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Epiphyllum oxypetalum (E. oxypetalum) is traditionally used to cure liver infections, for wound healing, and to alleviate viral–related diseases. However, as the alcohol and aqueous solvents have low total phenolic and flavonoid content (TPC and TFC), antioxidant, and antibacterial capabilities, a different polarity would be more suitable. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the methanolic extract of E. oxypetalum leaf. The chemical constituents were identified through TPC and TFC, as well as GC–MS analysis. The methanolic extract of E. oxypetalum leaf was evaluated for antimicrobial properties against five bacterial strains - Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and a fungal strain of Candida albicans using the disc diffusion method. The antioxidant activity of the methanolic extract of E. oxypetalum leaf was also assessed using DPPH assay. The highest values of the TPC and TFC of the methanolic extract of E. oxypetalum leaf were 179.86 ± 0.17 mg GAE/g and 75.07 ± 0.17 mg QE/g, respectively. The GC–MS had 27 m/z peaks, indicating the presence of various bioactive compounds including phenolic compounds and fatty acids. In the antimicrobial study, the zone of inhibition (ZOI) was between 2.8–3.5 mm for antibacterial activity and there was also a significant antifungal activity of 1.8 mm against Candida albicans. The IC50 DPPH assay value of methanolic extract of E. oxypetalum leaf was 14 µg/ml, indicating high antioxidant properties. This study provides evidence that the methanolic extract of E. oxypetalum leaf possesses significant antioxidant and antimicrobial properties which could be attributed to its diverse chemical constituents. These findings suggest the potential of E. oxypetalum leaf as a natural source of medicine, antimicrobial, and antioxidant properties.

Eleusine indica, locally known as ‘rumput sambau’ is widely used by traditional practitioners in many parts of the world to treat various ailments including sprained muscle, asthma, black jaundice, stomach pain, diarrhea, convulsions, and those related to infection such as malaria, influenza, dysentery as well as pneumonia. The plant has been reported to possess a wide array of biological activities, which were antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, antipyretic, antiplasmodial, antiviral, hepatoprotective, and urolithiasis. Despite all the reported traditional uses and biological activities, not many chemical constituents have been isolated from the plant. In this work, E. indica methanolic and hexane extracts were assessed for their anti-proliferative activities against human liver cancer (HepG2) and African green monkey kidney epithelial normal (Vero) cell lines through 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Although both extracts were considered to be not active on both cell lines with an IC50 of 91.02 ± 5.74 and 85.30 ± 3.03 µg/mL, and CC50 of >1000 and 639.39 ± 13.97 µg/mL, they were nevertheless more selective towards HepG2 cancer cells compared to the Vero normal cells with selectivity indexes (SI) of 10.99 and 7.50, respectively. Chemical profiling of the extracts on ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) coupled with a diode array detector showed a mixture of different complexity and polarities of compounds. Further isolation and purification on the hexane extract afforded β-sitosterol and stigmasterol, while the methanolic extract yielded loliolide, a benzofuran type of compound. Loliolide has been previously reported to exhibit antitumor activity, which could correlate to the higher antiproliferative selectivity against HepG2 cancer cell line of the methanolic compared to the hexane extracts. This is the first report on the isolation of β-sitosterol, stigmasterol, and loliolide from E. indica.

Eleusine indica, a perennial herb that belongs to the Poaceae family, is locally known as “rumput sambau”. The species can be found in the tropical regions and it is the only species of Eleusine in Malaysia. In India, some parts of the plant such as the roots and the seeds are used as food and can be eaten raw or cooked. The young seedling is also used as a side dish with rice, while the seeds are sometimes used as a famine food. Although this grass is not considered as food in Malaysia, the local people utilise it to treat various ailments such as hastening the placenta delivery after childbirth, pain relieve for vaginal bleeding, asthma, fever, urinary infection, haemorrhoids, and tonic for flu related symptoms. Due to wide spectrum of traditional usage, a complete review of E. indica which focusing on food and medicinal perspectives is necessary to organize and evaluate its potential for further studies and commercial exploitation. The information on the species was collected from scientific journals, books, and reports searched through available databases such as Google Scholar, PubMed, Directory of Open Access Journals, Science Direct, Bioline International, and Reaxys. Contextually, the present review reveals that apart from the roots, the plant is relatively safe to ingest. It represents a rich source of nutrients and contains therapeutic phytochemicals such as flavonoids, steroids, essential oils, cardiac glycosides, coumarins, fatty acids, anthraquinones, anthrones, triterpenes, tannins, and alkaloids. Thus, E. indica can be considered as a natural reservoir for both food and medicine.

Background Globally, congenital toxoplasmosis remains a significant cause of morbidity and mortality, and outbreaks of T. gondii infection represent a major public health threat, especially in developing countries. Evidence in the literature indicates that only a few studies have been conducted on the incidence of maternal and congenital toxoplasmosis in Saudi Arabia. This prospective study aims to measure the overall incidence of congenital toxoplasmosis, both patent and ‘silent’ infection, among pregnant women in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia. The study would attempt to relate the cord blood results with the time of seroconversion in the mother, underlining the importance of early intervention in such cases. Methods Five hundred paired maternal/cord blood samples were tested for anti-Toxoplasma IgG or IgM antibodies. Samples were collected during delivery from mother and newborn (cord blood) from November 2011 to May 2012. Only positive for anti-Toxoplasma IgG or/and IgM cord blood was processed for real-time PCR for confirmation. The age of mothers ranged from 16 to 45 years. Results The sample subjects were tested during child delivery for specific IgG and IgM antibodies against Toxoplasmosis, of which 21.0% (n = 105) mother/baby pairs were found serologically positive for anti-Toxoplasma IgG antibodies. The rate of maternal seropositivity for anti-Toxoplasma IgM antibodies was found among 4 participants (0.8%), who were also seropositive for anti-Toxoplasma IgG antibodies. None of the children tested positive for anti-Toxoplasma IgM antibodies, even those born to mothers with IgM positive. All 105 cord blood tests in the study sample were confirmed negative by real-time PCR. The seroprevalence of Toxoplasma IgG antibodies increased with maternal age, parity, and was significantly higher in women who gave birth to children with congenital anomalies (p = 0.008). Conclusion The findings of the current study indicate a dire need to develop and implement preventive programs against Toxoplasma gondii infection, as well as a health education program on how to avoid toxoplasmosis for all seronegative women during pregnancy.

Andrographolide, the major constituent from the terrestrial plant Andrographis paniculata is a much-studied bioactive ent-labdane diterpene lactone and has become an important medicinal intermediate. Its structure as determined by X-ray crystallography has been applied in molecular docking studies to explain biological activities. Nevertheless, recently there has been a number of conflicting reports concerning the stereochemistry at the C-14 and C-10 positions affecting the absolute configuration (AC) of the compound. Since a lack of information on the molecular flexibility of the molecule can lead to misleading conclusions on biological activity, a conformational analysis of the molecule in the solution state was necessary. The conformational analysis was performed by the Spartan14 package using the Merck Molecular Force Field (MMFF). The exciton chirality method in electronic circular dichroism spectroscopy (ECM-ECD) and vibrational circular dichroism (VCD) techniques were then jointly employed to re-establish the AC of andrographolide. Theoretical calculations were performed using TD-DFT methods by using the hybrid functionals B3LYP and CAM-B3LYP combined with 6-31G(d,p) basis set. Long-range exciton coupling of 2-naphthoyl chromophores at C-14 and C-19 led to the establishment of the AC to be 3R, 4R, 5S, 9R, 10R and 14S. Comparison between the theoretical VCD data of 14-S and 14-R stereoisomer confirmed a configuration of S at C-14 position instead of R.

The structure elucidation of three new alkaloids named isoformosaninol (1), formosaninol (2), and longiflorine (3), isolated from the leaves of Uncaria longiflora var. pteropoda (Miq.) Ridsdale, along with their biosynthetic pathways are discussed. Their absolute structures were determined through a combination of physical data interpretation and quantum chemical calculations using the time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) method.

Cryptocarya densiflora Blume (Lauraceae) is an evergreen tree widely distributed throughout the hills and mountain forests up to 1500 m in Malaysia and Indonesia. The plant has been reported to contain phenanthroindolizidine-type of alkaloids. In the present work, a new phenanthroindolizidine alkaloid named ( R)-13a α-densiindolizidine, was isolated from the dichloromethane (DCM) extract of the leaves. The structure of the alkaloid was established based on 1D and 2D nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and liquid chromatography mass spectrometry-ion trap-time of flight (LCMS-IT-TOF) analysis. ( R)-13a α-densiindolizidine displayed binding interactions with crucial amino acid residues in the active sites ofsevere acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 Mpro (SARS-CoV-2 Mpro) and RNA-dependent protease (RdRp) in silico, whilst fulfilling theabsorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity (ADMET) criteria and Lipinsky's rule, thus revealing its potential as a lead compound.

OBJECTIVES: This study's objectives are to (1) determine the current prevalence of iron-deficiency anemia (IDA) and risk factors for female college students at Prince Sultan Military College of Health Sciences (PSMCHS) in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia and (2) address the gap in the current literature. A written survey in both Arabic and English was administrated to 214 female students, and only 201 students completed the survey. It was randomly selected from all registered female students. A number of factors possibly associated with IDA were examined using the Chi-square test. CONTEXT: Globally, iron deficiency is known to be the most common nutritional disorder. About 30% of the world's population are iron deficient (ID). Women seem to be more affected with IDA than men, which constitute an epidemic public health issue. AIMS: The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence of IDA and the risk factors among healthy Saudi undergraduate female college students studying at PSMCHS in Dhahran. SETTINGS AND DESIGN: A cross-sectional study on 201 female students (18–25 years) was conducted between January and March 2019. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: A questionnaire which contains sociodemographic data was completed by each participant. Two blood samples were collected from each participant to estimate the iron profile and to analyze the complete blood counts. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: The statistical analysis was carried out using the Statistical Packages for the Social Sciences software. RESULTS: The overall prevalence of IDA was 35.3%. The questionnaire analysis of the dietary habit and clinical characteristics revealed that family history of hereditary disease and physical activity have a significant effect on the development of IDA. Statistical analysis showed that having breakfast regularly significantly reduced the development of IDA compared with irregularly having breakfast. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of IDA in this study was moderately high, and our results suggest that further education regarding IDA is highly encouraged. This is the first study that demonstrated the prevalence and risk factors of IDA among undergraduate female college students in PSMCHS, and the data generated will provide a database for further studies.

Antioxidants are technically reductant molecules that prevent the oxidation of other molecules. As other living systems, human biological molecules are also prone to oxidation reactions. In order to repair all of the oxidation damage, human body is naturally producing antioxidants or known as endogenous antioxidant. Unfortunately, the body’s production of antioxidants declines with age and this is found to be a strong factor in contributing to premature aging and degenerative diseases. Researchers have found that exogenous antioxidants which are obtained from foods may work together with endogenous antioxidants to maintain the redox reaction balance in the body. There are thought to be hundreds and possibly thousands of substances that can act as exogenous antioxidants including carotenoids, flavonoids, indoles, polyphenols, essential vitamins (A, C, E), and the minerals copper, zinc, manganese, and selenium. Thus, this paper intended to give insights on the endogenous and exogenous antioxidants, supplements as antioxidant, as well as guiding readers to get benefits of antioxidants from foods for a better health management. It was found that diet containing fruits and vegetables link to superior overall health effects. However, fruits and vegetables should be consumed regularly by considering the right cooking method to get the best effect due to the fact that some antioxidants are sensitive to some cooking method. Apart from diet containing high antioxidants, adopting active lifestyles with consistent exercise and stress management are also required to ensure good and long lasting health.

Erythrina fusca Lour. (family Fabaceae) is a flowering tree that is locally known as ‘chengkering’. The plant is traditionally used in treatment of some symptoms related to bacterial infections such as wound infections, inflammations, and skin itching. This work reports for the first time in vitro antibacterial screening of the E. fusca Lour. methanolic leaf extract against some common Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria such as Klebsiella pneumonia, Proteus vulgaris, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtilis, and Staphylococcus aureus. The in vitro antibacterial assay was carried out using agar diffusion method with the extract concentration of 3 mg/well and vancomycin 30 µg/well as the positive control. It was found that the extract exhibits antibacterial effects in range of 10.5 – 14 mm of zone of inhibition (ZOI) against all tested bacteria except for K. pneumoniae. P. aeruginosa showing ZOI of 14 mm was the most sensitive bacterium while P. vulgaris (ZOI of 10.5 mm) was the least sensitive strain to the extract. Based on the preliminary phytochemical screening of using standard qualitative phytochemical tests, this species contains significant amount of alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, and tannins, which might contribute to the antibacterial activity of the extract. Both antibacterial potential and presence of various phytochemicals in the extract could support the traditional uses of E. fusca , and the obtained results would serve as a basis for further exploration of antibacterial properties of the plant’s leaves.

The structure elucidation of three new alkaloids named isoformosaninol (

Kapsayıcı tasarım, tüm kullanıcı gruplarının yapılı çevre için eşit erişilebilirlik, fırsat vekullanılabilirlik sağlamak amacıyla geçen yüzyılın ortalarında geliştirilen bir diziprensiptir. Konsept, İngiltere'de aynı amaç için birkaç benzer prensip ile BirleşikKrallık'ta geliştirilmiştir. Kapsayıcı tasarım, herkes için en yumuşak deneyimi sağlamakiçin kullanıcıların yeteneklerindeki çeşitliliği dikkate alır. Kapsayıcı tasarım için adilkullanım, kullanım esnekliği, basit ve sezgisel kullanım, algılanabilir bilgiler, hatatoleransı, düşük fiziksel çaba ve yaklaşım ve kullanım için boyut ve alan olan yedi anailke vardır. Araştırmanın temel amacı, Ankara'daki Çankaya Üniversitesi'nin eskikampüsünü kapsayıcı tasarım ilkelerine göre analiz etmek ve yapılı çevrenin kapsayıcıtasarım kriterlerine ulaşmasını sağlayan değişiklikleri önermektir. Çalışmada, kampüsiçinde giriş ve ana lobi, dolaşım ve koridorlar, servis alanları (kafeterya), kütüphane,stüdyolar ve tuvaletler olmak üzere altı kilit alan tanımlamak için nitel bir analizyöntemi kullanılmıştır. Kampüsü kullanan dört kullanıcı grubu tanımlandı; yaşlılar,engelli kullanıcılar, uluslararası ve değişim öğrencileri ve ulusal öğrenciler. Mevcuttasarım durumunun analizi, kampüsteki alanların çoğunun kapsayıcı tasarım ilkelerineuymadığını göstermektedir. Giriş, lobi ve koridorlar için tasarım modelleri ile altı alaniçin tasarım önerileri ve öneriler sunuldu; bu da kampüsün yedi kapsayıcı tasarımilkesine uygunluğunu arttırdı. Inclusive design is a set of principles that were developed during the middle of the pastcentury with the aim to provide equal accessibility, opportunity and usability for allusers' groups for the built environment. The concept was developed in the UnitedKingdom with a few similar principles for the same aim around the world. Inclusivedesign takes into consideration the diversity in users' capabilities in order to provide thesmoothest experience for everyone. There are seven main principles for inclusivedesign, which are equitable use, flexibility in use, simple and intuitive use, perceptibleinformation, tolerance of error, low physical effort, and size and space for approach anduse. The main aim of the research is to analyze the Balgat campus of ÇankayaUniversity, Ankara, in accordance to inclusive design principles and to proposemodifications that enables the built environment to achieve the inclusive design criteria.The study used a qualitative analysis method to identify six key areas within thecampus, which are entrance and main lobby, circulation and corridors, service areas(cafeteria), library, studios and toilets. Four user groups using the campus wereidentified; elderly, users with disabilities, international and exchange students, andnational students. The analysis of the current design status shows that the majority of theareas on campus do not comply with inclusive design principles. Design models for theentrance, lobby and corridors are provided, as well as design suggestions andrecommendations for the six areas, which increased the conformity of the campus withthe seven inclusive design principles. 90

Nowadays, youths underuse their time, energy and creativity in a vast number of other activities, which lead to almost nothing in return. Thus, to fully utilise their huge potential of skills and abilities is by offering productive ways to attract young people in educational-related activities. This paper is presenting the community project on the network wiring system workshop that has been conducted for the young generation at Kg. Serting Ulu, Simpang Pertang Jempol, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia. The aim of participating in this project is to deliver the knowledge base and develop skills in technology and engineering. In addition, it is also intended to develop interpersonal skills, communication and lifelong learning as well as to increase the ability of a young generation to generate a side income by venturing into entrepreneurship field. Participants in this network system wiring workshop were exposed to a multitude of basic installation and wiring techniques in which they were able to shape their personalities with the advantage of acquired technology and engineering skills. As a result, the return on investment (RoI) and social return on investment (SRoI) targets for the workshop can be achieved. It was conducted at a rural area named as Kampung Serting Ulu, Simpang Pertang Jempol, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia.

A novel flavonoid, (-)-2R,3R-3,5,4′-trihydoxyflavan-[6,7:5″, 6″]-2″-pyranone, named uncariechin (1), was isolated from the methanolic extract of the leaves of Uncaria longiflora var. pteropoda (Miq.) Ridsd. along with the known (-)-epiafzelechin (2) and (-)-epicatechin (3), methyl 4-hydroxybenzoate and 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde, four pentacyclic oxindole alkaloids, isopteropodine, pteropodine, uncarine F and isopteropodic acid, previously found in the stems, and two coumarins, scopoletin and 3,4-dihydroxy-7-methoxycoumarin. Structures of the compounds were elucidated by 1D and 2D NMR, FTIR, UV, MS, and experimental as well as calculated electronic circular dichroism (ECD) data. Compounds 2 and 3 were evaluated for their neurotoxic and neuroprotective properties against differentiated SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cell lines using the MTS assay. Compounds 2 and 3 did not show any neurotoxic effects but showed strong protective potential against hydrogen peroxide-induced neurotoxicity with maximum cell viability at a concentration of 1 μM. © 2013 Phytochemical Society of Europe.

Background: Pineapple (Ananas comosus) is a good source of phenolic compounds such as p-coumaric acid. P-Coumaric acid is a hydroxycinnamic acid known to possess antioxidant, antimicrobial, antimutagenic, and immunoregulatory activities. Objective: The present study aims to determine and quantify the p-coumaric acid in the juice extract and methanol extract of unripe and ripe pineapples by gradient mode reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). Materials and Methods: The analysis was carried out using 0.5% phosphoric acid and 100% acetonitrile (can) as mobile phase A and B at gradient elution conditions of 0–30 min from 5% B to 80% B, 30–33 min at 80% B, 33–35 min from 80% B to 5% B, and 35–40 min at 5% B. The chromatography separation was performed using Gemini C18 column at flow rate of 0.8 mL/min and detection was made at 280 nm. Results: P-Coumaric acid was determined at retention time of 16.16 min. Standard curves were linear at R2 = 0.9973 with low limit of detection and limit of quantification being 0.0208 and 0.0694, respectively. P-Coumaric acid showed the highest concentration in juice extract of ripe pineapple, 11.76 μg/mL compared to the methanol extract, 0.03 μg/mL, respectively. P-Coumaric acid concentration in juice extract of unripe pineapple was 0.41 μg/mL. Conclusion: The gradient mode RP-HPLC proved to be efficient for determination and quantification of p-coumaric acid in pineapples extracts. Abbreviations Used: RP-HPLC: Reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography; ACN: Acetonitrile; H3PO4: Phosphoric acid; PLPs: Pineapple leaf phenols; HepG2: Hepatoma G2; PLEs: Pineapple leaf extracts; TC: Total cholesterol; TG: Triglyceride; DAD: Diode array detector; UV-Vis: Ultraviolet-visible; dH2O: Distilled water; LOD: Limit of detection; LOQ: Limit of quantification.

Youth is known as an energetic people with a high potential, and eager to try something new. Therefore, it is such a loss if the abilities that they have been wasted and not fully utilised in a proper way. Project of the electrical wiring workshop is one of the great initiatives as it provides a knowledge base and develops skills in technology and engineering especially in a rural area. In addition, the workshop also aims to develop interpersonal, communication and lifelong learning skills. The ability of youth also increases in generating side income and entrepreneurship nowadays. Through involvement, participants in the wiring workshop have been exposed with a variety of basic installation and wiring techniques whereby they are able to shape their personalities with the advantage of skills in technology and engineering acquired. As a result, return on investment (RoI) can be achieved in the workshop which being conducted at Kampung Pasir Puteh, Kalumpang Hulu Selangor, Malaysia.

Pregnancy in rodents is associated with a two- to threefold increase in β-cell mass, which is attributable to large increases in β-cell proliferation, complimented by increases in β-cell size, survival, and function and mediated mainly by the lactogenic hormones prolactin (PRL) and placental lactogens. In humans, however, β-cell mass does not increase as dramatically during pregnancy, and PRL fails to activate proliferation in human islets in vitro. To determine why, we explored the human PRL–prolactin receptor (hPRLR)–Janus kinase 2 (JAK2)–signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (STAT5)–cyclin–cdk signaling cascade in human β-cells. Surprisingly, adult human β-cells express little or no PRLR. As expected, restoration of the hPRLR in human β-cells rescued JAK2-STAT5 signaling in response to PRL. However, rescuing hPRLR-STAT5 signaling nevertheless failed to confer proliferative ability on adult human β-cells in response to PRL. Surprisingly, mouse (but not human) Stat5a overexpression led to upregulation of cyclins D1–3 and cdk4, as well as their nuclear translocation, all of which are associated with β-cell cycle entry. Collectively, the findings show that human β-cells fail to proliferate in response to PRL for multiple reasons, one of which is a paucity of functional PRL receptors, and that murine Stat5 overexpression is able to bypass these impediments.

Oxindole alkaloids are a monoterpene group of alkaloids that exhibits an oxindole moiety (N–C═O) in ring B of the structure with either corynantheoid or ajmalicinoid analogues exhibiting tetracyclic or pentacyclic oxindole skeletons. The occurrence of this group of alkaloids in Uncaria species may be derived from the transition of heteroyohimbines (indole alkaloids) via indolenine intermediates brought about by differences in cell pH values. This group of alkaloids which is prevalent in Uncaria species but also exists in the related Mitragyna species has been largely explored in terms of their biological and pharmacological potential, in particular, immunomodulatory and CNS-related properties. The worldwide emergence of products containing these alkaloids as active ingredients for the treatment of various diseases was not only based on the ethnomedical use of Uncaria plants but are also a consequence of scientific evidence extensively documented on the plant's extracts and isolated compounds in the last 30 years. In this review, we shall highlight the chemical, biological, and pharmacological properties of these unique alkaloids in order to reevaluate their potential for drug development and as bioactive ingredients in herbal products and preparations.

The anti-inflammatory drug predinisolone (1) was reduced to 20β-hydroxyprednisolone (2) by the marine endophytic fungus Penicilium lapidosum isolated from an alga. The structural elucidation of 2 was achieved by 1D- and 2D-NMR, MS, IR data. Although, 2 is a known compound previously obtained through microbial transformation, the data provided failed to prove the C20 stereochemistry. To solve this issue, DFT and TD-DFT calculations have been carried out at the B3LYP/6–31+G (d,p) level of theory in gas and solvent phase. The absolute configuration of C20 was eventually assigned by combining experimental and calculated electronic circular dichroism spectra and 3JHH chemical coupling constants.

A new triterpene, malaytaraxerate (1), and four known compounds, taraxerol (2), taraxerone (3), docosyl isoferulate (4) and docosanoic acid 2′,3′-dihydroxypropyl ester (5), were isolated from the acetone extract of Sapium baccatum stem bark. The structures of the isolated compounds were determined using several spectroscopic methods, including UV–Vis, FT-IR, 1D and 2D NMR, and mass spectrometry. Major isolated compounds were assayed for cytotoxicity. The chemotaxonomic significance of this plant was also studied.