growing public anxiety from time to time mutation of COVID‐19, as reflected in considerable mortality and transmission, respectively, from delta and Omicron variants. We comprehensively review and summarize different aspects of prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of COVID‐19. First, biological characteristics of COVID‐19 were explained from diagnosis standpoint. Thereafter, the preclinical animal models of COVID‐19 were discussed to frame the symptoms and clinical effects of COVID‐19 from patient to patient with treatment strategies and in‐silico/computational biology. Finally, the opportunities and challenges of nanoscience/nanotechnology in identification, diagnosis, and treatment of COVID‐19 were discussed. This review covers almost all SARS‐CoV‐2‐related topics extensively to deepen the understanding of the latest achievements (last updated on January 11, 2022).

The two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae) is one of the most important pests of field crops, orchard trees and ornamentals around the world. The short life cycle, high reproductive potential, accompanied by frequent acaricide applications have caused resistance development to wide range of acaricides. In this study the susceptibility of two populations, collected from Karaj and Mahllat, was investigated against fenpyroximate. The bioassay test was carried out by using the leaf-dip method. The results showed that the LC50 values for Karaj and Mahallat population were 2.1 and 92 (mg/ml), respectively. The resistance ratio was 43.8. The enzyme assay results revealed that the activity ratios of esterase in Mahallat to Karaj populations were 2.5 and 1.2 when α-NA and β-NA were used as a substrate, respectively. The activity of cytochrome P450 in Mahallat population was 1.37 times higher than the Karaj population. There was no significant difference in glutathion S-transferase activity between the two populations. The gene expression (qRT-PCR) results showed that the expression level of CYP392A11 in Mahallat population was 3.52 times higher than Karaj population. These results suggested that esterase and cytochrome P450 monoxygenase are probably involved in resistance of T. urticae to fenpyroximate.

Urban public transportation sector in general is heavily dependent on fossil-oriented fuels, e.g., diesel. Given the fact that a major proportion of urban pollution and the consequent threats towards public health are attributed to this sector, serious efforts at both technical and political levels have been being made to introduce less-polluting fueling regimes, e.g., partial replacement of diesel with biodiesel. In line with that, the present study was aimed at evaluating the emissions attributed to 5% blends of waste cooking oil (WCO) and poultry fat (PF) biodiesel fuels (i.e., B5-WCO and B5-PF fuel blends) when used in urban buses during idle operation mode. Moreover, the attributional and consequential environmental impacts of using these fuel blends were also investigated through a well to wheel life cycle assessment (LCA) by considering the real-world condition combustion data using ten urban buses. The findings of the ALCA revealed that the application of 1 L B5-WCO fuel blend could potentially reduce the environmental burdens in human health, ecosystem quality, and resources damage categories compared with using the B5-PF fuel blend. The situation was opposite for climate change damage category in which using 1 L B5-PF fuel blend had a lower impact on the environment. Overall, the environmental hotspots in the B5-WCO and B5-PF life cycles were identified as the combustion stage as well as the diesel production and transportation. From the consequential perspective, using 1 L B5-WCO fuel blend could potentially decrease the environmental burdens in human health, ecosystem quality, and resources damage categories. While, the situation was different for climate change damage category where using 1 L B5-PF fuel blend could have a lower impact on the environment. In conclusion, using B5-WCO fuel blend as an alternative for diesel could be an environmentally-friendly decision for the Iranian urban transportation sector at the policy level as long as the marginal suppliers of oil would be the same as the countries considered herein, i.e., Malaysia and Argentina.

In the present work, a simple and rapid ligand-less, in situ, surfactant-based solid phase extraction for the preconcentration of copper in water samples was developed. In this method, a cationic surfactant (n-dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide) was dissolved in an aqueous sample followed by the addition of an appropriate ion-pairing agent (ClO4-). Due to the interaction between the surfactant and ion-pairing agent, solid particles were formed and subsequently used for the adsorption of Cu(OH)2 and CuI. After centrifugation, the sediment was dissolved in 1.0 mL of 1 mol L-1 HNO3 in ethanol and aspirated directly into the flame atomic absorption spectrometer. In order to obtain the optimum conditions, several parameters affecting the performance of the LL-ISS-SPE, including the volumes of DTAB, KClO4, and KI, pH, and potentially interfering ions, were optimized. It was found that KI and phosphate buffer solution (pH = 9) could extract more than 95% of copper ions. The amount of copper ions in the water samples varied from 3.2 to 4.8 ng mL-1, with relative standard deviations of 98.5%-103%. The determination of copper in water samples was linear over a concentration range of 0.5-200.0 ng mL-1. The limit of detection (3Sb/m) was 0.1 ng mL-1 with an enrichment factor of 38.7. The accuracy of the developed method was verified by the determination of copper in two certified reference materials, producing satisfactory results.

A preconcentration/separation procedure is presented for the solid phase extraction of trace gold(III) as its rubeanic acid (dithiooxamide) chelate on silica gel, prior to determination by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. The influences of analytical parameters including pH of the aqueous solution, the amount of the sorbent, time of the complex formation, ligand amount, flow rates of sample and elution solutions and the type, concentration and volume of elution solution on the quantitative recoveries of Au(III) were investigated. At pH 3.5, the maximum sorption capacity of Au3+ was 7.5 mg g−1, by column method. The linearity was maintained in the concentration range of 1.0–3.4 × 104 ng mL−1 for gold in the original solution. The preconcentration factor of 100 and relative standard deviation of ±1.7% were obtained, under optimum conditions. The limit of detection (LOD) was calculated as 0.80 ng mL−1, based on 3σbl/m (n = 8) in the original solutions. The proposed method was successfully applied to the determination trace amounts of gold in the water samples.

Background: Time of day can affect the outcome of medical procedures and surgical operations. The current study was designed to assess whether time of day can influence the quality of breast cancer surgery or not. Methods: Patients who underwent breast cancer surgery and axillary lymph node dissection in Tehran, Iran between March 2012 and March 2013 were enrolled. Surgeries were categorized into two group based on the time of initiation (before and after 1 pm). We considered the number of dissected lymph node as an indicator of operation quality. In this way, dissection of at least six lymph nodes was considered as an adequate number of lymph node examinations. Results: A total of 134 patients were enrolled. Median start time of surgery was 11 am. Surgeries were performed before and after 1 pm in 105(78.4%) and 29(21.6%) patients, respectively. The association between time and the number of dissected lymph nodes was significant when they were considered either as a categorical (P = 0.002) or continuous variables (P = 0.039). Conclusions: Based on our results, it can be suggested that breast surgeries with later start time might have lower quality.

Drug-induced acute lung injury is a significant yet often underrecognized clinical challenge, associated with a wide range of therapeutic agents, including chemotherapy drugs, antibiotics, anti-inflammatory drugs, and immunotherapies. This comprehensive review examines the pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, and radiologic findings of drug-induced acute lung injury across different drug categories. Common imaging findings are highlighted to aid radiologists and clinicians in early recognition and diagnosis. The review emphasizes the importance of immediate cessation of the offending drug and supportive care, which may include corticosteroids. Understanding these patterns is crucial for prompt diagnosis and management, potentially improving patient outcomes., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.)