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This research focuses on exploring the factors that impact the financial decision-making of female professionals in Hyderabad, Pakistan. It examines the influence of education and employment on the financial attitudes and knowledge of female professionals. The study adopts a cross-sectional approach and collects primary data from female professionals in Hyderabad. The collected data is analyzed using partial least squares (PLS) structural equation modeling (SEM) to investigate the relationships between observed and underlying variables, allowing for causal connections to be examined. The findings reveal that financial literacy alone is not the sole determinant affecting the financial decisions of female professionals. Financial attitudes and behaviors also play a crucial role and positively influence their decision-making. The study further establishes a direct correlation between the financial attitudes of female professionals and their level of financial knowledge. In conclusion, the research suggests potential enhancements in financial literacy among female professionals in Hyderabad and discusses the implications, limitations, and future directions of the study.

UNSTRUCTURED Abstract: This article provides background on the state of medicine for women physicians including exploring the pay gap, leadership gaps and work culture issues that exist. It also provides strategies for advancing professionally.

Purpose: Neurotrophic keratitis (NK) is a rare condition which may result in visual loss. This case review investigates if there may be an association between NK and the blink reflex in the absence of facial nerve palsy and lagophthalmos.Methods: This is a retrospective case review of 5 patients with trigeminal nerve damage referred to the oculoplastic department with suspected anesthetic corneae. Information on etiology, symptoms, duration, associated medical conditions, medications, examination findings including Mackie stage of keratopathy, management of keratopathy, and blink electrophysiology results was obtained.Results: All 5 patients demonstrated absence of corneal sensation. All patients had preserved facial nerve function with no evidence of lagophthalmos. Keratopathy ranged from Mackie stage 0–2. Management ranged from ocular lubricants to Botulinum-toxin-induced ptosis. Blink studies demonstrated reduction in amplitude as well as increased latency in 2 patients, conferring reduced blink strength. Two patients demonstrated an absent blink reflex on the affected side. One patient had blink latency within the normative range; this patient recovered corneal sensation and was discharged.Conclusions: Our finding of reduced amplitude in blink studies offers both a factor in pathogenesis of NK and a potential therapeutic target. Additionally, blink studies may provide prognostic information for recovery and therefore guide management. We suggest performing blink electrophysiology in patients with trigeminal nerve damage to assess nerve function.

Introduction: This study aimed to compare the eating habits and the level of activity in fertile and infertile female subjects. Methods: This cross-sectional study was designed to compare the eating habits and level of activity in fertile and infertile female subjects from February 2016 till October 2017. Fertile females (n= 207) and diagnosed infertile (infertile, n=135) between 18 – 40 years were enrolled. Guidelines for the diagnosis of the infertile cohort were the failure to conceive after 12 months of regular and non-contraception intercourse, with normal uterine structure. Questionnaire was used to collect information regarding nutrition and physical activity. Statistical analysis was carried out employing IBM Statistical Package for the Social Sciences. The categorical variables were presented as frequency and percentages, Chi-square test was performed for comparison, p value < 0.05 considered significant. Results: With mean age of 31 ± 6 years and mean BMI of 24.6 ± 3.46 kg/m2, infertile females had a significantly high BMI compared with the fertile females. Physical activity of subjects demonstrated that 30.4% were inactive, while 27.2% were physically active. Infertile females (6.5%) did regular exercise however, 44.9% of the fertile females had healthy lifestyle. Females (51%) took meals 3 times a day. Healthy food consumption was once a week while 35% had consumption of fast food was approximately twice a week. Conclusion: Optimal physical activity and BMI in normal range is positively associated with fertility. Dietary habits such as more intake of fish, fruits and vegetables impacts fertility positively.

Malnutrition is very common in patients on hemodialysis. Assessing the malnutrition status of haemodialysis patients is important for treatment and better health of the patients. Anthropometric measurements, both parts of anthropometry are used to assess the nutritional status. Objective: To assess the nutritional status of hemodialysis patients. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted at Bahria International Hospitals, Lahore and completed within 9 months using the convenient sampling technique. The data were collected through pretested questionnaire from 385 dialysis patients. Data were analyzed in the form of mean, frequencies, percentage and standard deviation with the help of SPSS version 22.0. Results: 50.5 % of the patients had normal body mass index (BMI) and 9.2% had BMI less than 18 which were underweight according to the WHO criteria. The mean and standard deviation of mid upper arm circumference (MUAC), mid arm muscle circumference(MAMC) and skin fold thickness (SFT) were 13.22±6.16, 20.40±4.67 and 1.67±0.54. Biochemical data showed mean and standard deviation of urea, creatinine and albumin were 104.37±38.63, 3.46±7.2716 and 3.46±0.72. Dietary intake included average energy intake i.e. 612.16±243.95, protein intake i.e. 30.61±10.98, fluid i.e. 738.11±223.06, sodium intake i.e. 949.60±578.96 and potassium intake i.e. 918.77±359.52. Conclusions: Most of the patients on haemodialysis were malnourished. These patients need dietary advice, care and monthly routine check-up of biochemical and anthropometric data to prevent from further complications.

In the present study role of treated galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) synthesized from lactose (GOS) was assessed against development of colon cancer. Research was carried out in two phases, production of prebiotic galacto-oligosaccharide and assessment of their protective role against colon cancer. Greatest percentage of enzyme activity was observed at 6.5 pH and 37oC. Transgalactosylation process was accepted at 37°C by the using of enzymes with three different concentrations. Male Sprague Dawley rats going to treated galactooligosaccharides groups and inulin group had significantly lowest aberrant crypt foci (ACF) counts per colon in contrast to controlled animals (G1 and G5). The animals body mass belonging to galacto-oligosaccharides (Group G2, G3 and G4) increased suggestively higher as associated to control group (G1). Present results were found to be defensive in contradiction of colon cancer. Though more research is needed at DNA level to explore the mutations at gene levels.

To minimize the hazardous effect of physical and chemical synthesis of nanoparticles we focused on the green synthesis of nanoparticles. Nanotechnology is a research hotspot and catch great attention because of its versatile applications in medical, biosciences and engineering fields. Purpose of our recent study is to synthesize bio-inspired metallic silver NPs by root mediated Zingiber officianale extract. The synthesized Ag-NPs were further characterized by using UVVisible spectroscopy, XRD, EDX, SEM, TEM and DLS techniques. The extent of crystallites were confirmed by X-ray diffraction. SEM and TEM revealed the morphological features with size of nanoparticles between 17.3 and 41.2 nm. FTIR analysis confirmed the capping of nanoparticles by bio active constituents present in Zingiber officinale extract. Later EDX confirmed the elemental composition of nanoparticles. Zeta potential, PDI and hydrodynamic size of Ag-NPs were confirmed by DLS. The synthesize Ag-NPs possess eminent biological potency against bacterial and leishmanial strains. Moreover considerable anti-diabetic, anticancer, antioxidant and biocompatibility nature of Ag-NPs was elucidated. The highest antioxidant activity of 50.61± 1.12%, 38.22 ± 1.18% and 27.39 ± 0.92 at 200 g/mL for TAC, TRP DPPH and was observed respectively. Ag-NPs exhibit potent leishmanicidal activity of 80% ± 1.4 against promastigotes and 77% ± 1.6 against amastigotes cultures of L. tropica. Highest antidiabetic activity 30 ± 0.77% recorded at 200 μg/ml. Highest Brine shrimps cytotoxicity of Ag-NPs was 60 ± 1.18 at 200 g/ml. Maximum dye degradation for Ag-NPs was recorded as 94.1% at 140 minute. All UTI isolates were resistant to antibiotics not coated with Ag-NPs. By applying 1% of Ag-NPs highest activity was recorded as 25 ± 1.58 mm against K. pneumoniae. Maximum zone of inhibition for Ag-NPs coated with Imipenem antibiotics 26 ± 1.5 mm against K. pneumoniae and coated with Ciprofloxacin 26 ± 1.4 m against S. aureus were measured. Last but not least high biocompatible nature of Ag-NPs was observed against fresh RBCs making the ecofriendly biosynthesized silver NPs a multi-dimensional candidate in biomedical field.

Euphorbia helioscopia and Rumex dentatus are two essential medicinal plants that are widely used in traditional medicines against various illnesses. The present research was focused to confirm and validate the antibacterial, antifungal and antitumor activities of both plants. The antimicrobial activities were investigated against different bacterial and fungal strains. The in vitro antioxidant activities were confirmed against DPPH, hydroxyl and superoxide free radicals using ascorbic acid (Vc) as a standard. The results indicated that the increase in percentage scavenging activity is due to the increase in concentration of both plant extracts from 50-500 µg/mL. Moreover, the percentage tumor inhibition of both plant extracts was confirmed by potato disc method using dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) as a negative control. The higher percentage of tumor inhibition was observed for water and ethanolic extract in case of E. helioscopia and R. dentatus, respectively.

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Introduction Heart failure (HF) symptoms improve through self-care, for which adherence remains low among patients despite the provision of education for these behaviours by clinical teams. Open Access Digital Community Promoting Self-Care, Peer Support and Health Literacy (ODYSSEE–vCHAT) combines automated digital counselling with social network support to improve mortality and morbidity, engagement with self–care materials, and health-related quality of life. Methods and analysis Use of ODYSSEE-vCHAT via Internet-connected personal computer by 162 HF patients will be compared with a control condition over 22 months. The primary outcome is a composite index score of all-cause mortality, all-cause emergency department visits, and HF-related hospitalisation at trial completion. Secondary outcomes include individual components of the composite index, engagement with self-care materials, and patient-reported measures of physical and psychosocial well-being, disease management, health literacy, and substance use. Patients are recruited from tertiary care hospitals in Toronto, Canada and randomised on a 1:1 ratio to both arms of the trial. Online assessments occur at baseline (t=0), months 4, 8 and 12, and trial completion. Ordinal logistic regression analyses and generalised linear models will evaluate primary and secondary outcomes. Ethics and dissemination The trial has been approved by the research ethics boards at the University Health Network (20-5960), Sunnybrook Hospital (5117), and Mount Sinai Hospital (21-022-E). Informed consent of eligible patients occurs in person or online. Findings will be shared with key stakeholders and the public. Results will allow for the preparation of a Canada-wide phase III trial to evaluate the efficacy of ODYSSEE-vCHAT in improving clinical outcomes and raising the standard of outpatient care. Trial registration number NCT04966104

Objectives: This research aimed at investigating the general public perception of social media (SM), impact of COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic, and related misconceptions among the Pakistani population. Methodology: Cross-sectional study conducted during the peak of COVID-19 in Pakistan between May and June, 2020 comprised of 2307 Pakistani male and female participants. Subjects under 18 years of age and nationality other than Pakistani were excluded. An online questionnaire was administered via the Internet using various kinds of social media. Results: The study was comprised of 2307 male and female participants; 2074 (89.90%) used SM for seeking COVID-19 information, 450 (20%) used both Facebook (FB) and WhatsApp (WA), and 267 (11.6%) used FB, WA, Twitter, and Instagram. Respondents’ perceptions showed that: 529 (23%) believed in SM information and 1564 (67.8%) stated that COVID-19 affected their social and mental wellbeing. Respondents’ knowledge revealed that: 1509 (65.40%) had poor knowledge (≤ 50% score), and 798 (34.6%) had good knowledge (> 50% score) (P < 0.001) about COVID-19. Binary logistic regression analysis showed that higher-earning positively correlated, while private jobs were negatively associated, with good knowledge. Conclusion: FB and WA were the 2 common social media used by study participants (a third had good knowledge). COVID-19 affected the social, mental, and psychological well-being of individuals. Good knowledge was greater in individuals with higher earning and less with private job involvements.

Pakistan is under developing country and it has an unpredictable market nature of shareholder-investors observe the company’s performance. This research could help to companies in understanding financial behavior, attitude and investors’ satisfaction in stock trade. Financial behavior is comparatively new subject in Pakistan therefore; this study has examined the financial behavior and attitude of investors. The behavioral finance that has been attempted to understand the positive experiences influences investors’ financial behavior. This study has find out that investor satisfaction is strongest in influence of positive financial behavior of investor and trader in stock trading; positive experience and brokers suggestions are strengthens the investment decision of investors and increases behavior loyalty to prefer over competitor. The main purpose of research to determine the effect of financial behavior on investors’ attitude and behavioral loyalty and investors’ satisfaction to preference over competitor. The research framework links with experiences in stock trade for positive (negative) experiences, attitude and financial behavior is developed. The research framework is measured data from sample of Karachi and Karachi Stock Exchange; the data is analyzed in smart PLS based on PLS-SEM. This study focused on trading experience with company’s active investors and traders in banking industry in Pakistan. The future research could be research in other sectors with inter-related issue of investors and traders (brokers) in stock trade. This is the first study in this research area; this study will be determine the experiences with positive (negative) financial behavior, attitude, satisfaction and behavioral loyalty of investors and traders in stock trade. Therefore, adding in this area of study which will help understanding the investors and traders attitude, preference and financial behavior in financial market.

Many new disorders have come up in recent years due to rapid changes in lifestyle of people, collectively called as lifestyle disorders. According to the Ayurveda, man is said to be healthy whose Dosha, Dhatu, Mala & Agni are in the state of equilibrium along with mental, sensory and spiritual pleasantness and happiness. Ayurveda emphasizes on physical & mental fitness with prevention of disease & preservation of health in a comprehensive manner. There are many unhealthy practices followed by people in their day to day life which badly affect their health, one of them is lack of sleep or disturbed sleep pattern. “Early to bed & early to arise makes a man healthy, wealthy & wise.” This proverb has a great significance. Ayurveda believes in saying it. Trayopstambha ( Ahara, nidra, Brahmacharya) is key to health and disease on which our life and vitality is based. It focus on daily regimen (Dincharya) that can avoid lifestyle disorders. Nidra plays an important role in physical and mental health. Ayurveda has prescribed certain rules, in regard to diet and sleep, called seasonal regimen (Rutucharya). Present article emphasized on role of Nidra in promotion of maintenance of health and well being and prevention of lifestyle disorders.

Objectives: The current lockdown in the country has led to a sedentary lifestyle because of a shift of daily activities online and a fear of contracting the illness leading to isolation inside homes; Hence an expected change in weight of the general population. This study aims to determine the frequency of weight gain and its impact in adults during the current lockdown of COVID-19. Methods: Participants selected from the ages of 18-25 from different universities of Pakistan were sent questionnaires via WhatsApp, posted online using Microsoft Forms. A total of 157 responses were attained. Results: Among the 157 participants the average weight before the lockdown was 61.95 kgs and after the lockdown was 64.99kgs so there was an increase of 3.016 kgs whereas 18.5% of the sample maintained their weight and 37.6% were reported to have lost weight. The results also depict a 1.6% increase in impairment of body image. Conclusion: We concluded that the Lockdown due to the COVID-19 pandemic has caused a gain in the weight and lowered self-esteem with regard to body image of most young adults in Pakistan due to many factors including higher food intake, lack of exercise and also emotional distress. Key words: Obesity, Weight gain, Lockdown, Body Image. How to Cite: Bokhar U, Shoaib U, Tariq S, Khan S.K, Syed F, Amin B, Ijaz F, Aftab R.K. Frequency of weight gain and its impact in adults during lockdown: a cross sectional study. Esculapio.2020;16(04):110-115.

Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) is the most common cancer in childhood. Despite a significantly improved prognosis over the last decade with a 5-years survival rate of ~90%, treatment-related morbidity remains substantial and relapse occurs in 10–15% of patients (1). The most common site of relapse is the bone marrow, but early colonization and subsequent reoccurrence of the disease in the central nervous system (CNS) also occurs. Integrins are a family of cell surface molecules with a longstanding history in cancer cell adherence, migration and metastasis. In chronic lymphoblastic leukemia (CLL), the VLA-4 integrin has been acknowledged as a prognostic marker and mounting evidence indicates that this and other integrins may also play a role in acute leukemia, including ALL. Importantly, integrins engage in anti-apoptotic signaling when binding extracellular molecules that are enriched in the bone marrow and CNS microenvironments. Here, we review the current evidence for a role of integrins in the adherence of ALL cells within the bone marrow and their colonization of the CNS, with particular emphasis on mechanisms adding to cancer cell survival and chemoresistance.

Leishmaniasis, a category 1 disease, has remained neglected for decades, and therefore, has developed into a severe health problem worldwide. Unfortunately, the available antileishmanial drugs are limited, and the parasites have shown an inevitable resistance toward most of these drugs. All these factors pose a barrier to control the parasite at present. Hence, new strategies are needed to develop more effective and less toxic nanomedicines that could treat and manage the Leishmania parasite. One of these effective strategies is to construct nanometals with biologically active molecules that could possess dynamic antileishmanial activities with desirable biocompatibility. In this review paper, antileishmanial potencies of different metal nanoparticles, with particular emphasis on biogenic metal nanoparticles from 2011 to 2019, are summarized. The mechanisms by which metal-based nanomedicines kill Leishmania are also discussed.

The overall survival of children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) has improved markedly over the last decade, yet relapse occurs in about 10–15% of patients [1]. The spread of leukemic blast...

Neutralization of bacterial cell surface potential using nanoscale materials is an effective strategy to alter membrane permeability, cytoplasmic leakage, and ultimate cell death. In the present study, an attempt was made to prepare biogenic silver nanoparticles using biomolecules from the aqueous rhizome extract of Coptis Chinensis. The biosynthesized silver nanoparticles were surface modified with chitosan biopolymer. The prepared silver nanoparticles and chitosan modified silver nanoparticles were cubic crystalline structures (XRD) with an average particle size of 15 and 20 nm respectively (TEM, DLS). The biosynthesized silver nanoparticles were surface stabilized by polyphenolic compounds (FTIR). Coptis Chinensis mediated silver nanoparticles displayed significant activity against E. coli and Bacillus subtilus with a zone of inhibition 12 ± 1.2 (MIC = 25 μg/mL) and 18 ± 1.6 mm (MIC = 12.50 μg/mL) respectively. The bactericidal efficacy of these nanoparticles was considerably increased upon surface modification with chitosan biopolymer. The chitosan modified biogenic silver nanoparticles exhibited promising activity against E. coli (MIC = 6.25 μg/mL) and Bacillus subtilus (MIC = 12.50 μg/mL). Our results indicated that the chitosan modified silver nanoparticles were promising agents in damaging bacterial membrane potential and induction of high level of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). In addition, these nanoparticles were observed to induce the release of the high level of cytoplasmic materials especially protein and nucleic acids into the media. All these findings suggest that the chitosan functionalized silver nanoparticles are efficient agents in disrupting bacterial membrane and induction of ROS leading to cytoplasmic leakage and cell death. These findings further conclude that the bacterial-nanoparticles surface potential modulation is an effective strategy in enhancing the antibacterial potency of silver nanoparticles.

Infertility rate documented in Pakistan is 21.9% with only 25% success rate even after procedures like intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). This rate is further on the decline with enhancement of female age. We aimed to observe the effect of female age on oocyte parameters and reproductive outcome after ICSI. It was done by retrospective analysis of a quasi- experimental design carried out after approval from "Ethical review board of Islamabad clinic serving infertile couples" from July 2010 to August 2011. The response to ovarian stimulation in (282) females was assessed on the basis of groups, A, B, C and D with age ranges up to 25years; 25.1 to 30years; 30.1 to 35years and35years, respectively. The outcome was assessed as non-pregnant, preclinical abortion and clinical pregnancy groups on the basis of beta hCG and cardiac activity by trans-vaginal scan. We observed that maximum number of pregnancies 32 (38%) occurred in C group, and least 10 (10%) in group A. There was a statistical reduction in the number of mature and fertilized oocytes as the age advanced from group C to D (p0.05).This shows that reduction in maturity and fertilization of oocytes with advancement of age recommends early referral of couples to assisted reproductive clinics.

Introduction: Clinically, saliva contamination is a problem when new increments of composite are necessary to improve the contour of restorations after the rubber dam is removed. Aims and objectives: The main objective of the study is to analyse the best method to decontaminate the tooth-resin interface among local population of Pakistan. Material and methods: This cross sectional study was conducted in THQ Hospital, Fortabbas during December 2018 to July 2019. This study was done with the permission of ethical committee of hospital. The specimens were randomly allocated in five groups (n = 30). One group was assigned to be the control and it was not submitted to any contamination or surface treatment. Consequently, these specimens represented the cohesive strength of the material. The four remaining experimental groups had the top surface of the composite resin contaminated with fresh human saliva. Results: The analysis of variance detected significant differences for the surface treatments (p < 0.001) and the storage condition (p < 0.001). An interaction effect was also found between the surface treatments and storage condition (p < 0.001). As variances were not homogeneous, Dunnett T3 test was performed. Regarding the surface treatments, the highest bond strength was registered for the control group, in which no surface treatment and no contamination with saliva were performed. Conclusion: It is concluded that if contamination with saliva occurs during the insertion of composite resin, an effective decontamination of the surface must be performed to improve the adhesive strength between resin-resin increments.&nbsp

Women with human immunodeficiency virus have higher rates of abnormal cervical and vaginal cytology and, subsequently, of cervical and vaginal cancers. Although professional bodies currently advocate for indefinite cytology screening for women living with human immunodeficiency virus, these recommendations are based on expert opinion, not evidence-based. In the general population, women who have never had an abnormal cytology result can cease screening at age 65 years. This is due to the relatively low incidence of dysplasia in this group and the risk of false-positive results as women age, invasive follow-up testing, and destructive treatments of lesions that are unlikely to progress to cancer. What is unclear, however, is how human immunodeficiency virus-infected women over age 65 years who have no history of abnormal cytology should be screened to maximize benefit while reducing harms of overscreening. This is a crucial question, as women over age 65 years who are living with human immunodeficiency virus comprise a rapidly growing population.To describe the incidence of abnormal cervical and vaginal cytology results in women over the age of 65 years living with human immunodeficiency virus, with the goal of providing evidence for screening recommendations.A retrospective chart review was performed, identifying 69 women who received gynecologic follow-up in a county hospital system in Houston, Texas, between 2000 and 2018 and who met study criteria. Incidence of abnormal cytology after age 65 was determined by analyzing all available cytology results after age 65. Demographic and clinical risk factors, including human immunodeficiency virus-specific clinical risk factors, were analyzed. Matched cervical and vaginal pathology results, if conducted, were also evaluated. Statistical analyses were conducted using Stata 15, including χAmong 69 women with no history of abnormal cervical cytology, 12 (17%) went on to develop abnormal cytology results, including 3 (4%) showing high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions. The incidence rate was 3.5 cases per 100 woman-years (95% confidence interval, 1.58, 7.81). No demographic or gynecologic characteristics were associated with abnormal cytology. A CD4 count of200 at the time of human immunodeficiency virus diagnosis or at the time of cytology was associated with an abnormal Papanicolaou test result (P.0001, P = .031). Of women with pathology results in the county hospital system (n = 8), 4 (50%) had cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 2+ or vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia 2+. No women developed invasive cancer. However, 50% of women who had an abnormal Papanicolaou test result in the study period were lost to follow-up; outcomes for these patients are unknown.Given the relatively high proportion (4%) of women with high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions/cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 2+/vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia 2+ during the study period, we agree with current screening recommendations for continued routine Papanicolaou testing after the age of 65 years in women with human immunodeficiency virus. More evidence from larger studies is needed to solidify evidence-based screening recommendations in this unique and growing population.

Introduction: Majority of dental injuries occur from 8 to 11 years is due to the falling accidental. Twenty-five per cent of all school children experience dental trauma, and 33% of adult have experience trauma to the permanent dentition. Aims and objectives: The main objective of the study is to analyze the awareness about management of tooth avulsion among general dental practitioners. Material and methods: This cross sectional study was conducted in THQ Hospital, Fortabbas during March 2018 to November 2018. This study was done with the permission of ethical committee of hospital. The data was collected from 100 participants. All dentists were invited to participate in this study. Data was collected through a self-administrated questionnaire. The variables in the questionnaire comprised of socio-demographic information (gender, age and nationality), professional characteristics (years of experience, level of specialization and working place and overseas fellowship), and information regarding the awareness about the management of avulsed tooth. Results: The data was collected from 100 participants. All participants were well aware of the management of an avulsed tooth. Total of 100 dental practitioners had answered the questionnaires, 39% were females, and 61% were males. The mean age of the study participants was between 25–60 years, the general dentists 75% and specialists 25%. There was a significant difference between the genders regarding the critical, required time for avulsed tooth replantation (44.3%) were aware of the critical time while many of female (71.8%) were not knowing about the time for avulsed tooth replantation. Conclusion: It is concluded that a significant result was observed regarding the best storage medium, a critical time for avulsed tooth replantation and tooth management before replantation.

World Health Organization has recognized the importance of nutrition as an indicator in the Millennium Development Goal (MDG) focusing on the reduction of maternal and under-5-years mortality, especially in the developing countries1. Maternal dietary micronutrient intake is associated with neonatal anthropometry even in women not at risk of malnutrition hence further research is necessary to determine optimal micronutrient intake in all pregnant women with different body mass indices

Ethyl acetate fraction of Bergenia ciliata was subjected to various chromatographic techniques such as silica gel CC, size exclusion CC and reverse phase CC, which resulted in isolation of two new compounds from this specie. Modern spectroscopic techniques such as 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR (BB and DEPT), 2D NMR, ESI and ESI-HR-MS were utilized to elucidate the structures of isolated secondary metabolites. Both the compounds A, B showed a remarkable fungicidal activity against cladosporium cladosporioides in TLC bio-autography method. Compound B showed maximum activity (90.34±0.81%) against control drug.