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IntroductionMental health problem affected 20% of adolescents worldwide, most commonly depression or anxiety . This study aims to compare the prevalence of depression and factors related to depression among adolescents in Malaysia from two surveys. MethodologyA sub-analysis of data from two nationwide surveys using multistage cluster random sampling design was done among secondary school students aged 13-17 years in Malaysia from 234 (NHMS 2012) and 212 (NHMS 2017) randomly selected schools. We used a validated self-administrated bilingual Depression, Anxiety, Stress Scale (DASS-21) questionnaire to evaluate for depression. Descriptive analysis was applied using SPSS. ResultsThe prevalence of depression among adolescents was 17.7% (95% CI:16.71,18.67) in 2012 and slightly increased to 18.3% (95% CI:17.20,19.38) in 2017. The state with the highest prevalence of depression was Sarawak (20.9%) in the NHMS 2012 and Selangor (22.6%) in NHMS 2017. In 2012, the prevalence of depression was higher among females (18.5%) whereas in 2017, the prevalence was higher among males (18.9%). Table 1: Prevalence of Depression among adolescents by Sociodemographic in Malaysia. Discussion 1. The increasing number of ‘ever used drugs’ among adolescents from the two studies supported by Junette & Trishna (2011) found that the risk for depression may also increase by two - to threefold in the presence of comorbidities such as substance abuse and anxiety disorders. 2. This comparison of two studies showed quite similar findings as increasing trend of the prevalence of psychiatric morbidity among adolescents was from 13.0% in NHMS 1996, to 19.4% in 2006 and 20.0% in 2011. 3. A trend study in United States also reported that the prevalence rate of severe adolescent depression varied from 8.7% in 2005 to 11.3% in 2014. The trends remained significant after adjustment for substance use disorders and sociodemographic factors. 4.This comparison also showed the rates of prepubertal depression are similar for boys and girls; however, depression rates double in females after puberty. ConclusionThere was an increase in the prevalence of depression among adolescents in NHMS 2017 compared to the NHMS 2012. Depression remains a problem among adolescents especially those with risky behaviours. Intervention strategies should be targetted on adolescents with risky behaviours and those from broken family.

IntroductionIn an ageing society, falls is a serious issue that contributes to morbidity and mortality. Additional health problem such as urinary incontinence could further increase risks. Urinary incontinence could present in the form of stress, urge incontinence or mixed. Previous studies have demonstrated the link between urinary incontinence and falls. This sub-study aims to demonstrate the prevalence of falls among older women in Malaysia and its association with urinary incontinence. MethodologyData was obtained from the National Health and Morbidity Survey (NHMS) 2018, a cross-sectional survey focusing on elderly health in the population. Secondary data obtained were for women aged ≧60 years old (n=). Information on socio-demography and falls history were obtained from face-to-face interview. Urinary incontinence was measured using a validated tool, Questionnaire for Urinary Incontinence Diagnosis (QUID) which could assess stress and urge incontinence. Descriptive and logistic regression complex sampling analysis was done using SPSS version 22. ResultsThe prevalence of having at least 1 fall episode in the past 12 months at the date of interview among women aged 60 and above was 14.7% in Malaysia. Those aged >80 years old, from urban area, unemployed and with a spouse have higher prevalence of falls compared to their counterparts. The prevalence of falls among women with urinary incontinence was 24.3%; higher for stress incontinence (33.5%) compared to urge incontinence (20.1%). Older women with urinary incontinence have almost 2 times odds of falling [OR 1.98 (95% CI: 1.3, 3.0). Those with stress incontinence 3 times odds of falling [OR 3.09 (95% CI: 2.0,5.0)] as to urge incontinence [OR 1.48(95% CI: 0.52,4.19)]. Multiple logistic regression revealed that urinary incontinence were positively associated with those who had stress urinary incontinence [aOR 1.51 (95%CI: 1.03,2.04)] Discussion / ConclusionPrevalence of falls increases with age which is consistent with previous studies. The finding that urinary incontinence is associated with falls was similar to studies done in England, Australia, Japan and the United States. This could be due to the need to rush to the bathroom due to incontinence. Another study suggested that the discomfort and anxiety associated with it which could interfere with balance leading to falls. Urinary incontinence should be considered as a risk factor for falls especially in women. Likely due to the small sample size, significant associations when multiple factors were considered were unable to be demonstrated. Further studies should be done in the future with larger sample size to explore the association in order to determine the necessity and suitable early preventive strategies.