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Psychopathy is found to be associated with aggression. However, the role of "understanding the mental states of others" in this relation is not clearly understood yet. The current study aimed to increase our understanding of a specific ability of understanding the mental state of others, namely recognizing a faux pas, and understand the relation of this "social misstep" in self-reported aggressive behavior. The sample consisted of 105 individuals from the community (both males and females) who were tested with the Faux Pas test and several self-report questionnaires assessing triarchic psychopathic personality traits and aggression. We found a positive relationship between the triarchic constructs and self-reported proactive and reactive aggression. Additionally, although all psychopathy constructs were negatively related to self-reported empathy, only the boldness trait was negatively associated with faux pas recognition. No mediation effect of faux pas on the relation between psychopathy and aggression was found. Current findings underline the importance of differentiating different Theory of Mind and empathic abilities in relation to psychopathy and aggression, which is essential to develop effective interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article revisits French sociologist Marcel Mauss' notion of 'techniques of the body' to analyze the emergence of corporeal and behavioral norms instituted to prevent the spread of the coronavirus pandemic. Centering its analysis on the early stages of COVID's global spread, the article examines a range of everyday, micro-practices that reveal how the pandemic changed our awareness, uses, and assessments of our own and others' bodies. In a context where to not touch was to care, people often struggled to find a balance between maintaining social civility and sustaining collective health. Failure to adapt the body to pandemic conditions, or instances of COVID faux-pas, resulted in discomfort, embarrassment, or annoyance on the part of those who perceived this behavior as irresponsible, dangerous, and selfish. Changing bodily practices thus became subject to judgment in ways that sometimes obscured the uneven distribution of risk and protection afforded to differently privileged or vulnerable human communities as they grappled with the uncertain phenomenologies of pandemic living and dying. COVID-19 corporealities, both fleshly and virtual, thus reveal the conjoined articulation of the social, biological, cultural, moral, and psychological in our bodily movements, expressions, and assessments. In contrast to Mauss' theorization, many techniques of the body in the Covidscape were experienced as new, contextual, shifting, and improvised. They spoke to necessity and challenge of articulating a different relationship to the world and to others, enacted in the minute and mundane practices of everyday life, through which macro-level processes and forces are embodied and evaluated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the Supreme Court's decision in Unicolors, Inc. v. H&M Hennes & Mauritz, L.P., highlighting the implications for copyright registration and infringement in the textile industry. Topics include the fast fashion industry's speed of production, the validity of copyright registration, and the influence of the Court's ruling on copyright practices, including the rise of copyright trolls and the need for improvements in the registration process.

Speech-acts can have literal meaning as well as pragmaticmeaning, but these both involve consequences typically in-tended by a speaker. Speech-acts can also have unintentionalmeaning, in which what is conveyed goes above and beyondwhat was intended. Here, we present a Bayesian analysis ofhow, to a listener, the meaning of an utterance can significantlydiffer from a speaker’s intended meaning. Our model em-phasizes how comprehending the intentional and unintentionalmeaning of speech-acts requires listeners to engage in sophisti-cated model-based perspective-taking and reasoning about thehistory of the state of the world, each other’s actions, and eachother’s observations. To test our model, we have human partic-ipants make judgments about vignettes where speakers makeutterances that could be interpreted as intentional insults or un-intentional faux pas. In elucidating the mechanics of speech-acts with unintentional meanings, our account provides insightinto how communication both functions and malfunctions.

Objective Impairment of executive functions (EF) has been documented for decades in patients with alcohol use disorders (AUD), while more recent studies have also reported impaired theory of mind. Both have been associated with negative outcomes, particularly a high risk of relapse. However, the interrelatedness of EF and theory of mind impairments remains subject to debate. Method About 19 AUD outpatients and 20 healthy controls (HC) were asked to complete measures of motor inhibition, mental flexibility, and updating to assess EF, and the faux pas test to assess theory of mind. Results As expected, patients' mean performances on EF and faux pas measures were poorer than those of HC. Correlational analyses revealed that executive processes were differentially related to faux pas subscores. Additional single-case analyses corroborated the strong association between EF and faux pas interpretation, as patients with AUD mostly had congruent performances (i.e. both EF and faux pas impaired or both EF and faux pas preserved). Conclusions This study highlights the interrelatedness of EF and faux pas performances in AUD, but also emphasizes the incomplete overlap of the cognitive processes involved in these tasks, with heterogeneous patterns of association. Based on these findings, tailored cognitive rehabilitation programs that simultaneously target EF and faux pas recognition could be developed to favor patients' social inclusion and reduce the risk of relapse. Results also argue in favor of systematic screening for EF and theory of mind impairments among AUD patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Displays of ostentation were regarded as manly faux pas in nineteenth-century Guatemala City, a perspective shared by men of different ethnic and class origins, though gender norms were seldom uniformly enforced. When the Guatemalan export economy collapsed and a social crisis ensued in 1897, critics of the government blamed the excess and luxury of President José María Reyna Barrios for the economic turmoil. They argued that the president lacked manly self-restraint and had succumbed to his own vanity and sexual licentiousness. The emasculation of Reyna Barrios demonstrates how the boundaries of permissible gendered actions were constrained during a period of upheaval. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Social functioning is often impaired in the ultra-high-risk (UHR) phase of psychosis. There is some evidence that empathy is also impaired in this phase and that these impairments may underlie difficulties in social functioning. The main aim of this study was to investigate whether cognitive and affective empathy are lower in people in the UHR phase of psychosis in comparison to healthy controls, and whether possible impairments have the same magnitude as in people with schizophrenia. A second aim was to examine whether there is a relationship between empathy and social functioning in individuals in the UHR phase. Method: Forty-three individuals at UHR for psychosis, 92 people with a schizophrenia spectrum disorder, and 49 persons without a psychiatric disorder completed the Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI), Questionnaire of Cognitive and Affective Empathy (QCAE), and Faux Pas as instruments to measure empathy. The Time Use survey was used to measure social functioning. MAN(C)OVA was used to analyse differences between groups on empathy and social functioning, and correlations were calculated between empathy measures and social functioning for each group. Results: The UHR group presented significantly lower levels of self-reported cognitive empathy than the healthy controls, but not compared to patients with SSD, while performance-based cognitive empathy was unimpaired in the UHR group. On the affective measures, we found that people with UHR and patients with SSD had significantly higher levels of self-reported distress in interpersonal settings compared to healthy controls. In the UHR group, perspective-taking was negatively associated with time spent on structured social activities. In the SSD group, we found that structured social activities were positively associated with perspective-taking and negatively associated with personal distress in interactions with others. Lastly, in people without mental illness, social activities were positively associated with performance-based perspective-taking. Conclusion: Impairments in subjective cognitive empathy appear to be present in the UHR phase, suggesting that difficulties in interpreting the thoughts and feelings of others precede the onset of psychotic disorders. This can inform future interventions in the UHR phase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introducción: La teoría de la mente (ToM) es una de las dimensiones de la Cognición Social más relevantes y de gran interés para la investigación en psicología del desarrollo, psicología cognitiva, neuropsicología y neurociencias sociales, así como en la labor clínica. Esto ha conllevado a la generación de instrumentos validados para la evaluación de esta función; sin embargo, en español son pocos los que hay y aún menos los adaptados para población infantil y adolescente. Objetivo: En el presente trabajo se presenta la adaptación de la Batería de la ToM, el inventario de la ToM, el Test de Paso en Falso y el Test de la Mirada, cuatro instrumentos con tareas clásicas para evaluar la ToM. Método: El proceso de adaptación se hizo en dos fases, una de traducción al español y otra de adaptación cultural. Para verificar los resultados se hizo un pilotaje para todos los instrumentos con 20 participantes en edades entre 4 y 13 años y 20 participantes entre 6 y 17 años. Resultados: Se presentan los cuatro instrumentos adaptados en español con los principales ajustes en cada uno de ellos. Discusión: Se discute sobre la importancia de generar un protocolo de valoración de la ToM haciendo una validación estadística de estos instrumentos.

The objective is to evaluate the processes of social cognition related to mind theory and executive functions in religious leaders of three doctrines. The study is cross-sectional and comparative. The instruments used were the Test of the Gaze, the Test of Paw Meets or Intentional Social Errors of the original "Faux Pass" and the Empathy Quotient to evaluate social cognition and Mind Theory. The results show differences in cognitive processes and executive functions between doctrinal groups. It concludes about the importance of research for the understanding of cognitive processes in religious leaders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Little is known about executive functions (EFs) associated with advanced theory of mind (ToM) abilities. We aimed to determine if advanced ToM abilities were reduced in individuals with subclinical traits of autism spectrum disorder (ASD), known as the "Broader Autism Phenotype" (BAP), and identify the EFs that predicted unimpaired performance on an advanced ToM task, the faux pas test. We assessed 29 participants (13 males) with the BAP who were relatives of children with ASD. Thirteen participants showed reduced ability to understand a faux pas. A discriminant function analysis correctly classified 79% of cases as impaired or unimpaired, with high sensitivity (80%) and specificity (77%), which was best predicted by language‐mediated EFs, including verbal generativity, working memory, cognitive inhibition, and flexibility. Autism Res 2020, 13: 921‐934. © 2019 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Lay Summary: Little is known about the complex cognitive processes that enable accurate interpretation of another person's thoughts and emotions, known as "theory of mind." In relatives of individuals with autism, who had mild traits of autism themselves, approximately half had difficulty interpreting situations involving a social faux pas. Cognitive inhibition and flexibility, working memory, and verbal generativity were related to, and appeared to be protective for, unimpaired understanding of a faux pas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined emotion understanding and motor skills as predictors of children's understanding of faux pas. Faux paus situations are those in which someone causes unintentional offence or behaves inappropriately. Understanding of faux pas requires knowledge of social norms in specific situations as well as emotion understanding. Misunderstanding faux pas can prevent smooth social functioning. Fifty‐six children (aged 7; 0 to 9; 11 years) completed a measure of faux pas understanding, emotion understanding, and motor skills. Children's faux pas understanding, emotion understanding, and motor skills were all related to each other. However, when age, motor skills, and emotion understanding were entered into a regression to predict faux pas understanding, only motor skills predicted understanding of faux pas. The findings are discussed in relation to potential pathways between motor skills and social understanding. Highlights: We examined relations between emotion understanding (Test of Emotion Comprehension), motor skills (Movement Assessment Battery for Children), and faux pas.All three variables were related, but in a multiple regression with age, only motor skills predicted children's faux pas understanding.Motor skills may contribute to children's smooth social functioning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clothing and fashion play a prominent part in the presentation of key female characters in Indian television family dramas, referred to as saas-bahu serials.1 The purposeful sartorial branding of the characters is in touch with, as well as influencing, popular fashion off screen, which in turn further impacts the success of these serials. Geared towards daily viewership, such fashions remain excluded from serious consideration by the local and global fashion press that reduces them to guilt-inducing, style-less faux pas. However, through illustrating the innovation evident in the design of saas-bahu costumes, this article provides a framework and rationale for validating such instances of sartorial pleasure as well as recognising how these fashions have brought to the fore a previously unseen global network of fashion producers and consumers who are otherwise underrepresented in popular fashion media. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study has a double purpose. The first is to analyse two of the variables involved in the understanding of the faux pas in autism (Intelligence Quotient – IQ - and False Belief – FB). The second is to examine in detail the difficulties encountered in the Faux Pas test, when autistic individuals were divided into two groups according to their IQ (Group 1 = IQ range 100 – 120, Group 2 = IQ range 70 – 85). Four stories from the Faux Pas test (Baron-Cohen, O'Riordan, Stone, Jones, & Plaisted, 1999) were adapted (vignettes and narration in Spanish), and two groups of autistic children (N = 34) between 7 and 12 years of age (M = 9.6, SD = 1.55) responded through forced-choice answers and verbal explanations. The results demonstrated the predictive capacity of full-scale IQ (r = 0.53; p < 0.001; R 2 = 0.28) and FB (r = 0.51; p < 0.001; R 2 = 0.26) in the performance of the Faux Pas test. Verbal IQ and FB could explain 40% of the variability in the results of the Faux Pas test. Significant differences were found overall in the forced-choice responses, and more specifically in ii) the recognition of the speaker, and vii) the ignorance of the information, as well as in their verbal explanations. Findings are discussed in depth due to their possible impact on the daily lives of autistic individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Theory of Mind (ToM) is one of the most important dimensions of Social Cognition (SC); it is of great interest for research in Development Psychology, Cognitive Psychology, Neuropsychology, and Social Neuroscience as well as for clinical practice. It has stimulated the creation and validation of instruments to asses this dimension as a cognitive process, but there are few instruments like these in Spanish and less to evaluating children and adolescents. Objective: This paper reports the adaptation into Spanish of four instruments to asses ToM: The Theory of Mind Battery, The Theory of Mind Inventory-2, the Reading the Mind in the Eyes and the Faux Pas Test. Method: The adaptation process was made in two steps first, translation and, second, cultural adaptation. To verify the results a pilot testing was carried out in two groups, one with children between 4 and 13 years old and other with children and adolescents between 6 and 17 years old. Results: Instruments adapted into Spanish are presented as results highlighting the main adjustments made to each tool. Discussion: The importance of creating a protocol with statistical validation to asses ToM are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research shows that the general population varies with regard to both autistic traits and theory of mind (ToM) ability. Other work has shown that autistic individuals may not underperform on ToM tests when the agent of evaluation is anthropomorphic rather than typically human. Two studies examined the relation between ToM and autistic trait profiles in over 650 adults using either the standard Faux Pas Recognition Test (FPT) or an anthropomorphized version of the FPT (FPTa). Results showed that autistic trait profiles were related to faux pas detection ability in the FPT but not the FPTa. Furthermore, while those with the broad autism phenotype scored significantly worse than those who were typically developed on the FPT, scores did not significantly differ on the FPTa. These findings add to a growing body of work suggesting that ToM ability is not at a global deficit in those on the autistic spectrum, but may relate to the mindreading of specifically human agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gaffes are actions or events that are treated as problematic in subsequent news coverage through the production of what we term here 'gaffe-announcements'. In an analysis of news media interviews conducted with members of the Trump administration during its first 100 days, we examine how interviewees respond to interviewer gaffe-announcements. Interviewees are seen to challenge the making of an announcement, to attempt to rework the ontological status of infelicitous talk, or to introduce the views of others who view the prior talk as felicitous. These responses lead in subsequent turns to reformulation of the gaffe-announcement, rejection of the response, or the views introduced being treated as irrelevant. These forms of response allow interviewees to avoid accepting that gaffes have occurred and allow the interviews to continue in line with normative expectations but discussion continues on matters that are treated as negative and detrimental to the interests of the administration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Recently, motivation has been found to attenuate the age-related decline in Theory of Mind (ToM) performance (i.e. faux pas recognition). However, whether or not this effect could be generalized to other ToM tasks is still unknown. In the present study, we investigated whether and how motivation could enhance older adults' performance and reduce age differences in ToM tasks (Faux Pas vs. Animation task) that differ in familiarity. Method: Following a previous paradigm, 171 Chinese adults (87 younger adults and 84 older adults) were recruited, and we experimentally manipulated the level of perceived closeness between participants and the experimenter before administering the ToM tasks in order to enhance participants' motivation. Results: Results showed that, for the Faux Pas task, we replicated previous findings such that older adults under the enhanced motivation conditions performed equally well as younger adults. Conversely, for the Animation task, younger adults outperformed older adults, regardless of motivation. Discussion: These results indicate that motivation can enhance older adults' performance in ToM tasks, however, this beneficial effect cannot be generalized across ToM tasks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The theory of mind enables understanding of ourselves and other people around us as beings who have a mental world, a world of desires, needs, thoughts, intentions and beliefs. Theory of mind is a form of intersubjectivity based on symbolic thoughts and speech. With regard to the fact that the development of theory of mind does not end at the age of six, a special test has been developed which should asses that ability at a later age. One such test is recognizing faux pas stories. Faux pas is a more advanced theory of mind task, and it measures the ability of having an insight into more complex mental states present in unintentional insults. The goal of this paper is to check reliability and discrimination of the faux pas test. The research showed that questions are discriminative, but also that some cultural adjustment should be done.

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The article analyzes the film "Get Out" directed by Jordan Peele. Particular focus is given to the theme of underlying racial attitudes against protagonist Chris, who experiences racial faux pas and micro-aggressions by his girlfriend's wealthy white family. The author touches up on implicit bias in context of unconscious racism and prejudices against African-Americans by majority of white Americans, as portrayed in the film.

Scholars, journalists, pundits and others have criticized the racist, anti-queer, anti-Semitic, Islamophobic, and xenophobic rhetoric that pervades the Trump campaign and presidency. At the same time, commentators have expended a vast number of words analyzing Trump's character: why does he do the things he does? We ask, how do the latter (analyses of Trump's character) help explain the former (Trump's racist statements)? Through a close rhetorical analysis of 50 diverse examples of Trump criticism, we reveal four prevailing characterizations or "archetypes" of Trump: Trump the Acclaim-Seeker, Trump the Sick Man, Trump the Authoritarian, and Trump the Idiot. Each archetype explains Trump's racism in a different way, with significant consequences for social critique. For example, the Trump the Idiot archetype dismisses his racist statements as a series of terrible gaffes, whereas Trump the Authoritarian explains them as an actualization of white supremacy. We trace the benefits and tradeoffs of each archetype for resisting white supremacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The political diaries of Ulla Lindström caused a great sensation when published in 1969, three years after her resignation as Swedish minister without portfolio. She was the only woman minister in the Swedish government from 1954 to 1966, and her career had, according to the press, been characterized by faux pas or, as one reviewer of her diaries wrote: “(t)he silly Ulla /…/ of the botches, bodges, and gaffes.” He added that he himself had helped to write her down “with both malice and recklessness.” He was, however, not the only journalist putting down Ulla Lindström. A particular discourse or way of describing Ulla Lindström’s political persona was developed in the Swedish press during Lindström’s ministerial career. She started as the good-looking “pin-up girl” of the Parliament and ended up as the “shrew” of the party, the faux pas queen who was too talkative and thus in need of a muzzle. She was constructed as deviant, both as a woman and as a politician. In her political diaries Ulla Lindström herself compared the way she and her male colleagues were portrayed in the press. In my paper I will compare Lindström’s own political persona with the persona created in the press asking what was behind the creation of the “faux pas queen”. Genuskrockar och fadäser. Statsrådet Ulla Lindströms politiska dagböcker. Swedish abstract: Såsom åtskillig forskning visat har det varit svårt för politiskt aktiva kvinnor att förena de motstridiga krav som ställts på dem som handlingskraftiga politiker och ”riktiga” kvinnor. Inom massmedieforskning används ofta ordet persona för att beskriva den personlighet som en politiker iscensätter på den offentliga arenan, en politisk persona. Problemet för politiker är att det i massmedia ofta skapas en annan persona än den som politikern själv iscensätter, så beskriver t ex en forskare hur en ”false persona” av Hillary Rodham Clinton skapades under den så kallade Whitewateraffären (Cit efter van Zoonen 2005:100). Pressens bild av Ulla Lindström som ett pratigt och beskäftigt statsråd, vars karriär präglades av grodor, fadäser och klavertramp, kan ses som ett sätt att ”skapa” en politisk persona och med den en diskurs; ett specifikt sätt att tala och skriva om regeringens enda kvinnliga minister åren 1954-66. När Ulla Lindström efter sin avgång 1966 publicerade de politiska dagböcker hon fört under sin statsrådstid var ett av hennes motiv sannolikt att hon ville ge sin version, dvs skapa sin egen politiska persona som motvikt mot den bild som skapats av henne i pressen. I mitt bidrag skall jag ge exempel på hur Ulla Lindström skapades som politisk persona och hur hon själv såg på eller tolkade den bild som gavs av henne.

The paper examines Maternal Health and recently concluded Millennium Development Goal 5(MGD5) and why there were obstacle(s) to its success in Nigerian society and the need for integrated interventions for the newly developed Sustainable Development Goals. Culture, poverty and lack of political will act as major causes for nonperformance of the (MGD5). The main reasons for this among other things are low utilization of quality of maternal healthcare services, negative opinion of important referents, social, cultural, physical and economic barriers such as patriarchy, long distances, high transport and other indirect costs. The review therefore examined the existing level of maternal and child mortality/morbidity within the extant literatures/statistical abstracts and it was found out that inadequate health care/maternity centres, paucity of physicians and insufficient budgetary allocation were stumbling blocks to effective maternal health and success of MDG5. It is therefore suggested that government should make available functional primary health care facilities including maternity centres equipped with up to date infrastructures which would be funded equitably to facilitate patronage and easy access to both rural and urban residents. Effort should be made to retain trained professionals in all ramifications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In March 2013, after six years of consultation, an Australian Labor government launched the national cultural policy document,Creative Australia.In July 2013, a Coalition government was elected, Senator George Brandis became Minister for the Arts, and the policy was dumped. With it went cross-party consensus about funding rationales and measurement strategies, with disastrous consequences for the cultural sector. This cautionary tale of gaffes, pay-back and abrupt changes of direction, highlights the fragility of policy memory that condemns artists and arts managers to a never-ending reinvention of the evidentiary wheel. Our paper examines the problem of collective understanding (“world”) in cultural policy-making in Australia, exacerbated not only by the short-term electoral cycles which undermine long-term cultural outcome timescales, but by a fixation on what Hannah Arendt calls “the peculiar and ingenious replacement of common sense with strict logicality”. Evidence of value is only meaningful when it occurs in a policy memory that can fully avow it and respond in appropriate ways. Measurement methods are over-determined by epistemology and by experience. We argue that the balance between these determinants of effective cultural policy-making has been lost. An emphasis on numerical data – especially economic data – has forced arguments for culture into a decontextualised register of quantitative proof. Recent events in Australia suggest that different, more direct ways of engaging with cultural policy-making are required for the problem of collective understanding to be successfully assayed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Evidence in the literature suggests that there is an impairment of social cognition in schizophrenia. Theory of Mind (ToM) is defined as one's ability to understand others' wishes, beliefs, intentions, and other psychological states and thereby to judge others' behavior, as an essential component of social cognition. However, there have been limited studies on social cognition, especially ToM in adolescent onset schizophrenia (AOS). The current study aims to investigate ToM abilities in adolescent schizophrenia according to various ToM subcomponents (cognitive ToM and affective ToM) and various ToM orders (first order and second order). Methods: This study examines ToM in 35 adolescent schizophrenic patients and 35 healthy adolescents using the "Yoni task" and "Faux Pas Recognition test" to assess their affective and cognitive ToM abilities. Results: In the Yoni task, patients with AOS showed differences in ToM abilities either on a different order or under different conditions. The Faux Pas Recognition task results revealed that AOS patients were not always able to recognize a faux pas or understand complicated emotions under the faux pas scenario. Furthermore, as indicated by the correlation analysis, neither cognitive ToM nor affective ToM was related to the patients' symptoms, disease duration, dose of medication, or intelligence quotient (IQ). Conclusion: Our findings showed AOS impairment in the performance of ToM tasks. It seemed that impairment in second-order-ToM is more serious. Moreover, these deficits are largely independent of symptom clusters, disease duration, dose of medication, and IQ. It can be speculated that ToM dysfunction may be a hallmark of adolescent schizophrenia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]