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The present study investigates the natural dyeing of nylon fabric using the dragon's blood resin extract. Response surface methodology was used to optimize the process variables including pH (3-9), temperature (50-100 °C), concentration (10-50%owf), and time (30-90 min). From a visual point of view, diverse eco-friendly shades with a rather diverse color gamut of varied hue and tone were generated by applying a wide range of natural and eco-label mordants. The impact of 4 bio-mordants (including peppermint, mugworts (Artemisia), Dorema ammoniacum (DA) gum, and pomegranate rind), as well as 4 mineral mordants (alum, copper (II) sulfate, potassium dichromate, and iron (II) sulfate) on the color and fastness properties of the dyed nylon samples, was assessed. The concentration of the used mordants was 5%owf, and the dyeing experiments were conducted by applying the pre-mordanting technique. Measurement of the color strength (K/S) of the dyed fabric was done using a reflectance spectrophotometer. The dyed nylon fastness qualities and the colorimetric characteristics were then evaluated by applying the related standards. The results showed that the optimum conditions for obtaining the highest color strength were dye concentration = 50%owf, pH = 6, temperature = 100 °C, and dyeing tome = 60 min. The proposed ISO standards in relation to colorfastness displayed acceptable ratings for the color strength of dragon's blood resin dyed fabric while its treatment was done by applying bio-mordants in comparison to its metallic counterparts. Therefore, dragon's blood resin could be regarded as a promising eco-friendly natural colorant source for the purpose of sustainable nylon dyeing.

The purpose of this study is to propose a fully sustainable dyeing process for nylon 6. In order to achieve this goal, Rhubarb flower parts were used to produce a brown hue on nylon 6 fabric. The effects of dyeing parameters such as dyeing time, temperature, dyebath pH, M:L, salt addition, dispersing agent, and dye concentration on color strength were investigated. Using 100%owf dye in an acidic medium at boil and the material to liquor ratio of 1:30 for 75 min was determined to be the optimal condition for dyeing nylon 6 with rhubarb flower. In order to achieve acceptable color fastness, four natural mordants were applied, including walnut husks, pistachio hulls, pine cones, and green coffee. Colorimetric measurements revealed that mordanting did not affect the hue of the color compared to the non-mordant sample. In addition, diverse natural mordants produced the same color (i.e., brown) with varying color strengths, of which 10%owf walnut husk generated the strongest color. Bio-mordanted samples were also found to have excellent color fastness, thereby providing an effective substitute for metal mordants.

Herein, Materials Institute Lavoisier (MIL) (NH2-MIL-101(Fe)) and NH2-MIL-101(Fe)/copper oxide (NMC) composite with various amounts of CuO (24, 48, and 72 mg denoted as NMC-1, NMC-2, and NMC-3, respectively) were synthesized and applied for degrading dye (Rhodamine B (RhB)) and pharmaceutical (tetracycline) using visible-light (light-emitting diode (LED)). FTIR, XRD, TEM, and DRS were used for characterizing the materials. The results indicated that the NMC-2 had the highest destruction ability. The degradation efficiency of NMC-2 for 50 mg/L of pollutant concentration was 99%. The dye degradation kinetics followed the zero-order kinetics with a high correlation. In addition, the synthesized material degraded tetracycline as a pharmaceutical in water.

To improve and develop green adsorbent with high pollutant removal ability to produce clean water from wastewater, the surface of nanocomposite (zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF-8) as a metal-organic framework (MOF) with graphene oxide (GO) hybrid) was functionalized using 3-aminopropyl trimethoxy silane (APTMS). To identify and characterization the synthesized materials (ZIF-8, GO , ZG (ZIF-8/GO), and ZGA (ZIF-8/GO/APTMS)), Raman, FTIR, XRD, TGA and TEM analyzes were performed. Acid blue 92 (Ab92) dye was used as a contaminant to remove from the aqueous environment. Effective parameters on the adsorption process, such as the effect of contaminant concentration, dosage, contact time, and pH, were investigated. The results showed that Ab92 removal confirms the Langmuir isotherm and the pseudo-second-order kinetic. The maximum adsorption capacity for Ab92 dye was 371.8 mg/g. According to the results, ZGA nanocomposite is an acceptable adsorbent for removing Ab92 dye from the effluent.

In the present study, we coated cotton fabrics with protein-based nanoparticles containing vitamin E (-tocopherol) by the pad-cure method. Scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy, and air permeability analysis of coated samples confirmed the fixation of the nanoparticles onto the fabrics surface. The antioxidant activity of the coated fabrics was evaluated by 2,2-Azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) free radicals reduction. Samples coated with nanoparticles containing the highest amount of encapsulated vitamin E (20% of the oil phase) showed the highest antioxidant activity. The protein-based coating was maintained for at least 10 washing cycles, demonstrating the reliability of the pad-cure method for the fixation of nanoparticles onto cotton surfaces. A methodology for nanoparticles release from the coated surfaces and their transfer to other substrates was demonstrated by the simple crock meter rubbing in the presence of sweat and protease. A high amount of material can be transferred and released to other substrates, such as textiles and skin, through the synergistic effect of sweat/protease and abrasion. An array of cosmetic and medical applications are possible with the developed coating and release methodology in which vitamin E would impart vital benefits as skin protection, anti-aging product, or skin moisturizer., This study was supported by the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) under the scope of the strategic funding of UID/ BIO/04469/2013 unit and COMPETE 2020 (POCI-01-0145-FEDER006684) and BioTecNorte operation (NORTE-01-0145-FEDER000004) funded by the European Regional Development Fund under the scope of Norte2020 − Programa Operacional Regional do Norte. Artur Ribeiro thanks FCT for the SFRH\BPD\98388\2013 grant. Fatemeh Shahmoradi Ghaheh thanks the Iran Ministry of Science, Research and Technology for the monetary support., info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

A green methodology was considered to expeditiously synthesize a new class of microporous zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8) crystals associated with ZnO nodes (denoted ZIF-8/ZnO) based on the eggshell membrane (ZIF-8/ZnO@ESM) supporting bed, to study the Malachite green (MG) and tetracycline removal. Several characterization methods were applied to analyze the properties of the materials, including FTIR, XRD, BET–BJH, and SEM/EDS/Mapping. The BET–BJH analysis validates the efficiency of the applied synthesis approach in the preparation of a high specific surface area (1498.07 m2/g) and high porous (0.061 cm3/g) ZIF-8/ZnO. Also, the N 2 adsorption/desorption analysis verifies the microporous structure of synthesized ZIF-8/ZnO in the pure and composite form regarding mean pore diameters of 1.8802 and 1.6579 nm, respectively. The MG dye removal ability of ZIF-8/ZnO@ESM nanocomposite was tested and it showed better performance in comparison with the pure ZIF-8/ZnO and ZIF-8. The results indicate that the Langmuir adsorption isotherm could explain the obtained equilibrium data with a maximum adsorption capacity of 833.33 mg/g with high accuracy (R 2 = 0 .997). Kinetic study showed that the pseudo-second-order model was capable to fit the experimental data with high correctness. Reusability test was confirmed excellent regeneration ability of ZIF-8/ZnO@ESM even after 5th cycle (

Antimicrobial textiles and polymers have received more and more attention due to different health problems. Using antibacterial dyes in textiles integrates the dyeing and finishing process and results in a more efficient technique in terms of less water and energy usage. Historically, natural dyes are known to have some antibacterial effects, thus they can be considered as a green eco-friendly substitute. In this study, five different natural dyes obtained from green tea, madder, turmeric, saffron petals, and henna on wool fabric were used. Their antibacterial activity as well as dyeing properties including colorimetric values, light and wash fastness were investigated. As natural dyes inherently have low fastness, premordanting of fabric was done by using aluminum sulfate. Results showed that all these natural dyes could provide some antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria on wool fabric. Furthermore, pretreatment with aluminum sulfate led to improved and durable antibacterial effects after five cycles of washing and 300 min of light exposure.

Nanoparticles of bovine serum albumin (BSA) and silk fibroin (SF) with entrapped α-tocopherol were produced via ultrasonic emulsification. Populations with particle size of 200300 nm and highly negatively charged were obtained for all the tested formulations. Entrapment efficiencies of around 99% revealed the effective encapsulation of α-tocopherol into the produced nanoformulations. Generally, these nanodevices did not induce significant cytotoxicity to human skin keratinocytes for all the concentrations tested. The developed formulations showed free radical scavenging of ABTS.+ ability resulting from the synergistic effect between proteins in formulation and the entrapped tocopherol. Overall, the results contribute for the establishment of BSA:VO and BSA:SF:VO as biodegradable and non-toxic nanoformulations for the functionalization of textile devices and controlled delivery of tocopherol into the skin., This study was supported by the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) under the scope of the strategic funding of UID/BIO/04469/2013 unit and COMPETE2020 (POCI-01-0145FEDER-006684) and BioTecNorte operation (NORTE-01-0145FEDER-000004) funded by European Regional Development Fund under the scope of Norte 2020-Programa Operacional Regional do Norte. Artur Ribeiro thanks FCT for the SFRH\BPD\98388\2013 grant. Fatemeh Shahmoradi would like to acknowledge the Iran Ministry of Science, Research and Technology (MSRT) for the monetary support., info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Natural dyes have attracted increasing worldwide attention because of the carcinogenicity and environmental effects of synthetic dyes. In this study, wool fabric was treated with tannin-rich extracts of Punica granatum peel and walnut shell in combination with some mordants. The effect of various mordants on the colorimetric and antibacterial properties of wool fabrics was investigated. The results showed that pretreatment with metallic mordants substantially improved the dyeing and fastness properties of wool fabrics. The extracts of Punica granatum peel and walnut shell showed a significant antibacterial activity at 5% concentration. In addition, antibacterial activity was dramatically enhanced using metallic salts. The antibacterial activity of samples dyed with natural dyes and without any mordant was not good, while the mordanted samples with copper, aluminum and tin salts obtained considerable antimicrobial properties following lightening and washing fastness. The extracts of Punica granatum peel and walnut shell can be considered as viable alternatives instead of artificial antibacterial agents for hospital textiles as well as an effective anti-odour agent for sports and household textiles.