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Green chemistry becomes an eye-catching topic of interest in the past few years because it is a comfortable, secure, inexpensive, and eco-friendly way of synthesis. Iron oxide nanoparticles with different morphologies and sizes have been extensively studied due to their broad applications. Iron nanoparticles (Fe NPs) have drawn interest in site remediation and also in the treatment of organic or inorganic pollutants of water. The present review shows different synthesis methods of zero-valent and iron oxide nanoparticles from different plant extracts including tea extracts (Oolong tea, tea powder, tea waste, and tea polyphenols), from other plant extracts (Amaranthus dubius, Murraya koenigii, Eucalyptus, Syzygium aromaticum, curcuma, Ocimum sanctum, Emblica officinalis, Tridax procumbens, Dodonaea viscosa, Spinacia oleracea, Lawsonia inermis (henna), Gardenia jasminoides, Punica granatum, and Colocasia esculenta), from bio-microorganisms (Acinetobacter spp. bacterium, Aspergillus oryzae, Sargassum muticum), and from magnetite sand. The different potential applications of iron nanoparticles in remediation, in dye removal, and as an antibacterial agent point to the importance of iron nanoparticles in the environmental removal of contamination.

Background/Aims An association of type 1 DM and familial Mediterranean fever (FMF) has been newly reported in the medical literature. The aim of the present work was to investigate frequency of MEFV gene mutations in Egyptian children with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Methods Forty five children with type 1 DM were screened for Mediterranean Fever (MEFV) gene mutation. Forty one healthy control subjects were included. Identification of FMF gene mutation was done based on polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and reverse hybridization. The assay covers 12 mutations in the FMF gene: E148Q – P369S – F479L – M680I (G/C) – M680I (G/A) – I692del – M694V – M694I – K695R–V726A – A744S and R761H. Results Among the screened diabetics, the overall frequency of MEFV gene mutations was 42.2% and among the control group it was 34.1% with no significant difference. Fourteen out of 45 diabetic children (31.1%) were heterozygous (E148Q in 7 children, A744S in 3 children, V726A in 2 children, M680I (G/C) in 1 child and P369S in1 child), while 5 children (11.1%) were compound heterozygous (M694V/M694I in 2 children, E148Q/K695R mutations in 1 child, E148Q/M694I in 1 child and E148Q/V726A in 1 child). The control group showed heterozygous mutation in 34.1% of cases (E148Q mutation in 14.6%, V726A in 12.2%, M680I (G/C) in 4.9% and M694V in 2.4%). Conclusion No significant difference in mutation frequency between diabetic and non-diabetic children. We have high carrier rate of MEFV gene mutations among Egyptian population probably due to high consanguinity.