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While autoxidation of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (PUFAs) is a potential source of furan and its derivatives, the regulatory obligation to enrich powdered infant formulae (PIF) with some of these compounds might raise safety issues. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of formulation and home storage conditions on the generation of furan and its derivatives in PIF. Furan, 2-methylfuran (2-MF) and 3-methylfuran (3-MF) were monitored by a validated SHS-GC-Q Exactive-Orbitrap MS method in six PIF formulated with high or low concentrations of different PUFAs (ALA, ARA, DHA), pro-oxidants (iron) and anti-oxidants (vitamins) and stored for 21 days under more or less oxidizing home storage conditions, including temperature (19 °C or 40 °C) and oxygen exposure (protected or not from ambient air). For the three compounds, the quality of the measurements in PIF was first confirmed with suitable linearity, limits of quantification, precision and recoveries. In a second step, the impact of the formulation was evaluated on six PIF commercial samples differing significantly in their composition in ALA, ARA, DHA, iron and/or vitamin E and C. While furan was quantifiable (2.8 µg/kg) in only one PIF with high content of DHA and iron and low level of vitamins, 2-MF was only quantifiable in two other PIF which were distinguished by a 15 to 20 % higher ALA content and 3-MF was not detected in any of the six PIF studied. In a third step, the effect of storage conditions was studied on the six PIF and the increase in storage temperature to 40 °C led to an increase of up to 33 % in the 2-MF concentration in the two PIF formulations where it was quantifiable. Nevertheless, the estimation of the Margin of Exposure (MOE) showed that the risk related to furan and its derivatives could be ruled out regardless of the formulation or storage conditions. Finally, in order to explore other derivatives and to investigate the mechanisms involved in the generation of furan compounds in PIF, a suspect screening approach was implemented on the SHS-GC-Q Exactive-Orbitrap MS data. It made it possible on the one hand to point out two additional furan derivatives in PIF, 2-ethylfuran and 2-pentylfuran. On the other hand, it enabled to discuss the oxidation pathways involved in the generation of furan compounds in PIF from profiling of known PUFA oxidation markers also detected in the samples., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

The present study aimed to evaluate the impact of ultrasonic treatment on the development of volatile flavor compounds in beef during postmortem aging and its potential mechanism. Results showed that ultrasound treatment may cause an increase in the total content of unsaturated fatty acids, which could lead to lipid oxidation and potentially result in changes in the flavor development. Additionally, it was also found that ultrasound exacerbated protein oxidation. A total of 141 volatile compounds were obtained by SPME-GC-MS analysis, and 18 differential aroma substances (P < 0.05, VIP > 1) were obtained by orthogonal partial least squares discrimination analysis (OPLS-DA). Five key volatile flavor compounds (hexanal, nonanal, octanal, pentanal, and 1-pentanol) originating from lipid oxidation were identified according to odor activity values (OAVs). The concentration of these compounds was significantly higher in the ultrasonic treatment group compared to the non-ultrasonic group that underwent a 3-day aging process. Nine common differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were identified through the utilization of proteomics and phosphoproteomics analysis. KEGG pathways showed that selenocompound metabolism, tryptophan metabolism and cysteine and methionine metabolism led to flavor formation during wet aging of beef after ultrasound treatment. This study provided proteomic insights into the flavor of beef aged through sonication and suggested potential links between flavor development and biological processes., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Livestock and poultry meat is one of the main consumption sources of fatty acids (FAs) in China. FAs are the main component of lipids and essential nutrients for the human body. The location of carbon-carbon double bond (CC) in unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs) significantly affects the nutrition and flavor quality of meat products. This study established an analytical method for identifying the CC positions of UFAs based on the Paternò-Büchi (PB) reaction using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF). The FA extract was derivatized with 2-acetylpyridine under ultraviolet light at 254 nm. The derivatized FA was then analyzed using targeted MS/MS mode in positive electrospray ionization. Limits of detection (LOD) and limits of quantitation (LOQ) of 21 UFAs were 0.004-0.680 and 0.013-2.267 μg/L, respectively. Furthermore, for the diagnostic ions at the same functional group terminal fragmented from derivatives of FA CC isomers, the abundance ratio was linear with that of the corresponding content, which could be applied to non-targeted screening of CC positions in FAs. Based on this method, a total of 28 UFAs were screened in five types of livestock and poultry meats in this study. Among them, four isomers of C17:1, four of C18:1, two of C18:2, two of C20:3 and two of C22:5 were identified. The precise identification and quantitation of the double bond positions of fatty acids will be of great significance for the exploration of the nutritional components in livestock and poultry meat., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Oxylipins are powerful signalling compounds derived from polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and involved in regulating the immune system response. A mass spectrometry-based method was developed and validated for the targeted profiling of 52 oxylipins (e.g., isoprostanoids, prostaglandins, epoxy- and hydroxy-fatty acids, specialized pro-resolving mediators) and 4 PUFAs in small urinary extracellular vesicles (uEVs). Ultrasound-assisted extraction using a 50:50 v/v MeOH:H 2 O mixture ensured optimal analytical performances. Limits of detection ranged between 10 and 400 pg/mL for oxylipins and 0.10-3 ng/mL for PUFAs. Satisfactory recoveries (85-116 %) and good intra- and inter-day precisions (RSD ≤15 %) were obtained for all the analytes. The reliability of the procedure was tested in a real case scenario by monitoring ultramarathon runners during the world Tor des Géants® (TDG) race. Both F 2 - and E 2 -isoprostanes were detected in small uEVs of the ultramarathon runners, suggesting the onset of an oxidant insult. 5-F 2t -IsoP exhibited significant pre- to post-race variations, thus potentially representing a non-invasive marker of in-vivo lipid peroxidation. The presence of specialized pro-resolving mediators suggests the activation of pro-resolution signalling cascade resolving inflammation. These outcomes may help manage post-exercise recovery and improve training., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

This study examined the impact of dietary guanidino acetic acid (GAA) and rumen-protected methionine (RPM) on beef quality in Simmental bulls. For 140 days, forty-five bulls (453.43 ± 29.05 kg) were randomly divided into control (CON), 0.1% GAA (GAA), and 0.1% GAA + 0.1% RPM (GAM) groups with 15 bulls in each group and containing 3 pen with 5 bulls in each pen. Significant improvements in eye muscle area, pH 48h , redness (a*) value, and crude protein (CP) content of longissimus lumborum (LL) muscles were observed in the GAA and GAM groups (P < 0.05). Conversely, the lightness (L*) value, drip loss, cooking loss, and moisture contents decreased (P < 0.05). Additionally, glutathione (GSH) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-P X ) concentrations of LL muscles in GAM were higher (P < 0.05), while malondialdehyde (MDA) content of LL muscles in GAA and GAM groups were lower (P < 0.05). Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) profiles were enriched in beef from GAM group (P < 0.05). The addition of GAA and RPM affected the expression of genes in LL muscle, such as HMOX1, EIF4E, SCD5, and NOS2, which are related to hypoxia metabolism, protein synthesis, and unsaturated fatty acid synthesis-related signaling pathways. In addition, GAA and RPM also affected the content of a series of metabolites such as L-tyrosine, L-tryptophan, and PC (O-16:0/0:0) involved in amino acid and lipid metabolism-related signaling pathways. In summary, GAA and RPM can improve the beef quality and its nutritional composition. These changes may be related to changes in gene expression and metabolic pathways related to protein metabolism and lipid metabolism in beef., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

Epidemiological and clinical trial evidence indicates that n -6 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) intake is cardioprotective. Nevertheless, claims that n -6 PUFA intake promotes inflammation and oxidative stress prevail. This narrative review aims to provide health professionals with an up-to-date evidence overview to provide the requisite background to address patient/client concerns about oils containing predominantly unsaturated fatty acids (UFA), including MUFA and PUFA. Edible plant oils, commonly termed vegetable oils, are derived from vegetables, nuts, seeds, fruits and cereal grains. Substantial variation exists in the fatty acid composition of these oils; however, all are high in UFA, while being relatively low in saturated fatty acids (SFA), except for tropical oils. Epidemiological evidence indicates that higher PUFA intake is associated with lower risk of incident CVD and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Additionally, replacement of SFA with PUFA is associated with reduced risk of CVD and T2DM. Clinical trials show higher intake of UFA from plant sources improves major CVD risk factors, including reducing levels of atherogenic lipids and lipoproteins. Importantly, clinical trials show that increased n -6 PUFA (linoleic acid) intake does not increase markers of inflammation or oxidative stress. Evidence-based guidelines from authoritative health and scientific organisations recommend intake of non-tropical vegetable oils, which contain MUFA and n -6 PUFA, as part of healthful dietary patterns. Specifically, vegetable oils rich in UFA should be consumed instead of rich sources of SFA, including butter, tallow, lard, palm and coconut oils.

Conventional methods for detecting unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs) pose challenges for rapid analyses due to the need for complex pretreatment and expensive instruments. Here, we developed an intelligent platform for facile and low-cost analysis of UFAs by combining a smartphone-assisted colorimetric sensor array (CSA) based on MnO 2 nanozymes with "image segmentation-feature extraction" deep learning (ISFE-DL). Density functional theory predictions were validated by doping experiments using Ag, Pd, and Pt, which enhanced the catalytic activity of the MnO 2 nanozymes. A CSA mimicking mammalian olfactory system was constructed with the principle that UFAs competitively inhibit the oxidization of the enzyme substrate, resulting in color changes in the nanozyme-ABTS substrate system. Through linear discriminant analysis coupled with the smartphone App "Quick Viewer" that utilizes multihole parallel acquisition technology, oleic acid (OA), linoleic acid (LA), α-linolenic acid (ALA), and their mixtures were clearly discriminated; various edible vegetable oils, different camellia oils (CAO), and adulterated CAOs were also successfully distinguished. Furthermore, the ISFE-DL method was combined in multicomponent quantitative analysis. The sensing elements of the CSA (3 × 4) were individually segmented for single-hole feature extraction containing information from 38,868 images of three UFAs, thereby allowing for the extraction of more features and augmenting sample size. After training with the MobileNetV3 small model, the determination coefficients of OA, LA, and ALA were 0.9969, 0.9668, and 0.7393, respectively. The model was embedded in the smartphone App "Intelligent Analysis Master" for one-click quantification. We provide an innovative approach for intelligent and efficient qualitative and quantitative analysis of UFAs and other compounds with similar characteristics.

Larval cryopreservation techniques have been established in Pacific oysters and Mediterranean mussels. Although initial cryopreservation protocols for both species differed slightly in Ficoll PM 70 (FIC) concentration, better post-thaw larval survivability was produced in mussels than oysters. Furthermore, the post-thaw survivability in the latter could be improved significantly by the addition of lipids and antioxidants to the cryoprotectant agent. These findings have generated a unique opportunity to investigate the cryo-functions of both endogenous and exogenous fatty acids (FAs) in bivalves as mammalian studies indicated that lipid compositions could contribute the interspecific difference in gamete and embryo cryopreservation. Our study showed that the higher survivability of post-thaw larvae in mussels (65% vs. 34% in oysters) could be attributed to their higher proportion of total polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), especially C22:6, and higher resistance of FA profiles to cryopreservation. In oysters, on the other hand, their FA profiles were very sensitive to cryopreservation, with saturated FAs and PUFAs being significantly increased (from 37 to 41%) and decreased (from 35% to ~ 32%), respectively. Although exogenous lipids could significantly improve the survivability of post-thaw oyster larvae from 34 to 51%, their supplementation did not alter the response pattern of endogenous FA profiles to cryopreservation., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Aerosol whipped cream, widely used in various foods, relies on solid fats rich in saturated fatty acids (SFAs) for stable gas entrapment. In this study, the potential of oleogels as a healthy fat substitute for formulating aerosol whipped cream was studied. The analysis focused on the effects of different types (beeswax [BW], rice bran wax [RW], and carnauba wax) and the quantities of wax on the properties of the aerosol whipped creams. The BW-oleogel-based aerosol whipped cream exhibited the highest foam ability and foam stability. The superior physical properties of the bees wax-oleogel were attributed to the higher overrun and height stability of its whipped cream compared to RW and carnauba oleogels. The 6% BW-whipped cream showed significantly higher overrun and cream stability. The 6% BW oleogel whipped cream contained 4.4 times lower SFAs than the dairy milk fat whipped cream. This study represents the first exploration into the feasibility of formulating oleogel-based aerosol whipped cream using liquid vegetable oil., (© 2024 Institute of Food Technologists.)

Non-traditional seafood, such as spoon worms (Urechis unicinctus) and peanut worms (Sipunculus nudus), serves as both delicacies and potential solutions to the global food insecurity crisis. Despite being consumed primarily in parts of China, Korea, and Japan, the nutritional values especially the complex fatty acid compositions of these marine worms are difficult to characterize. To overcome this obstacle, we employed covalent adduct chemical ionization (CACI) tandem mass spectrometry for the de novo identification of their unusual polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). Through this method, we identified several PUFA with polymethylene-interrupted (PMI) double bond configurations, including 22:3(7Z,13Z,16Z), a novel PUFA derived from sciadonic acid. U. unicinctus exhibits an exceptionally low n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio of 0.15, making it a potential functional food to counterbalance the n-6/n-3 imbalance in modern diets. S. nudus boasts notably high concentrations (∼3 %, wt/wt) of branched chain fatty acids (BCFA), exceeding typical levels found in dairy products., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Fermentation has been identified as an effective strategy to alter the chemical makeup of tobacco, thereby enhancing its quality. The deliberate introduction of microorganisms can hasten the fermentation process. In this research, microbial consortia harvested from the tobacco surface were utilized to enhance the tobacco quality. This enhancement also elevated several sensory attributes of HnB cigarettes, such as aroma richness, moisture, strength, and reduced irritation, achieving a sensory quality rating of 84.5. This marks a notable improvement compared to the 82 rating of the original, unfermented cigarettes. Untargeted metabolomics analysis revealed a decrease in total polyphenols and unsaturated fatty acids, while the levels of polyacids, alcohols, ketones, furans, and other compounds increased in the fermented tobacco. Additionally, KEGG pathway enrichment analysis indicated that the enhancement in tobacco quality through microbial consortia fermentation is linked to various biological pathways, with pathways related to fatty acid and amino acid degradation playing pivotal roles. The findings of this study will serve as a reference for the commercial production of HnB cigarettes, and the elucidated mechanism offers a theoretical basis for exploring microbial fermentation as a means to improve tobacco quality.

Biofilms are considered a basal resource with high nutritional quality in stream food webs, as periphytic algae are abundant of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). PUFAs are essential for growth and reproduction of consumers who cannot or have very limited capacity to biosynthesize. Yet, how the nutritional quality based on PUFA of basal food sources changes with light intensity remains unclear. We conducted a manipulative experiment in mesocosms to explore the response and mechanisms of nutritional quality to shading, simulating riparian restoration. We found a significant increase in PUFA% (including arachidonic acid, ARA) under shading conditions. The increased PUFA is caused by the algal community succession from Cyanobacteria and Chlorophyta to Bacillariophyta which is abundant of PUFA (especially eicosapentaenoic acid, EPA; docosahexaenoic acid, DHA). On the other hand, shading increased PUFA via upregulating enzymes such as Δ12 desaturase (FAD2, EC:1.14.19.6) and 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase (KCS, EC:2.3.1.199) in the biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acid elongation pathways. Our findings imply that riparian reforestation by decreasing light intensity increases the nutritional quality of basal resources in streams, which may enhance transfer of good quality carbon to consumers in higher trophic levels through bottom-up effects., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Understanding fungal lipid biology and metabolism is critical for antifungal target discovery as lipids play central roles in cellular processes. Nuances in lipid structural differences can significantly impact their functions, making it necessary to characterize lipids in detail to understand their roles in these complex systems. In particular, lipid double bond (DB) locations are an important component of lipid structure that can only be determined using a few specialized analytical techniques. Ozone-induced dissociation mass spectrometry (OzID-MS) is one such technique that uses ozone to break lipid DBs, producing pairs of characteristic fragments that allow the determination of DB positions. In this work, we apply OzID-MS and LipidOz software to analyze the complex lipids of Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast strains transformed with different fatty acid desaturases from Histoplasma capsulatum to determine the specific unsaturated lipids produced. The automated data analysis in LipidOz made the determination of DB positions from this large dataset more practical, but manual verification for all targets was still time-consuming. The DL model reduces manual involvement in data analysis, but since it was trained using mammalian lipid extracts, the prediction accuracy on yeast-derived data was reduced. We addressed both shortcomings by retraining the DL model to act as a pre-filter to prioritize targets for automated analysis, providing confident manually verified results but requiring less computational time and manual effort. Our workflow resulted in the determination of detailed DB positions and enzymatic specificity., (© 2024 Battelle Memorial Institute. Journal of Mass Spectrometry published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Unsaturated fatty acids (UFA) play a crucial role in central cellular processes in animals, including membrane function, development, and disease. Disruptions in UFA homeostasis can contribute to the onset of metabolic, cardiovascular, and neurodegenerative disorders. Consequently, there is a high demand for analytical techniques to study lipid compositions in live cells and multicellular organisms. Conventional analysis of UFA compositions in cells, tissues, and organisms involves solvent extraction procedures coupled with analytical techniques such as gas chromatography, MS and/or NMR spectroscopy. As a nondestructive and nontargeted technique, NMR spectroscopy is uniquely capable of characterizing the chemical profiling of living cells and multicellular organisms. Here, we use NMR spectroscopy to analyze Caenorhabditis elegans, enabling the determination of their lipid compositions and fatty acid unsaturation levels both in cell-free lipid extracts and in vivo. The NMR spectra of lipid extracts from WT and fat-3 mutant C. elegans strains revealed notable differences due to the absence of Δ-6 fatty acid desaturase activity, including the lack of arachidonic and eicosapentaenoic acyl chains. Uniform 13 C-isotope labeling and high-resolution 2D solution-state NMR of live worms confirmed these findings, indicating that the signals originated from fast-tumbling lipid molecules within lipid droplets. Overall, this strategy permits the analysis of lipid storage in intact worms and has enough resolution and sensitivity to identify differences between WT and mutant animals with impaired fatty acid desaturation. Our results establish methodological benchmarks for future investigations of fatty acid regulation in live C. elegans using NMR., Competing Interests: Conflict of interest The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest with the contents of this article., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Many patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) have a compromised intestinal barrier associated with low-grade inflammation. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are potential mediators of inflammation: omega-6 PUFAs are pro-inflammatory, while omega-3 PUFAs are antioxidant and anti-inflammatory. Zonulin is a potential biomarker for small intestinal permeability (s-IP). This study investigated the relationship between PUFAs and gastrointestinal (GI) barrier integrity in IBS patients with predominant diarrhea (IBS-D). We evaluated GI barrier function indicators in the urine and bloodstream and erythrocyte membrane PUFA composition in 38 IBS-D patients (5 men, 33 women, 44.11 ± 1.64 years), categorized at baseline by fecal zonulin levels into high (≥107 ng/mL, H-FZ) and normal (<107 ng/mL N-FZ) groups. Evaluations were conducted prior to and following a 12-week diet low in FODMAPs (LFD). At baseline, H-FZ patients had s-IP significantly higher than the reference value, lower n -3 PUFAs levels, and higher n -6/ n -3 PUFAs and arachidonic acid (AA) to eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) ratios than N-FZ. After LFD, H-FZ patients showed significant increases in n -3 PUFAs levels; decreases in n -6 PUFAs, n -6/ n -3 PUFAs and AA/EPA ratios; and improved s-IP. The n -6/ n -3 PUFAs ratio positively correlated with fecal zonulin levels in all subjects. These findings highlight the relationship between PUFAs and the intestinal barrier, suggesting their role in IBS-D pathophysiology and confirming the positive effects of LFD in managing IBS-D.

The present study examined the fatty acid content of human milk from Polish women living in the Warmia and Mazury region with regard to different lactation periods and compared it with the fatty acid content of selected infant formulas. The analysis included samples of breast milk-colostrum ( n = 21), transitional milk ( n = 26), and mature milk ( n = 22). Fat was extracted using the Rose-Gottlieb method, and the fatty acid profile was determined by gas chromatography with a flame ionization detector (FID). The proportion of SFAs (saturated fatty acids) > MUFAs (monounsaturated fatty acids) > PUFAs (polyunsaturated fatty acids) was determined in each fraction of breast milk and infant formula. Palmitic, oleic, and linoleic acids predominated in breast milk and infant formulas. Colostrum contained lower contents of selected SFAs (caprylic, capric, lauric) and higher contents of selected MUFAs (ercucic) and PUFAs (arachidonic and docosahexaenoic) ( p < 0.05) relative to transitional and mature milk. Infant formulas were distinguished from human milk in terms of their SFA (caproic, caprylic, lauric, arachidic), MUFA (oleic), and PUFA (linoleic, α-linoleic) content. It should be noted that infant formulas contained significantly lower trans fatty acid (TFA) content-more than thirty-six and more than nineteen times lower than in human milk. Furthermore, human milk contained branched-chain fatty acids (BCFAs) at 0.23-0.28%, while infant formulas contained only trace amounts of these acids. The average ratio of n -6 to n -3 fatty acids for human milk was 6.59:1 and was close to the worldwide ratio of 6.53 ± 1.72:1. Both principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis (CA) indicated significant differences in the fatty acid profile relative to lactation and a different profile of infant formulas relative to breast milk.

Lipids play integral roles in biological processes, with carbon-carbon double bonds (C═C) markedly influencing their structure and function. Precise characterization and quantification of unsaturated lipids are crucial for understanding lipid physiology and discovering disease biomarkers. However, using mass spectrometry for these purposes presents significant challenges. In this study, we developed a microwave-assisted magnesium monoperoxyphthalate hexahydrate (MMPP) epoxidation reaction, coupled with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), to analyze unsaturated lipids. Microwave irradiation expedited the MMPP epoxidation, achieving complete derivatization in 10 min without byproducts. A diagnostic ion pair, displaying a 16 Da mass difference, effectively identified the location of the C═C bond in mass spectra. Microwave irradiation also significantly facilitated the epoxidation reaction of polyunsaturated lipids, achieving yields greater than 85% and yielding a complete epoxidation product. This simplifies chromatographic separation and aids in accurate quantification. Additionally, a purification process was implemented to remove excess derivatization reagents, significantly reducing mass spectrometry response suppression and enhancing analytical reproducibility. The method's effectiveness was validated by analyzing unsaturated lipids in rat plasma from a type I diabetes model. We quantified nine unsaturated lipids and characterized 42 fatty acids and glycerophospholipids. The results indicated that unsaturated fatty acids increased in diabetic plasma while unsaturated glycerophospholipids decreased. Furthermore, the relative abundances of Δ9/Δ11 isomer pairs also exhibited a close association with diabetes. In conclusion, microwave-assisted MMPP epoxidation coupled with LC-MS/MS provides an effective strategy for characterization and quantification of polyunsaturated lipids, offering deeper insight into the physiological impact of unsaturated lipids in related diseases.

Sacha inchi (Plukenetia huayllabambana) oil is a food matrix that contains more than 80 % of polyunsaturated fatty acids, especially linoleic and α-linolenic acids. The objective of this study was to develop blends of sacha inchi oil (P. huayllabambana) enriched with aguaje oil (Mauritia flexuosa L.f.) and evaluate the induction period, total carotenoid content, nutritional quality indices and oxidative stability from the fatty acid composition. The analytical tests were conducted for oil blends that had the following proportions: sacha inchi oil enriched with aguaje oil at 5, 10 and 20 %. The results prove that the enrichment of sacha inchi oil with aguaje oil (SIO-PH-AO) leads to an improvement in oxidative stability and nutritional and physical properties. For example, the oxidative stability index (OSI) varied from 0.87 to 2.53 h. The content of total carotenoids produces an increase from 0.35 to 99.90 mg/kg, while total polyphenols from 47.45 to 126.90 mg GAE/g, and chroma from 39.91 to 69.02 units. Regarding the fatty acid profile, the oxidizability value improves with the addition of aguaje oil. Reduces levels of PUFA, PUFA/SFA, and hypo-and hypercholesterolemic ratio (h/H). Additionally, an increase in SFA and MUFA levels, while the ω6/ω3 ratio remained constant. Finally, it can be noted that the enrichment of sacha inchi oil with aguaje oil (rich in carotenoids) provides better stability and can be used for commercial applications as a mechanism to establish new vegetable oils with better properties., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Several scientific studies have warned that the ingestion of dietary lipid oxidation products (LOPs) may initiate or exacerbate the development of several chronic non-communicable diseases in humans. Indeed, the constantly increasing consumption of culinary oils by larger global populations indicates the need for scientific techniques to suppress the evolution of LOPs in thermo-oxidised oils. This study employed a 600.13 MHz frequency NMR spectrometer in evaluating the effect of 10, 50, and 100 ppm concentrations of chemical compounds reported to have antioxidant properties in continuously-stirred and thermally stressed polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA)-rich hemp seed oil at a frying temperature of 180℃ for 180 min. Research data acquired showed that the antioxidants α- and γ-tocopherol, γ-oryzanol, β-carotene, eugenol, resveratrol, ascorbyl palmitate, gentisic acid, and L-ascorbic acid all played a vital role in suppressing the evolution of secondary aldehydic lipid oxidation products in hemp seed oil. However, the most ineffective LOP-suppressing agent was L-lysine, an observation which may be accountable by its poor oil solubility. Nonetheless, trends deduced for compounds acting as antioxidants were mainly unique for each class of agent tested. Conversely, the antioxidant capacity of resveratrol was consistently higher, and this effect was found to be independent of its added amounts. This report provides a direct approach in developing scientific methods for the suppression of LOPs in thermo-oxidatively susceptible PUFA-rich cooking oils., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

To clarify the relationship between microorganisms and physicochemical indicators of Xuanwei ham. Six ham samples for the first, second and third year were selected, respectively. The changes of physicochemical properties, the free fatty acids and microbial communities of Xuanwei ham were investigated by GC-MS and high-throughput sequencing technology. Results showed that scores of colour, overall acceptability, texture, taste and aroma were the highest in the third year sample. With increasing ripening time, moisture content, water activity (Aw), lightness (L*), springiness, and resilience decreased continuously, and yellowness (b*) was the highest in the second year sample. 31 free fatty acids were detected, and unsaturated fatty acids such as palmitoleic acid, oleic acid, and linoleic acid were the major fatty acids. The content of palmitoleic acid, oleic acid and eicosenoic acid increased significantly during processing. At the phylum level, the dominant bacteria were Proteobacteria and Firmicutes, and fungi were Ascomycota. At the genus level, the dominant bacteria were Staphylococcus and Psychrobacter, and fungi were Aspergillus. Correlation analysis showed that water content and Aw were closely related to microorganisms, and most unsaturated fatty acids were significantly correlated with microorganisms. These findings showed that microorganisms played an important role in the quality of Xuanwei ham, and provided a scientific basis for the quality control of Xuanwei ham., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Chitosan nanocapsules containing polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) concentrates from tuna oil, with EPA   +   DHA contents around 57% (w/w), were developed by emulsification process, using different chitosan concentration (1.0%, 1.5%, 2.0%, w/v) and stirring speed (10,000, 15,000, 20,000 rpm). The effects of these parameters on particle size and zeta potential were evaluated. The physical and oxidative stabilities were used to measure the product quality during storage. Chitosan concentration, stirring speed and its interaction significantly affected ( p  < 0.05) the particle size. In addition, chitosan concentration significantly affected ( p  < 0.05) the zeta potential of nanocapsules emulsion. Based on the results of physical and oxidative stabilities, the nanocapsules were stable for 30 days under refrigeration temperature (7 °C), and with 1.5-2% chitosan resulted in improved protection against oil oxidation. The nanocapsules produced with 2% chitosan and 10,000 rpm showed the lowest variations of polydispersity index and nanocapsules size after 30 days of storage (221.8 ± 3.0 nm). These conditions can be considered the most suitable to produce nanocapsules of PUFA concentrates from tuna oil using chitosan as wall material. These nanocapsules showed physical characteristics and oxidative stability, which could enable their application in the food industry, representing an important source of EPA and DHA fatty acids., Competing Interests: DECLARATION OF CONFLICTING INTERESTSThe author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Umbelliferous (Apiaceae) vegetables are widely consumed worldwide for their nutritive and health benefits. The main goal of the current study is to explore the compositional heterogeneity in four dried umbelliferous vegetables viz, celery, coriander, dill, and parsley targeting their volatile profile using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). A total of 133 volatile metabolites were detected belonging to 12 classes. Aromatic hydrocarbons were detected as the major components of the analyzed vegetables accounting ca. 64.0, 62.4, 59.5, and 47.8% in parsley, dill, celery, and coriander, respectively. Aliphatic hydrocarbons were detected at ca. 6.39, 8.21, 6.16, and 6.79% in parsley, dill, celery, and coriander, respectively. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) of various health benefits were detected in parsley and represented by roughanic acid and α-linolenic acid at 4.99 and 0.47%, respectively. Myristicin and frambinone were detected only in parsley at 0.45 and 0.56%. Investigation of antibacterial activity of umbelliferous vegetables n-hexane extract revealed a moderate antibacterial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria with higher activity for celery and dill against Staphylococcus aureus with inhibition zone 20.3 mm compared to 24.3 mm of the standard antibacterial drug., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Background: Extracellular vesicles in human milk are critical in supporting newborn growth and development. Bioavailability of dietary extracellular vesicles may depend on the composition of membrane lipids. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the fatty acid desaturase gene cluster impact the content of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in human milk phospholipids. This study investigated the relation between variation in FADS1 and FADS2 with the content of polyunsaturated fatty acids in extracellular vesicles from human milk., Methods: Milk was obtained from a cohort of mothers (N = 70) at 2-4 weeks of lactation. SNPs in the FADS gene locus were determined using pyrosequencing for rs174546 in FADS1 and rs174575 in FADS2. Quantitative lipidomic analysis of polyunsaturated fatty acids in human milk and extracellular vesicles from human milk was completed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry., Results: The rs174546 and rs174575 genotypes were independent predictors of the arachidonic acid content in extracellular vesicles. The rs174546 genotype also predicted eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid in extracellular vesicles. The reduced content of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in extracellular vesicles in human milk may be due to lower fatty acid desaturase activity in mothers who are carriers of the A allele in rs174546 or the G allele in rs174575., Conclusion: The polyunsaturated fatty acid composition of milk extracellular vesicles is predicted by the FADS genotype. These findings yield novel insights regarding extracellular vesicle content and composition that can inform the design of future research to explore how lipid metabolites impact the bioavailability of human milk extracellular vesicles., (© 2024 The Authors. Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition.)

Background: Fatty acids (FAs) in human milk are important nutrients for infants. They play important roles in energy supply, nervous system development, and metabolic function maintenance. However, how the composition of major milk FAs change with lactation stages remains controversial., Objectives: To systematically review the concentration range of major FAs in human milk at various lactation stages., Methods: A total of 12 papers involving 50 sets of data with 3507 participants were reviewed according to the PRISMA checklist and flow diagram. The inclusion criteria was the literatures had the FAs contents in breast milk of healthy lactation mothers at three lactation stages and the dietary patterns could be calculated. The exclusion criteria were: the studies were duplicates, were unrelated to dietary patterns or breast milk composition, and/or the study populations were unhealthy. We searched PubMed, the China National Knowledge Infrastructure, WanFang, and Web of science. Agency for Health Care Research and Quality (AHRQ) was used to assess the bias of studies. The mean values of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) including docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), arachidonic acid (AA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), α-linolenic acid (ALA), linoleic acid (LA), monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs), and saturated fatty acids (SFAs, including lauric acid and palmitic acid), in human milk at three lactation stages (colostrum 1-7 d, transitional milk 8-14 d, mature milk 15 d-3 mo) of healthy lactating women were investigated in terms of the high protein dietary pattern. Publication biases were evaluated by Egger's test., Results: According to the percentage in total fat of colostrum, transitional milk, and mature milk (% wt/wt), respectively, the results showed that PUFA (25.72%, 24.92%, and 22.69%), AA (0.85%, 0.76%, and 0.59%), DHA (0.53%, 0.47%, and 0.39%), EPA (0.15%, 0.10%, and 0.10%), and MUFA (37.39%, 37.21%, and 36.14%) contents in breast milk decreased with lactation, while another two PUFA forms, LA (17.47%, 17.82%, and 17.48%), and ALA (1.09%, 1.39%, and 1.24%) arrived at a peak in the transitional milk and then decreased in the mature milk, SFA (37.46%, 38.64%, and 40.52%), and lauric acid contents (2.78%, 4.91%, and 4.97%) increased with the lactation stages., Conclusion: These findings could shed light on the dynamic change progress of major FA metabolism, potentially enhancing the knowledge of lactation biology, and improving infant feeding practices to meet their needs., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Aqueous enzymatic extraction (AEE) of macauba pulp oil (MPO) was performed in this study with five commercial enzymatic pools. The chemical, nutritional, and thermal properties of the oils with high oil efficiency by AEE were evaluated and compared with mechanical pressing (MP) and organic solvent extraction (SE). Among the AEE processes, the pectinase pool (at pH 5.5 and 50 °C) exhibited the highest process efficiency (88.6 %). The oils presented low acidity values (0.4-3.1 %) and low molar absorptivities, indicating minimal oil degradation. Bioactive compounds, such as carotenoids, were found in MPO. The iodine index and the fatty acid profile of the oils revealed a high content of unsaturated fatty acids, particularly oleic and linoleic acids, with excellent nutritional scores, as evidenced by anti-atherogenicity and anti-thrombogenicity indices. These findings emphasized that AEE is an eco-friendly approach for extracting high-quality MPO with beneficial health compounds for food products., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Aims: The aim of this study was to reconstruct the evolutionary framework of the genus Umbelopsis by using modern taxonomic strategies and evaluating the quality of oil and prospective uses of three distinct species., Methods and Results: Three species of Umbelopsis were identified based on morphological characteristics and phylogenetic evidence obtained from three genes (ITS, LSU, and ACT). A new species of Umbelopsis was described and illustrated, and subsequently named U. ophiocordycipiticola. The characteristics of U. ophiocordycipiticola exhibited sporangia with a diameter ranging from 8 to 17 µm. and sporangiospores that were oval to ellipsoidal in shape, irregularly angular, with dimensions of ∼1.9-2.9 × 1.7-3.0 µm. Gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC-MS) were used to examine the composition of fatty acids. Notably, U. ophiocordycipiticola showed a significantly higher oil content of 50.89% in dry cell weight (DCW) compared to U. vinacea and U. ramanniana. The mean proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in U. ophiocordycipiticola was 32.38%, and the maximum levels of γ-linolenic acid (GLA), arachidonic acid (ARA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in U. ophiocordycipiticola were found to be 14.51, 0.24, 0.54, and 0.53%, respectively. The biodiesel quality from all three species complied with applicable standards set by the American Association for Testing and Materials (ASTM 6751) and the Brazilian National Petroleum Agency (ANP 255)., Conclusions: The establishment of a novel species, U. ophiocordycipiticola, was strongly supported by morphological and molecular evidence. Umbelopsis ophiocordycipiticola exhibited a high-value PUFA content. Additionally, three Umbelopsis species demonstrated good quality for biodiesel production., (© The Author(s) 2024. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Applied Microbiology International.)

Background: Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) have been shown to protect against fine particulate matter < 2.5 μ m in aerodynamic diameter ( PM 2.5 )-induced hazards. However, limited evidence is available for respiratory health, particularly in pregnant women and their offspring., Objectives: We aimed to investigate the association of prenatal exposure to PM 2.5 and its chemical components with allergic rhinitis (AR) in children and explore effect modification by maternal erythrocyte PUFAs., Methods: This prospective birth cohort study involved 657 mother-child pairs from Guangzhou, China. Prenatal exposure to residential PM 2.5 mass and its components [black carbon (BC), organic matter (OM), sulfate ( SO 4 2 - ), nitrate ( NO 3 - ), and ammonium ( NH 4 + )] were estimated by an established spatiotemporal model. Maternal erythrocyte PUFAs during pregnancy were measured using gas chromatography. The diagnosis of AR and report of AR symptoms in children were assessed up to 2 years of age. We used Cox regression with the quantile-based g-computation approach to assess the individual and joint effects of PM 2.5 components and examine the modification effects of maternal PUFA levels., Results: Approximately 5.33 % and 8.07% of children had AR and related symptoms, respectively. The average concentration of prenatal PM 2.5 was 35.50 ± 5.31   μ g / m 3 . PM 2.5 was positively associated with the risk of developing AR [hazard ratio ( HR ) = 1.85 ; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.16, 2.96 per 5   μ g / m 3 ] and its symptoms ( HR = 1.79 ; 95% CI: 1.22, 2.62 per 5   μ g / m 3 ) after adjustment for confounders. Similar associations were observed between individual PM 2.5 components and AR outcomes. Each quintile change in a mixture of components was associated with an adjusted HR of 3.73 (95% CI: 1.80, 7.73) and 2.69 (95% CI: 1.55, 4.67) for AR and AR symptoms, with BC accounting for the largest contribution. Higher levels of n-3 docosapentaenoic acid and lower levels of n-6 linoleic acid showed alleviating effects on AR symptoms risk associated with exposure to PM 2.5 and its components., Conclusion: Prenatal exposure to PM 2.5 and its chemical components, particularly BC, was associated with AR/symptoms in early childhood. We highlight that PUFA biomarkers could modify the adverse effects of PM 2.5 on respiratory allergy. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP13524.

Fatty acids (FAs) play important roles as membrane components and signal transduction molecules. Changes in short chain FA (SCFA) composition are associated with gut microbiota modifications. However, the effect of bacteria-driven changes on the detailed FA spectrum has not been explored yet. We investigated the effect of antibiotics (ABx) and/or probiotics, in four treatment groups on rat stool FA composition. Principal component analysis indicated that the chromatogram profiles of the treatment groups differ, which was also observed at different time points. Linear mixed effects models showed that in the parameters compared (sampling times, treatments. and their interactions), both the weight percentage and the concentration of FAs were affected by ABx and probiotic administration. This study found that the gut microbiome defines trans and branched saturated FAs, most saturated FAs, and unsaturated FAs with less carbon atoms. These results are among the first ones to demonstrate the restoring effects of a probiotic mixture on a substantial part of the altered total FA spectrum, and also revealed a previously unknown relationship between gut bacteria and a larger group of FAs. These findings suggest that intestinal bacteria produce not only SCFAs but also other FAs that may affect the host's physiological processes., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

According to ancient Chinese books, bear grease has the effects of strengthening muscles and bones, which is beneficial for weakness, but there is relatively little research on it. Thus, the extraction of it is beneficial for compensating for research in this area. In this study, a uniform experimental design method was used to optimize the extraction process of bear grease by enzymatic hydrolysis extraction, and the extraction rate can reach 81.89% under optimized extraction conditions. Furthermore, the components of bear grease obtained by this study were analyzed by GC-MS, and the results showed that ursolic oil was rich in unsaturated fatty acids (67.51%), which was higher than that of the traditional method (66.92%). The composition of bear grease extracted by the enzymatic method was also better than that extracted by the traditional method. In addition, bear grease obtained in this study had the obvious activity of promoting hair growth. The length, weight, and number of hair follicles in the depilation area of mice in the high-dose group were significantly different from those in the blank group ( p < 0.01). This study optimized the extraction process of bear grease and conducted a preliminary analysis of its fatty acid composition, which is expected to provide some reference for the development of the medicinal value of bear grease.

Oxylipins, small polar molecules derived from the peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), serve as biomarkers for many diseases and play crucial roles in human physiology and inflammation. Despite their significance, many non-enzymatic oxygenated metabolites of PUFAs (NEO-PUFAs) remain poorly reported, resulting in a lack of public datasets of experimental data and limiting their dereplication in further studies. To overcome this limitation, we constructed a high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) dataset comprising pure NEO-PUFAs (both commercial and self-synthesized) and in vitro free radical-induced oxidation of diverse PUFAs. By employing molecular networking techniques with this dataset and the existent ones in public repositories, we successfully mapped a wide range of NEO-PUFAs, expanding the strategies for annotating oxylipins, and NEO-PUFAs and offering a novel workflow for profiling these molecules in biological samples., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

This study analyzed ten fish species (three farmed and seven wild-caught) to determine their centesimal composition (assessed by AOAC methods) and lipid profile (analyzed by GC-MS). Notably, "tambatinga" (farmed) and "piraputanga" (wild-caught) stood out with 28.66 % and 26.44 % protein content and 2.32 % and 3.71 % lipid content, respectively. Across all species, oleic acid was the predominant fatty acid, followed by linoleic acid. The sum of PUFAs ranged from 17.84 % in "matrinchã" to 7.85 % in "piraputanga". SFA varied from 49.93 % in "tambacu" to 39.90 % in "matrinchã", while MUFAs ranged from 44.34 % in "palmito" to 38.39 % in "tambaqui". "Matrinchã" had the highest average ω6 acid content (16.83 %), while "cachara" had the highest average for ω3 acids (5.73 %). "Piraputanga". "cachara", and "pincachara" exhibited the lowest ω6 levels. The analysis shows that fish have excellent nutritional values (proximate compositions) with few differences between species. "Pacu", "matrinchã", and "cachara" (wild-caught) demonstrated positive attributes, while "pincachara" (farmed) exhibited the highest nutritional quality in terms of fatty acid fraction. Based on quality indices (H/H), "pacu", "matrinchã" and "pincachara" are recommended choices for a healthy diet. This study adds valuable insights into the nutritional composition of fish species, which is essential for promoting regional development and local aquaculture., (© 2024 Wiley-VHCA AG, Zurich, Switzerland.)

A number of studies have focused on the evaluation of the relationship between pre-pregnancy overweight and polyunsaturated fatty acids content in human milk. However, given the complexity of potentially confounding risk factors, the use of graphical tools is recommended to identify possible biases. This article aims to propose a theoretical model of causality using the directed acyclic graph between pre-pregnancy overweight and polyunsaturated fatty acids content in human milk. Methods: An extensive literature review was performed to identify variables with causal relationships with exposure and/or outcome. The choice of variables for adjustment followed the graphic algorithm that comprises six criteria for selecting a minimum set of potentially confounding variables. Socioeconomic conditions, interpartum interval, maternal age and food consumption pattern were the variables that would have to be adjusted in order to estimate the total effect of pre-pregnancy overweight on polyunsaturated fatty acids content in human milk. The minimum set of variables found in the present study can be used in the analysis of other studies that evaluate this association.

Rice bran (RB) and rice bran oil (RBO) are exploring as prominent food component worldwide and their compositional variation is being varied among the world due to regional and production process. In this study, Fermented Rice Bran (FRB) was produced by employing edible gram-positive bacteria (Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus bulgaricus and Bifidobacterium bifidum) at 125×10 5 spore g -1 of rice bran, and investigated to evaluate nutritional quality. The Crude Rice Bran Oil (CRBO) was extracted from RB and its quality was also investigated compared to market available rice bran oil (MRBO) in Bangladesh. We found that fermentation of rice bran with lactic acid bacteria increased total proteins (29.52%), fat (5.38%), ash (48.47%), crude fiber (38.96%), and moisture (61.04%) and reduced the carbohydrate content (36.61%). We also found that essential amino acids (Threonine, valine, leucine, lysine, histidine and phenylalanine) and non-essential amino acids (alanine, aspartate, glycine, glutamine, serine and tyrosine) were increased in FRB except methionine and proline. Moreover, total phenolic content, tannin content, flavonoid content and antioxidant activity were increased in FRB. The RBO analysis showed that γ-oryzanol content (10.00 mg/g) were found in CRBO compared to MRBO (ranging 7.40 to 12.70 mg/g) and Vitamin-E content 0.20% were found higher in CRBO compared to MRBO (ranging 0.097 to 0.12%). The total saturated (25.16%) and total unsaturated fatty acids (74.44%) were found in CRBO whereas MRBO contained total saturated (22.08 to 24.13%) and total unsaturated fatty acids (71.91 to 83.29%) respectively. The physiochemical parameters (density, refractive index, iodine value) were found satisfactory in all sample except acid value and peroxide value higher in CRBO. Heavy metal concentration was found within an acceptable range in both CRBO and MRBO. Thus FRB and RBO could be value added food supplement for human health.

The aim of this paper was to determine the influence of ripening of semi-hard goat cheese in oil (mixture of Mljet's extra-virgin olive oil and refined sunflower oil; 50:50) on its physicochemical composition and sensory properties, as well as to determine the optimal time of immersion of the cheese in oil. Five batches of cheeses were produced, and the cheeses of the same batch were randomly divided into 3 groups according to the ripening method: (1) ripening in air (control group, treatment 1), (2) ripening in oil after 10 d of ripening in air (treatment 2), (3) ripening in oil after 20 d of ripening in air (treatment 3). Cheeses were sampled during ripening at d 0, 10, 20, 30, 45, and 60, and physicochemical analyses were performed. Oil as a ripening medium for cheese prevented water loss from the cheese (groups 2 and 3), and the significantly lowest contents of dry matter, protein, fat, saturated fatty acids (SFA), unsaturated fatty acids (UFA), oleic acid, and salt were found in group 2. Group 3 had the highest contents of fat, SFA, UFA, and oleic acid. Prolonged ripening of the cheese in air before immersion in oil resulted in greater water loss and the formation of such cheese structure that allowed oil to penetrate the cheese. Water retention and oil penetration into the cheese altered the physicochemical composition of the goat cheese, having a significantly positive effect on the sensory characteristics, particularly color, texture, and taste, allowing the cheese to be consumed even when goat milk is not produced due to seasonality., (© 2023, The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. and Fass Inc. on behalf of the American Dairy Science Association®. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).)

Polyunsaturated fatty acids are critically important for newborn nutrition and in the trajectory of growth and developmental processes throughout early life. This systematic review (PROSPERO ID: CRD42023400059) critically analyzes literature pertaining to how omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids in human milk are related to health outcomes in early life. Literature selected for the review were published between 2005 and 2020 and included assessments in healthy term children between 0 and 5 years of age. The studies reported the relation between human milk fatty acids docosahexaenoic acid (C22:6 n -3, DHA), eicosapentaenoic acid (C20:5 n -3, EPA), alpha-linolenic acid (C18:3 n -3, ALA), arachidonic acid (C20:4 n -6, AA), and linoleic acid (C18:2 n -6, LA) with three domains of health outcomes: neurodevelopment, body composition, and allergy, skin & eczema. Results from the 21 studies consistently suggested better health outcomes across the three domains for infants consuming milk with higher concentrations of total n -3, DHA, EPA, and ALA. Negative health outcomes across the three domains were associated with higher levels of total n -6, AA, and LA in milk. N -3 and n -6 content of milk were related to neurodevelopmental, body composition, and allergy, skin & eczema outcomes with moderate certainty. Maternal diet impacting milk fatty acid content and fatty acid desaturase genotype modifying physiologic responses to fatty acid intake were prominent gaps identified in the review using the NIH Quality Assessment Tool for Observational Cohort and Cross-Sectional Studies and GRADE approach. This research study can inform baby nutrition product development, and fatty acid intake recommendations or dietary interventions for mothers and children.

Objective: To analyze fatty acid composition of milk and dairy products sold in Yinchuan City, and to evaluate their nutritional value., Methods: Twenty-two types of milk and dairy products were collected in 2022-2023, including 14 types produced in Ningxia and 8 types not produced in Ningxia. Fatty acids were determined and analyzed according to the first method of National Standard for Food Safety Determination of fatty acids in Food(GB 5009.168-2016). The fatty acid polyunsaturated index(PI), atherogenic index(AI) and thrombosis index(TI) were used to evaluate the nutritional value of milk and dairy products., Results: There were 25 kinds of fatty acids in milk and dairy products produced in Ningxia, which were more than those not produced in Ningxia. The main saturated fatty acids(SFA)were palmitic acid(30.14%-42.57%), the main monounsaturated fatty acids(MUFA)were oleic acid(15.45%-25.21%), the main polyunsaturated fatty acids(PUFA)were linoleic acid(1.79%-9.37%), the content of α-linolenic acid was 0.04%-0.95%, n-3 PUFA was 0.14%-0.95%. Oleic acid of adult milk powder, sheep milk powder, pure milk and Ningxia wolfberry milk were higher than others, linoleic acid of adult milk powder and walnut milk were higher than others. The value of oleic acid and linoleic acid of Ningxia pure milk was higher than that in imported pure milk, and the value of n-6 PUFA/n-3 PUFA was much lower than that in imported pure milk. The content of oleic acid and linoleic acid in Ningxia wolfberry milk was close to that of pure milk, higher than that of children&apos;s milk, and the total fat content was lower than that of children&apos;s milk. The n-6 PUFA/n-3 PUFA ratio of concentrated milk, walnut milk, sweet milk, pure milk, Ningxia wolfberry milk, adult milk powder 1, sheep milk powder was close to the ideal intake value of dietary fatty acids recommended by the Chinese Nutrition Society. Except for low-fat pure milk, ice cream yogurt, imported pure milk, children&apos;s milk 1, adult milk powder 1 and sheep milk powder, the n-6 PUFA/n-3 PUFA ratio of other milk and dairy products in Ningxia were close to the recommended value of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and World Health Organization. SFA∶MUFA∶PUFA was(1.99-4.23) ∶1∶(0.08-0.38), PI range: 1.87-11.27, AI range: 1.67-4.32, TI range: 2.34-5.76., Conclusion: The fatty acid composition of 22 types of milk and dairy products in Yinchuan City was different, and the nutrition was slightly different.

Objective: Comparative analysis of two method for determining fat and analysis of fatty acid content in tea samples., Methods: The content of freefatand total fat in tea was determined by Soxhlet extraction method and acid hydrolysis method, and the content of fatty acids were determined by gas chromatography. The composition and content of fatty acids in 21 tea samples from 5 regions were analyzed., Results: The freefat content of tea determined by Soxhlet extraction method was significantly lower than that determined by acid hydrolysis method. The totalfat content in tea determined by acid hydrolysis method was consistent with the total amount of fatty acids determined by gas chromatography, and their content conformed to the logical relationshipsimultaneously. The totalfat content in tea ranged from 0.6 to 4.1 g/100 g, which in green tea, white tea, yellow tea, and black tea were 2.2, 1.8, 1.6 and 0.6 g/100 g, respectively. The content of free fat in tea was less than 58%, with 42%-80% of the fat existing in a bound form. The fatty acids in tea were mainly unsaturated fatty acids, accounting for 67.52%-99.03% of the total fatty acids. There were differences in the composition of fatty acids in different types of tea, with the proportion of unsaturated fatty acids in yellow tea accounting for 98.84% of the total fatty acids, which was significantly higher than that of green tea, white tea, and black tea. The fatty acids with high content in green tea(except Tang chi xiaolan tea, Bawangjian green tea and Liuxi yuye tea)were α-linoleic acid, linoleic acid, and palmitic acid., Conclusion: Theacid hydrolysis method is more suitable for the determination of fat in tea samples. The composition and content of fat and fatty acids in tea vary depending onfactors such as the type of tea and the degree of fermentation.

Banana fruit is highly vulnerable to chilling injury (CI) during cold storage, which results in quality deterioration and commodity reduction. The purpose of this study was to investigate the membrane lipid metabolism mechanism underlying low temperature-induced CI in banana fruit. Chilling temperature significantly induced CI symptoms in banana fruit, compared to control temperature (22 °C). Using physiological experiments and transcriptomic analyses, we found that chilling temperature (7 °C) increased CI index, malondialdehyde content, and cell membrane permeability. Additionally, chilling temperature upregulated the genes encoding membrane lipid-degrading enzymes, such as lipoxygenase (LOX), phospholipase D (PLD), phospholipase C (PLC), phospholipase A (PLA), and lipase, but downregulated the genes encoding fatty acid desaturase (FAD). Moreover, chilling temperature raised the activities of LOX, PLD, PLC, PLA, and lipase, inhibited FAD activity, lowered contents of unsaturated fatty acids (USFAs) (γ-linolenic acid and linoleic acid), phosphatidylcholine, and phosphatidylinositol, but retained higher contents of saturated fatty acids (SFAs) (stearic acid and palmitic acid), free fatty acids, phosphatidic acid, lysophosphatidic acid, diacylglycerol, a lower USFAs index, and a lower ratio of USFAs to SFAs. Together, these results revealed that chilling temperature-induced chilling injury of bananas were caused by membrane integrity damage and were associated with the enzymatic and genetic manipulation of membrane lipid metabolism. These activities promoted the degradation of membrane phospholipids and USFAs in fresh bananas during cold storage., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Oxylipins and their precursors (long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, LCPUFAs) are key intercellular signaling molecules influencing the inflammatory response. Each oxylipin has pro- and/or anti-inflammatory effects, and the relative abundance of different oxylipins can alter the inflammatory balance, making it important to clarify the oxylipin profile of breast milk for optimal infant health. The extraction, identification, and simultaneous quantification of oxylipins in breast milk are challenging due to the structural similarity, limited stability, and the low endogenous concentration of oxylipins and the complex matrix of breast milk. This study aimed to develop a solid phase extraction-ultra high performance liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry (SPE-UPLC-MS/MS) method for the comprehensive and specific quantification of oxylipins and their precursors in breast milk. The LC conditions (including column, mobile phase, and gradient conditions) and SPE procedure (including SPE cartridges, elution solvent, and elution volume) were optimized to achieve accurate quantification and better analyte recovery. A single 18-minute chromatographic run allows for the quantification of 20 oxylipins and 5 PUFAs. The results showed good linearity (R 2  > 0.99) over the concentration range of 2 to 100 ng/mL, with the instrument detection limits ranging from 0.01 to 0.90 ng/mL for oxylipins and 0.02 to 0.59 ng/mL for PUFAs. The method is rapid, sensitive, and reproducible (RSD ≤ 10%) and is suitable for the quantitative analysis of oxylipins and their precursors in infant formula samples., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

Unsaturated fatty acid isomers and odd- and branched-chain fatty acids (OBCFAs) in milk triacylglycerols (TAGs) can be quantitated using gas chromatography (GC), providing access to biomarkers of animal species, breeds, diet, geographic origin, and environmental conditions. Such analysis requires expensive cyanopropyl siloxane or ionic liquid columns of at least 50 m in length, which increases the elution time. Aiming to use GC for cheese authentication and characterization while keeping the experiment time short and maintaining a good separation between fatty acid (FA) isomers, we considered using a 30 m polyethylene glycol-2-nitroterephthalate column. The FAs thus quantitated allowed the discovery of specific biomarkers for the origins of cheese varieties highly consumed in several countries. In addition, the simple and multivariate correlations we found between FAs in the cheese TAG matrix were alternative means for characterization and authentication purposes., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

In the study, 336 broiler chickens were selected to explore dietary effects of different β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (HMB) levels (0 (control), 0.05, 0.10, and 0.15%) on the compositions of fatty acids and free amino acids, and lipid metabolism in the different muscles of broilers. In the breast muscle, dietary HMB supplementation hardly affected the free amino acid composition (P > 0.05). Compared to the control group, dietary 0.10 and 0.15% HMB supplementation decreased the content of C18:1n9c and thus the monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA), and dietary 0.15% HMB supplementation increased the sum of saturated fatty acids (SFA) (P < 0.05). Moreover, compared to the control group, dietary 0.05 and 0.10% HMB increased the mRNA expression of proliferator activated receptor-γ and the activity of fatty acid synthase (FAS), and dietary 0.10% HMB increased the acetyl-CoA carboxylase activity (P < 0.05). In the leg muscle, dietary 0.10 and 0.15% HMB increased the MUFA content and decreased the polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) content, the PUFA to SFA ratio, the mRNA expression of sterol regulatory element binding proteins-1c, and the activities of acyl-CoA oxidase 1 and acetyl-CoA synthetase (P < 0.05). Moreover, dietary 0.10% HMB decreased the activities of hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase 1 and FAS in comparison to the control group (P < 0.05). Dietary 0.05% HMB decreased the contents of essential amino acids and nonessential amino acids (NEAA), and dietary 0.15% HMB decreased the NEAA content (P < 0.05). In summary, dietary 0.10% HMB supplementation had superior efficiency on lipogenesis in the breast muscle of broilers. However, dietary HMB supplementation, especially at the level of 0.05 and 0.15%, decreased meat nutritional values and the lipogenesis in leg muscles., (Copyright © 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

To understand the ultra-early reaction of normal organ lipids during irradiation, we investigated the response of lipids, including polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) chains, which are particularly susceptible to damage by ROS, in mice's kidneys, lungs, brains, and livers within 5 min of single high-dose irradiation. In this study, we set up three groups of C56BL/6 male mice and conducted whole-body irradiation with 0 Gy, 10 Gy, and 20 Gy single doses. Kidney, lung, brain, and liver tissues were collected within 5 min of irradiation. PUFA-targeted and whole lipidomic analyses were conducted using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The results showed that PUFA chains of kidney phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), and triacylglycerol (TG) significantly increased within 5 min of 10 Gy and 20 Gy irradiation. The main components of increased PUFA chains in PC and PE were C18:2, C20:4, and C22:6, and in TG the main component was C18:2. The kidney lipidomes also showed significant changes from the perspective of lipid species, mainly dominated by an increase in PC, PE, TG, and signal lipids, while lipidomes of the lung, brain, and liver were slightly changed. Our results revealed that acute PUFA chains increase and other lipidomic changes in the kidney upon whole-body irradiation within 5 min of irradiation. The significantly increased lipids also showed a consistent preference for possessing PUFA chains. The lipidomic changes varied from organ to organ, which indicates that the response upon irradiation within a short time is tissue-specific.

Fatty acids (FAs) are important regulators of immune responses and innate defense mechanisms. We hypothesized that disturbed FA metabolism could contribute to the progression of HIV infection. Plasma levels of 45 FAs were analyzed with gas chromatography in healthy controls and HIV-infected patients with regard to Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) infection. In vitro, we assessed MAC-PPD-induced release of inflammatory cytokines in peripheral and bone marrow mononuclear cells (PBMC and BMMC) according to levels of n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). While plasma saturated FAs were higher in HIV infection, PUFAs, and in particular the n-6 PUFA arachidonic acid (AA), were lower in patients with advanced disease. The ratio between AA and precursor dihomo-γ-linolenic acid, reflecting Δ5-desaturase activity, was markedly lower and inversely correlated with plasma HIV RNA levels in these patients. Depletion of AA was observed prior to MAC infection, and MAC-PPD-induced release of TNF and IL-6 in PBMC and BMMC was lower in patients with low plasma AA. Our findings suggest that dysregulated metabolism of n-6 PUFAs may play a role in the progression of HIV infection. While high AA may contribute to chronic inflammation in asymptomatic HIV-infected patients, low AA seems to increase the susceptibility to MAC infection in patients with advanced disease.

Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are vital for brain development, yet limited knowledge exists regarding PUFA intake during complementary feeding (CF) and its impact on neurodevelopmental outcomes in very low birth weight (VLBW) infants. This secondary analysis of a randomized intervention trial, aimed to investigate the association between dietary intake of total PUFAs, arachidonic acid (AA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) during CF and neurodevelopmental outcomes at 12 and 24 months of corrected age (CA). Dietary intakes were assessed using monthly 3 day dietary protocols from 3 to 12 months CA. Neurodevelopmental outcome was evaluated using the Bayley Scales of Infant Development-III. Among the 177 randomized patients, PUFA intake and neurodevelopmental outcomes were evaluated in 140 (79%) infants. Higher total PUFA and DHA intakes significantly correlated with improved cognitive and motor function at 12 months CA, while increased AA intake notably enhanced motor scores at 12 months CA. However, median dietary intakes of AA and DHA (AA: 53.50-84.25 mg/d; DHA: 51.47-76.23 mg/d) fell short of recommended levels (AA: 140 mg/d; DHA: 100 mg/d) at any of the investigated timepoints. These findings emphasize the need to enhance total PUFA, DHA and AA intakes during CF, ensuring adherence to guidelines and unlocking the potential to improve neurodevelopmental outcomes in VLBW infants.

Lipids serve many roles in the neural system, from synaptic stabilization and signaling to DNA regulation and neuroprotection. They also regulate inflammatory responses, maintain cellular membrane structure, and regulate the homeostatic balance of ions and signaling molecules. An imbalance of lipid subgroups is implicated in the progression of many retinal diseases, such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD), retinitis pigmentosa, and diabetic retinopathy, and diet can play a key role in influencing these diseases' onset, progression, and severity. A special class of lipids termed very-long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (VLC-PUFAs) is found exclusively in mammalian vertebrate retinas and a few other tissues. They comprise <2% of fatty acids in the retina and are depleted in the retinas of patients with diseases like diabetic retinopathy and AMD. However, the implications of the reduction in VLC-PUFA levels are poorly understood. Dietary supplementation studies and ELOVL4 transgene studies have had positive outcomes. However, much remains to be understood about their role in retinal health and the potential for targeted therapies against retinal disease.

Background: The accumulation of lipids in egg yolk during its formation represents a knowledge gap between food science and animal science research to which researchers in either field have not paid sufficient attention. Therefore, the egg yolk samples during different periods of formation (yellow follicle, YF; small hierarchical follicles, SF; and the largest hierarchical follicle, LF) were prepared, and their fatty acid compositions and lipidomes were quantitatively compared., Results: The fatty acid profiles and lipidomes of egg yolks at the three stages of formation were significantly different. The relative content of oleic acid and palmitic acid were increased, but that of the main polyunsaturated fatty acids (linoleic acid, linolenic acid and docosahexaenoic acid) was decreased in the SF period to the LF period. Among the 786 lipid molecular species identified, 150 and 46 differentially abundant lipids (DALs) were identified in the pairwise comparison of YF/SF (early stage of egg yolk formation) and SF/LF (late stage of egg yolk formation), respectively. Triglycerides and diglycerides, represented by TG(14:0/18:1/20:1) and DG(18:1/18:1/0:0), were decreased, whereas free fatty acids (especially free unsaturated fatty acids) were greatly increased during yolk formation. The changes in phospholipids were complex; the relative abundance of phosphatidylcholine [represented by PC(18:0/22:5)] decreased, whereas phosphatidylethanolamine [represented by PE(18:0/18:0)] increased. In addition, the relative abundance of lysophosphatidylcholine [represented by LPC(18:1/0:0)] was increased during egg yolk formation., Conclusion: The transport and accumulation of lipids into the egg yolk is dynamically adjusted during its formation, and the transport and timing of different lipid molecular species are different. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry., (© 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.)

Proanthocyanidins (PAC) can modulate the fatty acid (FA) profile of animal products and make them healthier for human consumption, but their effects are highly variable depending on several factors such as PAC chemical structure or dose. The present experiment aimed to evaluate the effect of PAC on the milk FA profile of Rasa Aragonesa ewes fed fresh sainfoin (PAC-containing forage legume) during the rearing period of suckling lambs (4 weeks postlambing). Twenty lactating ewes rearing a single male lamb were fed fresh sainfoin ad libitum plus 200 g/d of barley. Half the ewes were orally dosed with 100 mL of water (Sainfoin Group; n = 10) and the other half with polyethylene glycol (50 g PEG4000/100 mL water, Sainfoin + PEG Group; n = 10) to block PAC effects. Sainfoin and milk samples were collected weekly to determine their FA profile by gas chromatography. Fresh sainfoin contents of C18:3n-3 decreased from week 1 to week 2, C16:0 and C18:0 increased from week 1 to week 3, and C18:2n-6 did not change. Regarding milk FA, there were minor effects of PAC on milk-saturated FA. During the whole study, the presence of PAC increased C18:0, C18:2n-6, C18:3n-3 and total polyunsaturated FA (PUFA) n-6 and n-3, and decreased C18:1 t11, branched- and odd-chain FA. However, the decrease of milk concentrations of trans-monounsaturated FA, C18:1 t10, and total conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and the increase of total PUFA due to the presence of PAC occurred only in week 1, while CLA c9,t11 was lower during weeks 1 and 2. The canonical analyses confirmed the differences between treatments in the FA profile of milk. Overall, the use of fresh sainfoin in the diet of lactating ewes resulted in a beneficial modification of the concentration of several milk FAs, suggesting some changes in ruminal biohydrogenation., (Published by Elsevier B.V.)

Objective: To determine whether the levels of sperm very long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (VLC-PUFAs) are correlated with sperm parameters and the outcome of live birth after conventional therapy for unexplained infertility., Design: Cohort analysis of the Reproductive Medicine Network's Assessment of Multiple Intrauterine Gestations from Ovarian Stimulation randomized controlled trial., Setting: Multicenter randomized controlled trial., Patients: Male partners from 185 couples with unexplained infertility who provided baseline semen samples for analysis., Intervention: We determined the levels of VLC-PUFAs in total lipid isolated from sperm membranes using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry analyses., Main Outcome Measures: Sperm concentration, motility, morphology, total motile count (TMC), and live birth after standard treatment for unexplained infertility., Results: Total VLC-PUFA percentage was positively correlated with sperm concentration (Spearman's rank correlation (r s ) 0.56, P<.0001), TMC (r s = 0.40, P<.0001), and morphology (r s = 0.26, P=.0005). After adjustment for male body mass index, age, and race, a one-standard-deviation increase in the percentage of total VLC-PUFA was associated with a 62% increase in the geometric mean (GM) of sperm concentration (GM Ratio: 1.62 [95% confidence intervals {CI}: 1.45, 1.82]) and a 43% increase in the geometric mean of TMC (GM Ratio: 1.43 [95% CI; 1.24, 1.63]). Although no evidence of association was observed for sperm motility, a positive relationship was also observed between the percentage of total VLC-PUFA and sperm morphology [adjusted incidence rate ratio (IRR) for one-standard-deviation increase in total VLC-PUFA: 1.18 (95% CI; 1.02, 1.36)]. After adjustment for female age and treatment group, the probability of a live birth outcome was 72% more likely among those in the third tertile of hydroxylated VLC-PUFA percentage than in the first tertile (RR 1.72 [95% CI; 1.01, 2.94])., Conclusions: The positive correlation between sperm VLC-PUFAs percentage and sperm parameters, as well as the significant association between hydroxylated VLC-PUFA percentage and the outcome of live birth, strongly suggest that this class of fatty liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry acids is essential for normal sperm structure and function., (Published by Elsevier Inc.)

Background: Unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs) of bone marrow play a critical role in osteoporosis. However, it is difficult to resolve the UFA, especially in the presence of trabecular bone, using conventional magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) methods., Purpose: To preliminarily compare the bone marrow fatty acids (FAs) composition in the presence of trabecular bone of postmenopausal osteoporosis (PMOP) and healthy controls (HC)., Study Type: Prospective., Subjects: Total thirty-six postmenopausal women were recruited with CT-confirmed PMOP (n = 19) and HC (n = 17)., Field Strength/sequences: A 3 T scanner. Localized 2D intermolecular double-quantum coherence-based MRS (iDQC-MRS)., Assessment: In addition to the conventional water and fat peaks, another four crossing peaks of the FAs were well resolved from the L4 vertebral bone marrow using iDQC-MRS technique: allylic methylene (2.0 ppm), terminal methylene (2.2 ppm), diallylic methylene (2.7 ppm), and olefinic (5.3 ppm). The monounsaturated fatty acids (MOFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) were then calculated., Statistical Tests: Differences between PMOP and HC were investigated using the analysis of a t-test, and the relationships were investigated using regression analysis., Results: MOFAs and PUFAs fractions were significantly lower in the PMOP group compared to the HC group. In contrast, the saturated FAs fraction is significantly higher in the PMOP group. Additionally, decreased PUFAs, MOFAs were moderately negatively correlated with the volumetric bone mineral density (vBMD) in the PMOP group. Furthermore, increased SFAs in PMOP were strongly associated with vBMD., Data Conclusion: Using spectra resolution enhanced 2D iDQC-MRS technique, we observed low unsaturated FAs levels in the vertebral bone marrow of the PMOP patients. The reduced unsaturated FAs levels in PMOP may be associated with dysfunction of the balance between osteoblastogenesis and osteoclastogenesis., Technical Efficacy Stage: 1., (© 2022 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.)

This study evaluated the effect of the dietary inclusion of whole pomegranate by-product (WPB) on lamb flavour. Seventeen Comisana male lambs (body weight 14.82 kg ± 2 kg) were assigned to 2 treatments. During 36-day feeding trial, the control group (n = 8) received a conventional concentrate diet; the other group (n = 9) received a concentrate diet containing 200 g/kg (dry matter) of WPB, replacing part of barley and corn. After slaughter, fatty acids were determined in raw meat, while volatile organic compounds, SMart nose, and sensory traits were analysed in cooked meat. The concentrations of total polyunsaturated fatty acids, vaccenic and rumenic acid were higher in WPB meat. Most of volatile compounds that arise from lipid degradation (i.e., aldehydes, alcohols, ketones, and hydrocarbons) were found at higher concentrations in the WPB meat than in the control, except for 2-pentanone that was greater in control meat. Although SMart nose clearly discriminated between dietary treatments, consumer panel did not detect differences in meat flavour., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest None., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)