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Context The growing demand for global food security has resulted in rising fishing intensity, sometimes leading to overexploitation of fish resources, including tuna. Increasingly, fishers are using anchored fish aggregating devices (aFADs) to improve efficiencies and reduce costs. Aims To identify locations and use patterns of FADs and characterise aFAD usage in Indonesia and beyond. Methods We identified general patterns of aFAD usage by tuna purse-seine, pole and line, hand-line and troll-line vessels operating in Indonesian waters through reviewing relevant literature and focal-group discussions. Key results aFADs usage can be characterised by gear type and fishing strategy; vessel behaviour; equipment and spare parts for aFADs installation; association with light; trip duration, catch per unit effort (CPUE), ratio of live bait to catch, fuel consumption; existence of aFAD floats on board vessels and by-catch composition. Conclusions aFAD usage has been widely adopted by both industrial and small-scale tuna fishers to efficiency. However, this efficiency comes at the cost of significant increases in catches of juveniles and non-target species, which raises sustainability concerns for Indonesian officials. Implications Ultimately, quantifying the numbers, types and locations of aFADs is key to fisheries management to avoid overfishing, overcrowding and limit by-catch and fishing-associated waste.

Tuna hand line-trolling line (HL-TR) fisheries have an essential role in Indonesia’s tuna fisheries, including Indonesia Fisheries Management Areas (I-FMAs) 572 and 573. The catch of tuna line in I-FMA 572 and 573 reached ~30.4% of the total catch 189,022 tonnes in 2019. Limited data and scientific advice for developing adequate management remain a challenge for tuna HL-TR fisheries in I-FMA 573 waters. Center for Fisheries Research (CFR) has conducted an assessment using the PSA method to obtain information of vulnerability level both of target and bycatch species on tuna HL-TR in 2020. Data used in the analysis were grouped into operational fishing, productivity, and susceptibility data. The operational fishing data were obtained from Sadeng Fishing Port in2019. The productivity and susceptibility data were obtained from literature review and expert consultation through a Focus Group Discussion (FGD) and expert consultative workshop. The result showed that both target and by-catch species included in the analysis have low to moderate vulnerability level scores. The results of this research are used to help managers at a national level to determine necessary management measures with high precautionary. While for by-catch species, in particular white tip sharks, its management measures must comply with agreed IOTC regulations.

In order to obtain detailed characteristic of skipjack (SKJ) supply chain on pole and line (PL) fishery operates in Indonesia Fisheries Management Area (I-FMA) 714 and its adjacent areas, Center for Fisheries Research (CFR)-MMAF with WCPFC carried out a research in Sikka Regency. Data and infomation obtained through port sampling program, observer program and stakeholders workshop. Result shows that primary actors and processes of supply chain of skipjack on PL fishery based in Sikka consisted of PL fishers (skipper and crews), collector and traders, processors and market. Total active PL boats were 67 which supported by ± 40 lift-net (bagan) to provide 300-400 tonnesnes live bait, 11 small-medium scale and 5 large scale collectors and traders, 5 small and 4 large processors and local, domestik, export market. About 3556.9 tonnes SKJ caught by PL based in Sikka in 2017, about 56% were processed as katsuwobushi (smoke fish) for being exported to Japan, 35 % were frozen processed for being exported and marketed to Europe-US and domestic market in Makassar, Bali, and Surabaya. About 9% of the total catch of PL fishery based in Sikka were locally marketed as cold-fresh SKJ.

Stok lobster telah mengalami penurunan di berbagai perairan laut di Indonesia, sehingga memerlukan pemulihan/pengkayaan stok, diantaranya melalui restocking. Pada kenyataannya, kegiatan pemulihan stok melalui restocking yang tanpa diiringi kajian kesesuaian, sering mengalami kegagalan. Untuk itu diperlukan kesiapan lokasi baik secara ekologi maupun sistem sosial masyarakat pemanfaat yang berpengaruh terhadap tingkat keberhasilan program. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui lokasi yang sesuai untuk restocking benih lobster pasir di beberapa perairan Indonesia. Penelitian dilakukan di sembilan lokasi mewakili Pesisir Barat Sumatera dan sepanjang pantai Selatan Jawa. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode survei ekologi dan survei sosial. Kriteria pemilihan calon lokasi restocking lobster mencakup 43 aspek meliputi ekologi, perikanan, kelembagaan dan tata peraturan, kemudian di analisis menggunakan pendekatan pemeringkatan. Hasil penilaian lokasi pada aspek ekologi-perikanan menunjukkan bahwa kesesuaian lokasi penebaran memiliki kisaran nilai 159,2 – 236,7 pada skala 100– 300, sedangkan pada aspek kelembagaan-peraturan berada pada kisaran 152,81–295,41 pada skala yang sama. Jika dibandingkan dengan kriteria pengambilan keputusan terhadap tingkat kesesuaian habitat, menunjukkan sebanyak 17 lokasi berada pada kategori kelayakan tinggi, dan 11 lokasi kategori kelayakan sedang. Prioritas lokasi restocking, terpilih tiga lokasi dengan nilai kelayakan tertinggi yakni perairan Batu Karas dan Pananjung Barat (Pangandaran), serta Perairan Karang Asem (Trenggalek).

Aktivitas penangkapan hiu sebagai target tangkapan utama bagi perikanan rawai di Tanjung Luar, Lombok Timur berlangsung sepanjang tahun dengan upaya penangkapan yang terus meningkat. Tingginya upaya penangkapan dapat meningkatkan jumlah dan jenis hasil tangkapan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui perbedaan hasil tangkapan hiu dari alat tangkap rawai hanyut dan rawai dasar yang dioperasikan oleh nelayan yang berbasis di PPI Tanjung Luar, Lombok Timur. Data tangkapan diperoleh melalui catatan enumerator di Tanjung Luar, Lombok Timur pada Januari – November 2015. Analisis data dilakukan secara deskriptif dan perhitungan laju tangkap. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa laju tangkap rawai hiu yang dioperasikan nelayan Tanjung Luar berfluktuasi tiap bulan dengan rerata 73,98±40,58 kg/hari dan rerata laju pancing 4,32±2,23 ekor/100 pancing. Laju tangkap cenderung mulai mengalami peningkatan mulai bulan April dan mencapai puncaknya sekitar November. Laju tangkap rawai hanyut lebih tinggi dibandingkan rawai dasar. Total hasil tangkapan didominasi oleh Carcharhinus falciformis (42,12%), Prionace glauca (10,51%) dan C. limbatus (10,32%) dimana C. falciformis dan P. glauca cenderung lebih banyak tertangkap oleh rawai hanyut sedangkan C. limbatus banyak tertangkap oleh rawai dasar. Jenis hiu hasil tangkapan rawai dasar lebih beragam (26 jenis) dibanding rawai hanyut (18 jenis). Rawai hanyut cenderung lebih banyak menangkap jenis hiu dengan status konservasi rawan dan langka menurut Daftar Merah IUCN serta masuk dalam Appendiks CITES.

Sumberdaya ikan pelagis kecil di Laut Arafura belum menjadi target utama penangkapan bagi armada perikanan skala industri apabila dibandingkan dengan perikanan demersal, terutama spesies udang yang memiliki nilai ekonomis tinggi. Namun demikian, pesatnya peningkatan armada pukat ikan dan pukat udang telah berdampak terhadap stok sumberdaya ikan pelagis kecil, yang tereksploitasi sebagai hasil tangkapan sampingan. Penelitian terhadap perikanan dan sumberdaya ikan pelagis kecil di Laut Arafura telah dilakukan dengan tujuan untuk memperoleh gambaran tentang status perikanan, stok dan pemanfaatannya. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa stok sumberdaya ikan pelagis pada tingkat maximum sustainable yield (MSY) diestimasi sebesar 468.700 ton, sementara pemanfaatannya masih sekitar 177.000 ton. Ditemukan 42 jenis ikan pelagis kecil pada survei eksplorasi musim peralihan II (Oktober), namun ditemukan berkurang pada musim peralihan I (Mei). Hal ini menunjukkan indikasi adanya pengaruh musim terhadap kelimpahan jenis ikan. Hasil observasi akustik menunjukkan bahwa stok sumberdaya ikan pelagis kecil juga lebih melimpah pada musim peralihan II dibandingkan musim peralihan I. Small pelagic fishery resource in Arafura Sea has not been a main fishing target to industrial fishing fleet compared to the demersal resource, especially shrimp species that is economically high value. However, rapid increase of the industrial shrimp trawls and fishnets has given impact to the small pelagic fish resource, which was exploited as by-catch. Research on the fishery and stock of small pelagic fish has been conducted in Arafura Sea aiming at determining status of the fishery, fish stock and exploitation level. The results showed that Maximum Sustainable Yield (MSY) for small pelagic fish stock was estimated at 468,700 tons, while its exploitation was still at approximately 177,000 tons. There were 42 species found in pre-monsoon II (October) survey, but less species were found in pre-monsoon I (May) survey. This was giving indication the influence of monsoon regime on the species richness. Results from acoustic observation suggested that small pelagic fish stock was also more abundant in pre-monsoon II compared to that in pre-monsoon I.

Perairan di sebelah selatan Gunung Kidul dan Pacitan merupakan daerah penangkapan lobster yang cukup potensial. Analisis hubungan panjang berat, faktor kondisi dan sebaran kisaran panjang lobster batu (Panulirus penicillatus) di perairan tersebut dilakukan pada bulan Maret 2010 hingga Maret 2012. Pengukuran panjang-berat terhadap 1.803 individu lobster batu menunjukkan pola pertumbuhan yang bersifat allometrik negatif. Faktor kondisi lobster memiliki kesamaan antara jenis kelamin jantan dan betina dan terdapat kecenderungan menurunnya faktor kondisi dengan bertambahnya panjang (umur). Panjang karapas dominan berada pada kisaran antara 45-50mm. Lobster betina yang membawa telur ditemukan pertama kali pada kelas panjang karapas antara 35-40mm. The waters in the south of Gunung Kidul and Pacitan were indicated as a potentially fishing ground of spiny lobster. Analysis of Length-weight relationship, condition factor and distribution of the pronghorn spiny lobster (Panulirus penicillatus) in those waters were conducted in March 2010 through March 2012. Length-weight measurements on 1.803 individual lobsters showed allometric negative growth patterns. Lobster have in common condition factor between male and female, and there is a tendency condition factor decreased with increasing length (age). Dominant carapace length is in the range between 45-50mm. Female lobsters carrying eggs were first discovered in the class of carapace length between 35-40mm.

Pemanfaatan lobster yang intensif di perairan Selatan Jawa mengakibatkan terjadinya penurunan stok. Untuk menganalisa hal ini perlu dilakukan penelitian mengenai beberapa aspek biologi. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menganalisa hubungan panjang-berat dan faktor kondisi lobster pasir (Panulirus homarus) di perairan selatan Yogyakarta dan Pacitan. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa pola hubungan panjang berat lobster pasir di perairan selatan Yogyakarta dan Pacitan bersifat allometrik negatif. Nilai rata-rata berat relatif (Wr) dan faktor kondisi (K) untuk lobster pasir (Panulirus homarus) jantan adalah 99,54 dan 0,933, sedangkan lobster betina 101,96 dan 1,003. Nilai faktor kondisi dindikasikan semakin menurun seiring pertambahan kelas ukuran panjang. Intensive utilization on spiny lobster in the Southern Java waters impacted on lobster stocks depletion. To analysis this issue, research on some of biological aspect need to be conducted. The aim of this research was to analyze the length-weight relationship and condition factor of the scalloped spiny lobster (Panulirus homarus) in Yogyakarta and Pacitan waters. The results shown P. homarus have allomatric negative growth pattern. The average value of the relative weight (Wr) and condition faktor (K) of the scalloped spiny lobster (Panulirus homarus) males were 99.54 and 0.933, while the female lobster 101.96 and 1.003. Condition factor value decreases as the length of the class.

Ketersediaan data dan informasi tentang ikan laut-dalam di perairan tropis khususnya di Indonesia bagian utara masih sangat terbatas. Tulisan ini bertujuan untuk memberikan informasi jenis ikan dan daerah penyebaran ikan laut-dalam di sekitar kepulauan Sangihe dan Talaud. Penelitian dilakukan pada bulan Juli – Agustus 2010 dengan menggunakan kapal riset Baruna Jaya IV (1.200 GT) merupakan kerjasama antara Indonesia–Amerika Serikat melalui “Explorasi Sangihe Talaud (Index SATAL).” Sebanyak 53 dari 32 famili ikan telah diidentifikasi. Terdapat ikan demersal laut-dalam ekonomis penting seperti:Beryx splendens, Hoplosthethus crassispinus, Setarches guentheri, Lamprogrammus niger dan Grammicolepis sp. Perairan sebelah Utara Bunaken dan sebelah Timur Pulau Kawio dengan gunung bawah lautnya diindikasikan merupakan lokasi dan habitat yang penting bagi jenis ikan tersebut. Hasil penelitian ini juga memberikan informasi awal tentang daerah penyebaran sumberdaya ikan laut-dalam yang dapat dimanfaatkan pada masa depan di wilayah perairan utara Sulawesi khususnya di sekitar kepulauan Sangihe dan Talaud. The availability of data and information on deep-sea fishes in tropical waters especially in the northern part of Indonesia still very limited and rare. This paper attempted to provide information at the first time of species composition of deep-sea fishes found around Sangihe and Talaud Islands. The exploration was conducted from July to August 2010. A joint cruise between Indonesia and USA in the frame of “The Indonesia and USA Exploration Sangihe Talaud (Index SATAL)”using RV Baruna Jaya IV (1,200 GT). There were 53 species whithin 32 families have been discovered including economically important deep-sea demersal fishes i.e.Beryx splendens, Hoplosthethus crassispinus, Setarches guentheri, Lamprogrammus niger and Grammicolepis sp. North of Bunaken and East of Kawio waters with deep-sea seamounts were indicated important habitat for those economic valuable species. This paper is intended to provide preliminary information for species distribution of deep-sea fishes inhabited in North Sulawesi Waters, mainly in Sangihe and Talaud Islands.

Indonesia is a member of three tuna Regional Fisheries Management Organisations (RFMOs), but currently has limited capacity to operationally manage its tuna fisheries to maximise benefits and minimise risks of overfishing. In 2014, the Government of Indonesia initiated discussions on the potential to develop formal harvest strategies for the management of tuna resources within its archipelagic waters. This article summarizes the development of potential empirical tuna harvest strategies for use in Indonesian archipelagic waters (Fisheries Management Areas 713, 714 and 715), using skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis) and yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) as demonstration case studies. The outputs of area-specific components of Western Central Pacific Ocean stock assessment were used to condition prototype operating models for testing preliminary harvest strategies by management strategy evaluation. The case studies demonstrate the utility of scientific monitoring data to track trends in abundance of adult fish, without requiring complex stock assessment models. They also demonstrate the use of relatively simple, empirical harvest control rules to adjust the levels of fishing intensity of the Indonesian fleet to achieve specific management objectives for archipelagic waters in the context of wider regional management. The approach has a broad applicability to developing coastal nations with multi-gear fisheries and relatively limited data that harvest tuna, as well as participating in RFMOs for internationally managed stocks.

Degradation of the fishery resources in the SCS has been frequently reported, and calls for international cooperation through establishing an international or multilateral fisheries management organization were frequently made in recent years. However, little progress has been observed in this regard and most resources in the region are not subject to any regional cooperative management, mainly due to the disputes of sovereign rights on the SCS. In order to bypass such disputes and take a practical step forward towards reaching the goal of joint management for the SCS fisheries, a ‘bottom-up approach’ was undertaken through holding a “SCS Fisheries Resources and Management Workshop” in 2017 which is a non-political, depoliticized and non-State driven forum with key SCS fishing actors providing and exchanging substantive information on their individual fisheries for building up mutual understanding and confidence as the first step for further collaboration on the management of SCS fisheries resources. Based on information from the Workshop and substantial joint works afterwards, for the first time, this study have successfully compiled and presented basic information on (1) the fisheries statistics from key fishing actors of the region, (2) the management measures implemented by each fishing actor, and (3) subjective evaluations from managers/scientists of the key fishing actors through a questionnaire study on the causes of the stock depletion and/or the key issues that should be addressed for any potential stock recovery. Several statistical issues have been identified, and a further review of the existing statistical systems of the participating parties was recommended as an important topic for future meetings. Communication and mutual understanding of the management measures designed for and implemented in the region are considered crucial for the future construction of any regional collaborative management scheme. High priority issues that were emphasized by the respondents of the questionnaire study include insufficient control on fishing capacity and fishing efforts as well as weak law enforcement; which may relate to the issues of insufficient enforcement resources, low policy priority and institutional weakness.

Pengelolaan perikanan tuna sirip biru selatan (SBT) dilakukan oleh Komisi Konservasi Tuna Sirip Biru Selatan (CCSBT) dengan pengendalian output melalui penetapan jumlah tangkapan yang diperbolehkan (JTB). Untuk tahun 2015 – 2017, Indonesia menerima alokasi JTB sebesar 750 ton SBT per tahun. Dalam pemanfaatan kuota tersebut, bila total hasil tangkapan SBT dalam satu tahun lebih rendah dari kuota, maka sisa kuota hanya dapat dimanfaatkan tahun berikutnya dan tidak boleh melebihi 20% dari sisa kuota. Sebaliknya, bila total hasil tangkapan SBT dalam satu tahun melebihi kuota, CCSBT dapat mengenakan tindakan korektif, berupa antara lain pengembalian kelebihan tangkapan dan pengurangan kuota nasional pada tahun berikutnya. Capaian pemanfaatan kuota nasional SBT ditentukan oleh hasil tangkapan masing-masing kapal. Mengingat hasil tangkapan masing-masing kapal terkadang tidak sesuai dengan kuotanya walaupun hasil tangkapan nasional sesuai dengan kuota nasional, Indonesia perlu melakukan pengendalian output masing-masing kapal. Untuk mendukung upaya pengendalian tersebut perlu disusun kaidah pengendaliannya. Kaidah tersebut disajikan dalam tulisan ini. Management of southern bluefin tuna fishery (SBT) is conducted by the Commission for the Conservation of Southern Bluefin Tuna (CCSBT) using output control through the total allowable catch (TAC). Indonesia will receive an allocation of 750 tonnes of SBT per year, for the years 2015 - 2017. In the utilization of the quota, if the total catch of SBT in one year is lower than the quota, then the remaining quota can only be used next year and must not exceed 20% of the remaining quota. Conversely, if the total catch of SBT in a year exceeds the quota, CCSBT may impose corrective action, such as, among others, the return of excess catch and national quota reduction in the following year. The achievement of national quota utilization of SBT is determined by the catch of each vessel. In view of the catch of each vessel may not comply each vessel’s quota although the national catches do not exceed the national quota, Indonesia needs to implement an output control of each vessel. To support this management measure, control rules need to be developed. The rules are presented in this paper.

Laut Jawa merupakan salah satu perairan dengan tingkat pemanfaatan ikan yang tinggi sehingga menjadikan stok ikan pelagis kecil di Laut Jawa telah melampaui angka potensi lestarinya. Tingginya pemanfaatan ikan ini juga berpengaruh pada keberlanjutan sumberdaya ikan. Analisis kerentanan dengan melihat nilai produktivitas dan suseptabilitas merupakan metode yang berguna untuk menentukan kerentanan karena memungkinkan adanya evaluasi baik produktivitas dan suseptabilitas stok ikan. Penilaian produktivitas dilakukan dengan melihat delapan indikator sedangkan untuk atribut susseptibilitas dengan melihat empat indikator. Kesemua indikator diberi nilai 1-3, dengan nilai 1 adalah produktivitas rendah dan Saseptibilitas rendah, nilai 2 adalah produktivitas sedang dan Saseptibilitas sedang serta nilai 3 adalah produktivitas tinggi dan Saseptibilitas tinggi. Kajian dilakukan pada beberapa ikan dominan hasil tangkapan pukat cincin. Sumber daya ikan tersebut adalah ikan siro (Ambligaster sirm), layang deles (Decapterus macrosoma), layang (Decapterus ruselli), kembung (Rastrelliger branchysoma), banyar (Rastrelliger kanagurta) dan selar bentong (Selar crumenopthalmus). Index kerentanan yang didapatkan menunjukkan nilai yang lebih besar dari 1,8 untuk jenis ikan ikan siro, layang deles, layang dan kembung sedangkan ikan banyar dan selar bentong memiliki nilai 1,59 dan 1,75. Nilai kerentanan yang telah melebihi 1,8 ini mengindikasikan bahwa sumber daya tersebut merupakan sumberdaya yang tergolong rentan, sehingga diperlukan adanya pengelolaan yang tepat guna menjamin keberlanjutannya. Java sea is one of marine water with high levels of utilization of fish making small pelagic fish stocks in the Java Sea has exceeded the potential for sustainability. The high utilization of these fish also affects the sustainability of fishery resources. PSA is a particularly useful method for determining vulnerability because it permits an evaluation of both the productivity of the stock and its susceptibility to the fishery. There are eight attributes for productivity indicator and four attributes for susceptibility indicator. The value of all the indicators are 1-3. The value of 1 is the low productivity and low Susseptibility, the value 2 is a moderate productivity and moderate Susceptibility as well as the value of 3 is high productivity and high Susceptibily. The data was taken from fish resources such as: spotted sardinella (Ambligaster sirm), scads (Decapterus macrosoma & Decapterus ruselli), short bodied mackerel (Rastrelliger branchysoma), indian mackerel (Rastrelliger kanagurta) and bigeye scad (Selar crumenopthalmus). The vulnerability index for spotted sardinella (Ambligaster sirm), scads (Decapterus macrosoma & Decapterus ruselli), short-bodied mackerel (Rastrelliger branchysoma) is above 1,8. Whereas indian mackerel (Rastrelliger kanagurta) and bigeye scad (Selar crumenopthalmus) were 1.59 and 1.75 . The vulnerability has been exceeding of 1,8, so that fisheries management was needed to ensure sustainability.

Indonesian waters have a high diversity of sharks and rays, with at least 118 species belonging to 25 families found throughout the vast archipelago. Indonesia also has the highest shark landings globally and nearly all high-value shark species are overexploited and could be considered threatened. This situation is of international concern, especially among conservationists and elasmobranch scientists. Most of the shark catch in Indonesian waters is taken as bycatch of fisheries deploying various types of gear, including longlines, driftnets, handlines and purse-seines. However, sharks are also targeted in several regions of eastern and southern Indonesia, where they are often the main source of livelihood for many artisanal fishers. Shark fishing, whether targeted or bycatch, occurs throughout most of Indonesia’s waters, and the large size of the EEZ, which encompasses nearly 6 million km2, is a primary constraint regarding the effective management of shark fisheries. In 2009, 11 fisheries management zones were established through the gazetting of a regulation on regional fisheries, facilitating management by the Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries. Here, we discuss how the implementation of a number of regulations gazetted by the Indonesian government to ensure sustainable utilisation of fisheries resources should take into account shark resources. We also examine recent elasmobranch conservation efforts by the government, including the recent designation of whale sharks Rhincodon typus and manta rays Manta alfredi and M. birostris as fully protected species, and a prohibition on exports of products of hammerhead Sphyrna spp. and oceanic whitetip sharks Carcharhinus longimanus.Keywords: IUU fishing, regulation, shark fisheries

Tropical Panulirus lobster fisheries in many parts of the world are open-access and poorly-regulated. This is in part because tropical Panulirus lobsters have an extended pelagic larval phase (up to 9 months) and their larval settlement may take place in different habitats and depths. When recruits of a fishery are believed not spawned locally, regulatory incentives are weak. We assessed the potential sources of recruits to a small, valuable fishery for six species of Panulirus lobster in southern Java, Indonesia with a larval advection model. The model predicted that between 1993 and 2007, 50–90% of the recruits were sourced locally compared to a mean of 25% from remote locations. The relative intensity of the Indonesian flow-through, the south Java current and seasonal onshore winds appear to be important in the local retention of recruits. Local fisheries records showed a strong seasonality in catch that we compared to potential environmental triggers with boosted regression trees. We found that the increased catch was associated with the rapid onset of increased rainfall (>90 mm) at the start of the monsoon (November–May). Fishers believe the coastal runoff during periods of high rainfall increases turbidity and thus enhanced catchability. Catches declined dramatically during an extended monsoon in 2010–2011, but recovered in early 2012 when rainfall patterns became more seasonal. These combined results show that there may be potential benefit of implementing local fisheries management regulations to increase sustainability. However, their effectiveness may be difficult to detect due to the strong influence of climate and oceanographic variability on both recruitment and subsequent catch.

Dalam rangka mendeskripsikan status pemanfaatan dan pengelolaan sumberdaya tuna neritik di perairan Samudera Hindia (WPP 572 dan 573) telah dilakukan analisis terhadap informasi tentang jenis dan produksi tuna neritik yang disajikan dalam Statistik Perikanan Tangkap di Laut Menurut WPP tahun 2005-2012 (DJPT, 2013) serta data hasil penelitian berbasis di PPS Cilacap dan PPN Sibolga tahun 2011. Rekomendasi ‘working party’ tentang tuna neritik dari IOTC dikaji sebagai langkah pengelolaan perikanan tuna neritik di Indonesia. Hasil analisis dan kajian menunjukkan bahwa sumberdaya ikan tuna neritik yang tertangkap nelayan Indonesia di perairan WPP 572 dan 573 meliputi tongkol lisong (Auxis rochei), tongkol krai (Auxis thazard), tongkol komo atau kawakawa (Euthynnus affinis) dan tongkol abu-abu (Thunnus tonggol). Tuna neritik tertangkap sebagai by-product dari pukat cincin, jaring insang hanyut, pancing tonda, pancing ulur dan bagan. Tahun 2011 produksi neritik tuna di Samudera Hindia khususnya WPP 572 dan 573 mencapai 121.818 ton atau 29,4% dari total produksi tuna neritik nasional. Tuna neritik jenis tongkol lisong dan krai yang tertangkap jaring insang hanyut yang berbasis di Cilacap > 70% merupakan ikan yang telah dewasa. Adapun tongkol komo yang tertangkap pukat cincin yang berbasis di Sibolga sekitar 55,5% merupakan ikan dewasa. Belum ada langkah-langkah pengelolaan secara spesifik terhadap sumberdaya tuna neritik di Indonesia. Merujuk hasil Working Party on Neritic Tuna pertama dan kedua tahun 2011 dan 2012, Indian Ocean Tuna Commission (IOTC) merekomendasikan adanya kerjasama antar negara anggota IOTC yang saling berdekatan didalam melakukan pengelolaan sumberdaya neritik tuna. Langkah pertama adalah dilakukan perelitian mengenai populasi melalui studi mtDNA untuk memastikan status stok dan populasinya. The species of neritic tuna caught by fishers in the Indian Ocean particularly FMAs 572 and 573 consisted of frigate tuna (Auxis thazard), bullet tuna (Auxis rochei), longtail tuna (Thunnus tonggol) and kawa-kawa/eastern little tuna (Euthynnus affinis). These species are by-product of purse seine, drifting gillnet, trolling lines, and lift net. In 2011, production of the neritic tuna from FMAs 572 and 573 reached 121,818 mt or about 29.4% of the national production. More than 70% of catch of neritic tuna especially frigate and bullet tuna caught by drifting gillnet based at Cilacap were matured fish, and kawa-kawa caught by purse seine based at Sibolga about 55.5% of total catch was mature. There are no specific management measures for neritic tuna resources in Indonesia. First and Second IOTC Working Parties on Neritic Tuna in 2011 and 2012 recommended among IOTC’s member countries that are geographically close to each other to conduct a management collaboration of neritic tuna which begins with identifying the status of stock and population through a study mtDNA or other proper methodology.

A biological reference point is a term used to explain of stock status using a biological approach as a basic of fisheries management. Biological reference points of painted spiny lobster Panulirus versicolor are limited in Karimunjawa waters. This study aims to investigate the stock status of P. versicolor and management options to ensure the sustainability of the resources. The research was conducted in Karimunjawa islands of the Java Sea by collecting lobster from local fishers from March to November 2016. A total of 495 lobster were measured, weighed, and their maturity status assessed to allow the size at maturity and selectivity of the fishery to be estimated. The size at maturity L50 (62.2 mm CL) and L95 (82.0 mm CL) were larger than SL50 (48.2 mm CL) and SL95 (75.0 mm CL), respectively. Natural mortality (M) which was 0.579 year-1 is lower than fishing mortality (F). The current spawning potential ratio (SPR) of P. versicolor is 19% at the current F of 0.82, which is below SPR limit of 20% and target reference point of 40%. Hence, to increase SPR level to 40%, the fishing mortality should be reduced by about 40% to 60%. Closed season, legal size, and defining no take zone are options to consider by fishery manager with appropriate surveillance control. Single or combining those measures can reduce its fishing mortality and take back the stocks to the level of target reference point.

Saat ini perdagangan ikan napoleon masih dikategorikan sebagai perdagangan ilegal. Agar memenuhi legalitas maka perlu dirumuskan opsi pemanfaatan terbatas yang merubah kode status menjadi Ranching (R), sesuai dengan Management Authority dan ketentuan CITES. Makalah ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji opsi pengelolaan ikan napoleon di Perairan Kepulauan Anambas dalam upaya memenuhi ketentuan Management Authority dan CITES sehingga terjamin kelestarian biota tersebut. Metode yang digunakan adalah tinjauan hasil penelitian/informasi tentang ikan napoleon di sekitar Anambas. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa ciri khas perairan kepulauan Anambas adalah kemunculan post larvae dan juvenile ikan napoleon secara periodik dan berkesinambungan di perairan dangkal ( daerah nursery ground ). Kemunculan benih tersebut dimanfaatkan oleh sebagian nelayan dalam kegiatan pembesaran ikan napoleon (Sistem KJA). Kegiatan perikanan tersebut menguntungkan dengan adanya pasar lokal maupun pasar luar negeri. Oleh karena ikan napoleon masuk dalam daftar biota yang dilindungi, maka diperlukan opsi pembenahan pengelolaan dan pemanfaatan terbatas sumberdaya ikan napoleon melalui Sea Ranching dengan CBA ( Capture Based of Aquaculture ) yang memenuhi konsep sustainability (keberlanjutan), tracebility (keterlacakan) dan legality (legalitas). Kebijakan pengelolaan dan konservasi diarahkan dalam bentuk pemanfaatan terbatas, perlindungan sumberdaya ikan napoleon dan habitatnya. Oleh karena itu diperlukan penetapan standarisasi prosedur kegiatan (SOP), penetapan aplikasi pengembangan sea ranching ikan napoleon dan pakan alamiahnya, serta penentuan daya dukung pengembangan sea ranching di perairan Kepulauan Anambas. At present, the trade in Napoleon fish is still categorized as illegal trade. In order to fulfill the legality, it is necessary to formulate a limited utilization option that changes the status code to Ranching (R), in accordance with the provisions of Management Authority and CITES. This paper aims to examine the management options of Napoleon fish in the Anambas Islands waters in an effort to fulfill the provisions of Management Authority and CITES, so the sustainability of the biota can be guaranteed. The method used is a review of the results of research / information about Napoleon fish around Anambas. The results of the study showed that the characteristic of Anambas Island waters was the occurrence of post larvae and juvenile napoleon fishes periodically and continuously in shallow waters (nursery ground areas). The occurrence of these seeds is used by some fishermen in the napoleon fish enlargement activity (KJA System). The fishery activities are profitable with the presence of local markets and foreign markets. Because Napoleon fish is included in the list of protected biota, it is necessary to revitalize management and limited utilization of Napoleon fish resources through Sea Ranching, one of which is CBA (Capture Based of Aquaculture) by fulfilling the concepts of sustainability, traceability and legality. Management and conservation policies are directed in the form of limited utilization, protection of Napoleon fish resources and their habitats. Therefore, standardization of activity procedures (SOP) is required, application of Napoleon fish sea ranching and natural food development, and carrying capacity determination of sea ranching development in Anambas Islands waters.

Untuk meningkatkan produktivitas penangkapan tuna, beberapa tahun terakhir ini nelayan dan pengusaha menggunakan alat bantu rumpon laut dalam sebagai alat pengumpul ikan dilakukan penangkapan. Penggunaan rumpon berkembang sangat pesat sehingga timbul permasalahan baik terkait dengan kelestarian sumberdaya tuna dan konflik sosial ekonomi di kalangan nelayan. Tujuan kajian ini adalah untuk mengetahui isue permasalahan terkait rumpon saat ini dan bagaimana solusi pengelolaannya sehingga penggunaan rumpon tidak mempengaruhi keberlanjutan perikanan tuna. Data dan informasi utama yang digunakan dalam kajian ini berasal dari hasil penelitian di lapangan dan diskusi melalui workshop dan Focus Group Discussion (FGD). Tipe rumpon laut dalam yang digunakan di perairan Indonesia adalah rumpon berjangkar, yang dipasang menetap terhubung dengan dasar perairan, menggunakan jangkar atau pemberat dari beton dihubungkan dengan tali-temali ke pelampung (pontoon, gabus, rakit), yang dilengkapi dengan bahan pemikat ikan dari daun kelapa atau nipah. Beberapa jenis alat tangkap yang dioperasikan di sekitar rumpon antara lain pukat cincin, pancing ulur, pancing tonda, huhate, dan jaring insang. Hasil kajian resiko menunjukkan jenis alat tangkap yang sesuai dioperasikan di sekitar rumpon adalah pancing ulur dan pancing tonda. Pukat cincin memiliki resiko tertinggi karena banyak menangkap jenis ikan tuna yang berukuran kecil khususnya yellowfin dan bigeye tuna sebagai hasil tangkapan sampingan. Jenis alat tangkap pancing ulur lapisan dalam sangat sesuai kriteria ramah lingkungan untuk menangkap tuna di sekitar rumpon. Beberapa isu permasalahan muncul setelah rumpon berkembang di nelayan antara lain jumlah rumpon sulit diketahui, banyak ikan tuna berukuran kecil tertangkap sebagai hasil tangkapan sampingan dan perubahan tingkah laku ikan karena adanya “perangkap ekologi”. Beberapa rekomendasi kegiatan yang perlu dilakukan antara lain: perlu adanya penertiban pemasangan rumpon dengan melakukan pendaftaran ulang rumpon yang terpasang, jarak pemasangan rumpon harus mengacu pada jarak terdekat antar rumpon yang telah ditetapkan yaitu minimal 10 nautical mile , pemasangan rumpon sebaiknya tidak dilakukan di wilayah perairan perbatasan antar negara. During recent years fishers were intensively use deep sea FADs in their tuna fishery to attract tunas in their fishing operation for increas ing its productivity. The used of FADs has rapidly developed and now starting to deem not only the sustainability of tuna resources but also triger socio economic frictions among fishers. The purpose of this study to find problem issues related to the current status of FAD and how the solution of the good management for impact on the sustainability of tuna fisheries around FAD. Main data and information are used in this study from in the field observation and result of workshop and Focus Group Discussion (FGD). A type of deep sea FADs deployed in Indonesian waters are moored or anchored FADs which occupy a fixed location and attach to the sea bottom using a weight such as a n anchored or concrete block , which connected by long ropes to the floating object (Poonton, stereofoam or raft) that compliment with coconut or nipah leaves as fish lure. Several types of fishing gears operated arround FADs are p urse seine, deep hand line, troll line, pole and line, and gill net. Risk assessment analysis showed that suitable gears for FADs fishing were deep sea hand line (dHL) and troll line. Purse siene was a gear with high risk score due to its operation not only caught small size of y ellow fin and b ig eye tuna but also many by - catches. Several issues were raised after recent massive deployment of FADs among fishers concerning on numbers and license of FADs, high number on catches of juvenile tuna as by - catches. Furthermore FADS also believe has affect to the changes of tuna behaviour as highly migratory species which been ecologically trapped by FADs. This study provides current FADs management at national and regional level and some recommendations could be considered to ensure the sustainability of tuna utilization , as following: for the compliance using FAD need to re-regrestration for deployed FAD, fishermen should compliance for deploying FAD with minimum distance is 10 nautical miles among FAD as mentioned in regulation, suggested not deploy FAD in border area waters, deep hand line (dHL) is suggested as suitable fishing gear for catching tuna around FAD.

Pelagic fishes such as bullet and frigate tuna in the Indian Ocean were caught in Indian Ocean of Indonesian jurisdiction using various fishing gears including, drifting gillnet and landed in various fishing port in along coastal of west Sumatera (Banda Aceh, Pariaman, Bungus/Padang and Painan) as well as south Java, Bali and Nusatenggara (Muarabaru/Jakarta, Pelabuhanratu, Cilacap, Kedonganan, Benoa). In Cilacap, tuna drifting gillnet fishery is fishing bullet and frigate tuna as by product. The current work describes the catch and size distribution of bullet tuna (Auxis rochei Risso, 1810) and frigate tuna (Auxis thazard Lacepède, 1800) caught by drifting gillnet based at Cilacap Fishing Port. Data and information obtained through catch monitoring, port sampling and landing report of Cilacap Fishing Port 2011 as well as from Capture Fisheries Statistics of Indonesia 2010. The catch estimation of bullet and frigate tuna on drifting gillnet fishery is about 3.220 and 47.346 tons respectively. The catch rate of drifting gillnets on the frigate tuna was 0.364 mt/trip in 2006 decreased to 0.054 mt/trip in 2011 (decreased average 17% per year). The catchrate of drifting gillnets on the bullet tuna was also decreased from 0.178 mt/trip in 2006 to 0.013 mt/ trip in 2011. The FL of bullet and frigate tuna ranged respectively between 16-39cm and 25-46cm. Both species were mostly caught by drifting gillnet in adult size condition.

Pemanfaatan sumber daya udang di Indonesia dilakukan pada wilayah perairan laut dangkal dan status pengusahaannya sudah dalam tahapan jenuh (over-fishing). Apabila kondisi ini dibiarkan dalam jangka panjang tanpa adanya usaha pengelolaan yang berkelanjutan, maka akan menyebabkan kelestarian sumber daya udang akan terancam dan bahkan bisa punah. Salah satu hal yang harus dilakukan dalam mengantisipasinya adalah mencari daerah penangkapan baru di perairan laut dalam, berupa sumber daya udang yang potensial dan belum pernah dimanfaatkan (untapped resources). Komposisi jenis udang laut dalam di perairan Indonesia lebih dari sekitar 38 jenis dengan jenis udang yang mendominasi adalah Plesiopenaeus edwardsianus dan Aristeus virilis serta alat tangkap yang disarankan untuk pemanfaatannya adalah bubu laut dalam tipe silinder. Potensi penangkapan udang laut dalam di Kawasan Barat Indonesia (KBI) sebagai 640 ton per tahun dan di Kawasan Timur Indonesia (KTI) sebagai 2.840 ton per tahun. Agar pengelolaan sumberdaya udang laut dalam dapat dilakukan berkelanjutan, maka harus dikelola dari awal pemanfaatannya. Strategi pengelolaan yang harus dilakukan adalah membatasi upaya penangkapan pada tingkat upaya sekitar 285 armada bubu laut dalam di KBI dan sekitar 1.250 armada bubu laut dalam di KTI. Selain itu harus dilakukan penutupan musim dan daerah penangkapan serta dilakukan penetapan kuota penangkapan.The utilization of Indonesia’s shrimps resources are commonly taking from shallow marine water while its status is currently on overfishing stage. In the long run without appropriate management will threat its sutainability and may be worsen to become extinct. A possible anticipition is finding a new fishing ground at deep sea area for potential deep sea shrimps as untapped resource. Deep sea shrimps species composition have been identified for more than 38 species with mainly dominated by Plesiopenaeus edwardsianus and Aristeus virili. Recommended fihing gear for utilizing those resource is deep sea cylinder pots. Deep sea shrimps fishing potency whithin Western Indonesia Area (WIA) was estimated for 640 mt/year and Eastern Indonesia Area (EIA) was 2.840 mt/year. Asssuring the sustainability of deep sea shrimp resource require right and apropriate management apply since the early stage. It is proposed to adopt several management measures such as limit the fishing effort for 285 deep sea pots within WIA and 1.250 deep sea pots within EIA, apply close area and fishing season and determine total allowable catch.

Wahoo (Acanthocybium solandri Cuvier, 1832) is a member of the Scombrid family, is a pelagic (open ocean) species found worldwide in tropical and warm-temperate seas. It is fished throughout its range by artisanal, recreational, and commercial. Wahoo is one of the by-product species of the tuna long line fleets operate in Indian Ocean. This paper describes status of wahoo resource caught by tuna long line in Indian Ocean based at Benoa-Bali. Data obtained from onboard observer program on the tuna long liner based at Benoa-Bali during 2005-2010. Total of 85 trips of onboard observation were carried out with the total long line sets (one set per day) were 2873 times. The data covered the horizontal and vertical position of tuna long line hooks caught the wahoo, hook rate and fish size distribution. Data of horizontal fishing positions (coordinates) gained from the global positioning system availabled in the tuna long liners. The depth of the long line gear in the waters and teperature of waters were measured by mini-loggers TDR type SP2T-1200, brand: NKE Micrel. Hook rate of wahoo is calculated using the Klawe (1986) method. Result of research showed that the wahoos caught by tuna long lines based at Benoa spread horizontally between 1o31’-33o 40’S and 77o18’-117o53’E and spread vertically between the depth of 75.2- 285.7 m. From 85 tuna long line fishing trips, only about 50% of 85 tuna long line fishing trips caught wahoo with hook rate ranged 0.947-1.399 per 1000 hooks/setting. Size distribution of wahoo ranged 70-180cm with modus ranged 101-110cm.

Status stok merupakan salah satu dasar utama dalam merumuskan pengelolaan sumber daya ikan yang berkelanjutan di WPP NRI. Tulisan ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi status stok sumber daya ikan di WPP NRI dan alternatf pengelolaannya. Penelitian dilaksanakan pada tahun 2015-2016 dengan menggunakan metode holistik dan analitik. Hasil analisis menunjukkan potensi sumber daya ikan di perairan Indonesia (WPP NRI) adalah sebesar 12,54 juta ton per tahun dengan potensi tertinggi sebagai ikan pelagis kecil sebesar 4,88 juta ton/tahun (39 %) dan yang terendah adalah lobster sebesar 11.159 ton (1 %). Berdasarkan WPP NRI, potensi sumber daya ikan tertinggi sebesar 2,64 juta ton (21 %) terdapat di WPP NRI 718 (Laut Aru dan Laut Arafura) dan yang terendah sebesar 425.444 ton di perairan WPP NRI 571 (Selat Malaka dan Laut Andaman). Tingkat pemanfaatan ikan di WPP NRI secara keseluruhan didominasi status fully-exploited (indikator warna kuning) sekitar 44 %, diikuti status overfishing (indikator warna merah) sekitar 38% serta status moderat sekitar 18 %. Agar sumber daya ikan di perairan WPP NRI berada dalam tahapan yang berkelanjutan, maka harus dilakukan penataan upaya penangkapan dengan mengurangi jumlah upaya penangkapan sesuai acuan upaya optimal (f.opt) pada WPP yang mengalami kondisi overfishing dan meningkatkan upaya di WPP yang tingkat pemanfaatannya masih moderat dan fully-exploited. Stock status of fish resources were a basis advices to define an apropriate fisheries management towards sustainable fish resource. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the stock status of fish resources and its management alternative in FMAs. The study was conducted from 2015 to 2016 using a holistic and analytic method. Estimation of all fish potency in Indonesia marine waters was 12.54 million tons/year which the highest potency was small pelagic fish group about 4.88 million tons/year (39 %) and the lowest potency was spiny lobster group about 11,159 tons/year (1 %). Based on the FMAs, the highest potency was about 2.64 million tons/year (21 %) in FMA 718 (Aru sea and Arafura sea) and the lowest potency was about 425,444 tons/year (3 %) found in FMA 571 (Malacca strait and Andaman sea). Most of fish resources was in the condition of fully-exploited (44 % yellow color) followed by overfishing (34 % red color) and moderate (21 % green color). Fish groups which included in the highest overfishing by FMAs were squid group. Management alternatives in those prespective are suggested to decrease the fishing effort at the level of f.opt (fishing optimum) by fish groups on the FMAs experiencing overfishing accordingly and to increase an effort at the level of f opt for fish groups on the FMAs in the fully exploited and moderate condition

Significant roles of the fishery in the Indonesia’s archipelagic waters/IAW (FMAs 713, 714 and 715), with proportion of around 60% came from the IAW, and a strong residential behavior for skipjack (SKJ) and yellowfin tuna (YFT) encourage Indonesia to develop harvest strategies for the tropical tuna in the IAW. This is a priority action of the National Tuna Management Plan (NTMP) for tropical and neritic tuna. Fisheries operating in the IAW are mainly small scale commercial vessels. A specific harvest strategy framework that appropriate with the fishery characteristics has been developed. This paper describes the process of harvest strategy (HS) development for the tropical tuna in the Indonesia’s archipelagic waters (FMAs 713, 714 and 715). The HS is developed scientific works (including data collection, analysis/modelling and series technical and consultative stakeholder workshops as well as expert consultancies. Four technical workshops and seven stakeholder workshops have been done between 2015 and 2017. An interim HS (consisted of management objective, limit reference point, monitoring, analysis, harvest control rule and management measure) has been determined and agreed. Continues collaboration and commitment from related stakeholders including Government, fishers, fishing association, NGOs by adopting co-mangement and participatory approach in implementing the agreed harvest strategy, through data collection and sustain supports.The time series of catch and effort data, and size data could be used to monitor the fishery, stok status and its performance.In addition, involvement of relevant international tuna experts through expert consultancies are integrated process with the technical and stakeholder workshops. This HS development process is still on-going and can be refined, as HS development is a cycle process.

A harvest strategy development for skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis - SKJ) fishery within Indonesia’s archipelagic waters (Indonesian Fisheries Management Areas - FMAs 713-715) has been initiated, which is mandated within its National Tuna, Skipjack and Neritic Tuna Management Plan. Information on the stock status or indicator is needed, since it is one essential component of a harvest strategy. In fact, the lack of catch and effort data from Indonesian fishery, in general, is still an international concern. A method to assess the stock status for data poor fisheries namely Length-based Spawning Potential Ratio (LB-SPR) was developed. This study attempted to investigate a possible use of the LB-SPR to estimate spawning potential ratios of SKJ using length data from Indonesian pole and line fishery collected by the port-based sampling program (a collaborative project between Indonesia and the Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission (WCPFC). There is a decreasing trend in the estimated SPR from 2010 to 2015 unless 2014, indicating that impact of fishing on the resources increased over the study period. If the SPR20% is adopted as limit SPR, then the estimated values of SPR less than SPR20% suggested that recruitment overfishing might be occurring. In fact, the results should be considered as preliminary results, as the size data of SKJ from pole and line might not be capturing large SKJ or the nature of SKJ in Archipealgic waters has smaller size in general compare to other region that potentially hampered the asymptotic selectivity assumption within the LB-SPR model underestimating the SPR. Further work is required to gather complete representative of length data of SKJ covering all length classes of the fishery.

An exploratory trawling to obtain data on the catch rate, species composition, and distribution of the deep sea cephalophods in the Indian Ocean of southern Java and eastern Sumatera using the RV Baruna Jaya lV was carried out during May 2 to July 7 year 2005.

The duration and timing patterns of spawning seasons among marine teleosls tishes over broad geographic ranges from the polars to the equator has been reviewed. The review was based on 206 studies In order to evaluale potenlial patterns of the length or timing of spawning seasons in relation to tatitude, habitats and taxonomic groupings patterns.

The topographical surveys were conducted from September 1st to 20th 2004 at southern part of Java and from September 20th to October 30th 2004 at the western part of Sumatera. Exact isobaths were necessary to determine the size of the area in order to identify the possible fishing ground for deep sea demersal fishes.

Distribution, density, and biological aspect ol Trichiurus lepturus in deeper parts of southern Jawa are described based on data obtained from research cruise in May 2005. The cruise has successfully made 52 stations of trawl across southern of Java.

Deep water fisheries resources in the Indian Ocean ekslusive economic zone of Indonesia, has been investigated extensively in the year of 2004 to 2005. Recently a fishing operation of deep sea bottom trawl vessel F/B.

Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengkaji komposisi jenis, penyebaran, dan kepadatan stok ikan demersal laut di perairan ZEEI selatan Jawa dan barat Sumatera. Data yang dianalisis merupakan hasil survei yang dilakukan bulan September sampai dengan Oktober 2004 dengan menggunakan K.M. Baruna Jaya IV. Estimasi kepadatan stok dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode sapuan dengan pengambilan contoh acak bertingkat. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa komposisi jenis ikan demersal laut dalam di perairan selatan Jawa terdiri atas 169 spesies ikan, 31 spesies krustasea, dan 20 spesies Chepalopoda. Komposisi hasil tangkapan ikan didominasi oleh ikan ashiro (Lamprogrammus niger) sekitar 45% dan ikan layur (Trichiurus lepturus) sekitar 22%. Di perairan barat Sumatera ditemukan komposisi jenis hasil tangkapan meliputi 281 spesies ikan, 42 spesies krustasea, dan beberapa spesies Chepalopoda serta jenis yang dominan adalah ikan ashiro (Lamprogrammus niger) sekitar 20% dan Hoplosthethus sp. sekitar 17%. Jenis ikan demersal laut dalam yang memiliki penyebaran paling luas adalah Chlorophtalmus nigromarginatus di perairan selatan Jawa dan Diretmoides pauciradiatus di perairan barat Sumatera. Kelimpahan stok ikan demersal laut dalam tertinggi ditemui pada kedalaman 700 sampai dengan 1.100 m dan terendah didapatkan pada kedalaman 200 sampai dengan 400 m. Kepadatan stok ikan demersal laut dalam berkisar antara 0,8 sampai dengan 39,9 ton km-2 di perairan selatan Jawa dan berkisar 0,2 sampai dengan 7,4 ton km-2 di perairan barat Sumatera. The objective of this research is to study species composition, distribution, and stock density of deep sea demersal fish in the southern Java and western Sumatera of the Indian Ocean EEZ waters. The study was done based on the data collected from the survey conducted between September and October 2004 using Baruna Jaya IV research vessel. The study was basically conducted by applying swept area method with stratified random sampling. The results show that the species composition of deep sea demersal in southern off Java waters consisted of 169 in fishes, 31 in crustaceans, and 20 in chephalopods. The catch of deep sea demersal fish was dominated by ashiro (Lamprogrammus niger) about 45%and hair tail (Trichiurus lepturus) about 22%. Species composition of deep sea demersal fish in west off Sumatera waters consisted of 281 species of fishes, 42 species in crustaceans and some types of chepalopods. The dominant species was Lamprogrammus niger (ashiro) with about 20% of the total catch and Hoplosthethus sp. with about 17% of the total catch. The widest species distribution of is resource was Chlorophtalmus nigromarginatus in southern off Java waters and Diretmoides pauciradiatus in western off Sumatera waters. The highest abundances of deep sea resources were caught at the depth of 700 to 1,100 m and the lowest at the depth of 200 to 400 m. Stock density in southern off Java waters was 0.8 to 39.9 ton km-2 and about 0.2 to 7.4 ton km-2 in western off Sumatera waters.

Sumber daya udang laut-dalam merupakan sumber daya masa depan yangpenting bagi pembangunan perikanan di Indonesia. Komposisi jenis sumberdaya udang laut dalam ini didapatkan lebih dari 38 jenis dengan jenis yangmendominansi udang Penaeid (Plesiopenaeus edwardsianus). Polapertumbuhannya adalah allometris dengan penyebaran terpusat padakedalaman 200-500 m. Potensi penangkapan udang laut-dalam di perairankawasan barat Indonesia sekitar 640 ton/tahun dengan upaya optimum 285 unit bubu dan di kawasan timur Indonesia sekitar 2.840 ton/tahun dengan upaya optimum 1.250 unit bubu. Rekomendasi pola pemanfaatan udang laut dalam yang berkelanjutan adalah dengan menerapkan opsi pengelolaan berupa penutupan daerah dan musim penangkapan, pembatasan upaya, dan penerapan kuota.Deep-sea shrimp resources is the future important resources for fisheries development in Indonesia. The catch composition of deep-sea shrimp found more than 38 species and the dominant species is Plesiopenaeus edwardsianus. The growth pattern is allometric with distribution in depth of 200-500 m. Potential yield of deep-sea shrimp in Indonesian western area is 640 ton/year with optimum effort about 285 unit of trap and in Indonesian eastern area is 2,840 ton/year with optimum effort about 1,250 unit of trap. The sustainable exploitation pattern of deep-sea shrimp is recommended to application of management options close area and fishing season, effort limitation, and quota application.

Lobster pasir ( Panulirus homarus ) merupakan salah satu jenis lobster yang memiliki nilai ekonomis penting dan banyak ditangkap di Indonesia. Salah satu cara untuk mengetahui pertumbuhan, tingkat kelangsungan hidup dan pergerakan lobster di alam adalah dengan menggunakan metode Capture-mark-recapture (CMR). Tiga jenis tag yang biasa dipakai untuk penandaan lobster adalah T-bar, streamer , dan Visual Implant Elastomer (VIE). Percobaan penandaan dilakukan di kolam penampungan di Teluk Gerupuk, Lombok Tengah. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan jenis tag yang efektif untuk mengetahui tingkat kelangsungan hidup pada lobster pasir. Penelitian dilakukan dengan menggunakan tiga jenis tag , yaitu T-bar (70 ekor), streamer (76 ekor), dan Visual Implant Elastomer (VIE) (10 ekor) pada dua kelompok ukuran lobster (>20-60 gram dan >60-100 gram). Semua sampel dipelihara dalam bak selama 30 hari yang dilakukan Agustus-September 2015. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa VIE (60%) memiliki tingkat kelangsungan hidup tertinggi diikuti oleh T-bar (34 %) dan steamer (13 %). Untuk keperluan monitoring di alam, disarankan menggunakan T-bar karena penerapannya praktis dan mudah dideteksi. Panulirus homarus (Spiny Lobster) is one of the lobster species that has an important economic value and highly catched in Indonesia. Capture-mark-recapture (CMR) methods are widely used to study the estimation of population parameters such as abundance, growth, distribution and survival of the wild organism. Three effective techniques commonly used for decapods tagging are T-bar, streamer, and Visual Implant Elastomer (VIE). Tagging experiments conducted in ponds in the Gulf Gerupuk, Central Lombok. This study aims to determine the effective type of tags and to determine the survival rate of spiny lobster. The study was conducted using three types of tags, T-bar (70 lobsters), streamer (76 lobsters), and Visual Implant Elastomer (VIE) (10 lobsters) divided in two groups size of lobster (> 20-60 grams and> 60- 100 grams). All samples were maintained in the tank for 30 days in August-September, 2015. The results showed that VIE (60%) has the highest survival rate followed by the T-bar (34%) and streamer (13%). For monitoring purposes in nature T-bar are advised to use because of their more practical applicated and easily detected.

Berbagai jenis ikan, dengan bobot total lebih dari 650 kg ditemukan mati di pesisir Pantai Ancol tanggal 30 November 2015, diantaranya yang dominan adalah gulamah (Scianidae). Kematian ikan yang sering terjadi akan menyebabkan kerugian ekonomi yang signifikan. Identifikasi faktor penyebab terjadinya peristiwa ini sangat penting untuk diketahui dalam rangka pengelolaan populasi ikan dan penyusunan tindakan pencegahan sehingga bisa mengurangi frekuensi dan besarnya tingkat kematian ikan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui sebaran spasial beberapa parameter kualitas airguna mengidentifikasi faktor penyebab kematian masal ikan di Teluk Jakarta yang terjadi pada tanggal 30 November 2015. Pengamatan dilakukan pada tanggal 1-3 Desember 2015 di 14 stasiun penelitian mencakup14 parameter fisika, kimia dan biologi perairan. Sebaran spasial beberapa parameter perairan dipetakan dengan menggunakan software ArcGIS 9.3. Parameter perairan (kedalaman, kecerahan, suhu air, pH, oksigen terlarut dan ORP (Oxidation Reduction Potential)) diukur secara insitu dan contoh air permukaan diambil untuk pengamatan plankton serta parameter kimia air di laboratorium (nitrat, fosfat, ammonia, biochemical oxygen demand, total suspended solid, sulfide dan bahan organik terlarut). Berdasarkan analisa dari 14 parameter fisika, kimia dan biologi perairan diketahui faktor penyebab kematian masal ikan di Teluk Jakarta pada 30 November 2015 disebabkan karena rendahnya kandungan oksigen terlarut(0,07mg/l pada lokasi pusat kematian ikan),kadar nutrien yang berlebihan(nitrat,0,003-0,389 mg/l dan fosfat 0,811-1,653 mg/l,)dan tingginya konsentrasi ammonia yang merupakan gas beracun dan berbau (0,227-1,944 mg/l). On November 30th, 2015, more than 650 kg fishes found dead in the coast of Ancol. The identification of its causes is very vital to develop mitigation for managing fish population and preventing economic loss. This study aims to examine several waters parameters to identify the factors causing mass deaths of fish. The study was conducted on 1-3 December 2015 in Jakarta Bay by analyzing 14 parameters of physical, chemical and biological aspect. Spatial distribution of water parameters mapped using ArcGIS 9.3 software. Some water parameters were measured in situ (depth, brightness, water temperature,pH, dissolved oxygen and ORP (oxidation reduction potential) while surface water samples were taken and analyzed in the laboratory (Nitrate, phosphate, ammonia, biochemical oxygen demand. The result showed that a mass fish kills in Jakarta Bay on 30 November 2015 due to low dissolved oxygen content, release of toxic gas into the water, excessive nutrient and high ammonia.

Sumber daya ikan di perairan Indonesia merupakan salah satu modal menuju kemakmuran bagi bangsa, apabila dikelola secara berkelanjutan.Kajian potensi dan tingkat pemanfaatan tahun 2015, merupakan salah satu dasar utama dalam merumuskan pengelolaan tersebut menuju pemanfaatan sumber daya yang lestari bagi kesejahteraan bangsa. Secara keseluruhan komposisi jenis sumber daya ikan di perairan Indonesia didominasi kelompok ikan pelagis kecil sebesar 36 % dan ikan pelagis besar sebesar 25 %. Potensi sumber daya ikan di perairan Indonesia adalah sebesar 9,931 juta ton per tahun dengan potensi tertinggi terdapat di WPP 718 (Laut Arafura) sebesar 1,992 juta ton/tahun (20%), di WPP 572 (Samudera Hindia sebelah barat Sumatera dan Selat Sunda) sebesar 1,228 juta/tahun (12 %) dan di WPP 711 (Selat Karimata, Laut Natuna dan Laut Cina Selatan) sebesar 1,143 juta ton/tahun (12 %). Tingkat pemanfaatan secara keseluruhan terlihat didominasi kondisi overfishing (indikator warna merah) sekitar 49 %, diikuti kondisi fully-exploited (indkator warna kuning) sekitar 37 % dan kondisi moderat (indikator warna hijau) hanya 14 %. Kelompok ikan yang mengalami kondisi overfishing paling tinggi adalah kelompok udang Penaeid, lobster, kepiting dan rajungan, yang mencapai 63 % dari kondisi overfishing saat ini. Dalam perspektif yang demikian, opsi pengelolaan yang harus segera dilakukan adalah mengurangi jumlah upaya penangkapan pada WPP yang mengalami kondisi overfishing serta meningkatkan upaya pada WPP yang tingkat pemanfaatannya masih moderat dan fully exploited.Fish resources within Indonesian waters (i.e. teritorial and archipelagic waters) including Indonesian Economic Exclusive Zone if under sustainably management it would contribute a significant role as a source of nation welfare. Scientific advice on stock status and its exploitation rate are required as an input to support an apropriate fisheries management. Generally, fish resources in these waters are dominated by two main fish groups such as small pelagic fish by 36 % and large pelagic fish by 25 %. Indonesia fish resource in 2015 was estimated for 9,931 million tons/year with comprises of 1,992 million ton/year (20 %) in fisheries management area (FMA) 718 (Arafura sea), 1,228 million/year (12 %) in FMA 572 (western of Sumatera of Indian ocean and Sunda strait) and 1,143 million tons/year (12 %) in FMA 711 (Karimata strait, Natuna sea, and south China sea). Most of fish resources (49 %) were in the status of overfishing with red indicator, folowed by fully-exploited state(37 %) in yellow indicator and only 14 % in the moderate state (green indicator). Among all nine fish groups, the overfishing state (up to 63%) is recorded from group of shrimps (Penaidae), lobster, and crabs. The management options in these prespective is urgently suggested to reduce fishing effort at the level of f.opt (fishing optimum) for overfishing fish groups. Whilts possibly to increase effort for fish groups with fully and moderate exploited state at the level off opt.

The promotion of pole-and-line fishery for a selective gear operating in the Indonesian tuna management area is considered as the proper policy in response to the increasing market demand with tuna eco-labeled. Appropriate information in addressing the current status of the pole-and-line fishery in Indonesia is an important step in order to support the promotion. Data used to describe the fishery were obtained through scientific port sampling program in collaboration between RCFMC and WCPFC in 2010 to 2014 and also scientific observer onboard program collaboration RCFMC and CRAC Co. Ltd. in 2013. The results show that presently the number of pole and line fleets was decreased significantly and remain about 232 fleetsin Sorong, Bitung and Kendari and Larantuka. The national annual total catch of pole-and line during 1980 – 2013 was recorded between 24,000 and 160,000 tons per year (average 98,117 tons per year). This value is estimated to contribute about 20% of Indonesia annual total catch of tuna in FMAs713-717. The pole-andline catch rates based at Bitung, Kendari and Sorong were fluctuated in each year with the range respective between 8.79 and 17.93 tons/trip/vessel, 4.78 and 5.36 ton/trip/vessel and about 7,99 ton ton/trip/vessel. Pole-and-line fishery operated in Indonesian FMAs 713-717 is considered as selective fishery, with > 80 % catches of skipjack in matured stage. The tuna-live bait fish ratio in Indonesian pole-and-line was 4.41 :1, then an improvement of live bait ratio as well as its management is required.

Laut Banda merupakan salah satu daerah penangkapan tuna yang potensial di Indonesia, Jenis alat tangkap yang digunakan terdiri dari pukat cincin, huhate, rawai tuna, pancing ulur dan pancing tonda. Hasil tangkapan tuna di Laut Banda meliputi cakalang, madidihang dan tuna mata besar. Sumberdaya tuna di Laut Banda diduga masih merupakan sub stok sumberdaya tuna di perairan Pasifik Tengah dan Barat. Hasil kajian stok tuna oleh Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission (WCPFC) pada 2012 melaporkan bahwa stok cakalang dan madidihang tidak mengalami overfishing dan overfished, sedangkan tuna mata besar telah mengalami overfishing dan overfished. Hasil penelitian Pusat Penelitian Pengelolaan Perikanan dan Konservasi Sumber Daya Ikan (P4KSI) pada 2012 menunjukkan madidihang dan tuna mata besar tertangkap pukat cincin, huhate serta kombinasi pancing ulur permukaan dan pancing tonda pada stadium yuwana, dengan indikasi nilai LcFmsy) while YFT and SKJ are not in overfishing or overfished state. It was also reported by RCFMC that the size of catch of those species by various fishing gear indicating that value of Lc

Pemanfaatan sumber daya udang sudah berlangsung cukup lama di perairan Arafura dan status pemanfaatannya sudah berada dalam tahapan yang lebih tangkap (over-exploited). Kondisi yang demikian terjadi karena belum adanya pengelolaan yang tepat akibat kurangnya kualitas kebijakan dan informasi hasil penelitian untuk mendasari kebijakan tersebut. Apabila keadaan ini terus berlangsung dalam jangka panjang, maka akan mengancam kelestarian dan keberlanjutan pemanfaatan sumber daya udang. Untuk mencegah hal itu maka perlu diterapkan opsi-opsi pengelolaan meliputi penutupan daerah/musim penangkapan pada bulan Februari, penerapan kuota penangkapan dengan JTB (Jumlah total tangkapan yang dibolehkan) 39.600 ton per tahun dan melakukan moratorium upaya penangkapan dengan skenario pengurangan 225 armada pukat udang. Keseluruhan opsi kebijakan ini harus ditunjang dengan peningkatan pemantauan, pengawasan dan penegakan hukum. Arafura shrimps resources have been long utilized and to date the status of the resources are over-exploited. To date there are no appropriate management nor involving scientific advice to this fishery. In the long run with the persistence condition the shrimp resource should unsustainably manage and the fishery will collapse. It is urgent to define appropriate management strategies for this fishery based on best scientific finding to the manager to ensure its sustainability. Among other advices are apply closed area for Arafura-sea combining with closed season in February, apply fishing quota with total allowable catch (TAC) for 39,600/yera, no increase of fishing effort, and reduce the number of shrimps trawler for 225 boats. These overall management strategies should fully be supported by increase of monitoring and surveillance with strong law enforcement.

Tongkol komo/kawakawa (Euthynnus affinis) and tenggiri (Scomberomerus guttatus) are commonly caught by mini purseiners operated in Sunda Straits and landed in Labuan, West Java. This species inhabits coastal water and has preference staying in relatively warm water. Oceanography parameters commonly influencing the distribution of Euthynnus affinis are temperature, current, and salinity. The oceanography of Sunda Strait is influenced by water masses coming from the north that mainly originated from the Java Sea and water masses from the south mainly originated from Indian Ocean. The internal oceanography of Sunda Strait is also influenced by upwelling and monsoon as regional climate anomaly (ENSO and Indian Ocean Dipole Mode). This paper describes the influence of Dipole Mode (positive and negative event) and ENSO (El- Nino/La-Nina) to the catch dynamics of neritic tuna particularly in Sunda Straits waters. The results shown that regional climate anomaly influenced neritic tuna catch and its composition. The catches Euthynnus affinis in phase negative dipole mode or La-Nina were higher and dominated the catch composition of pelagic fishes of Sunda Strait. Similar situation also is showen by Scomberomorus commerson.

Dalam menentukan kebijakan perikanan, salah satunya adalah pembatasan jumlah kapal nelayan yang beroperasi di suatu daerah, dibutuhkan suatu hasil penelitian yang dapat menjadi acuan kebijakan tersebut. Salah satu acuan untuk membatasi jumlah kapal yang beroperasi adalah dengan melihat kelimpahan dari perairan tersebut. Untuk mengestimasi kelimpahan dari suatu spesies dapat dengan menghitung nilai Standarisasi hasil upaya per tangkapan (CPUE), dan dalam penelitian ini objek utamanya merupakan spesies Kakap Merah (Red Snapper) dengan alat tangkap Rawai Dasar (Bottom Longline), dengan tujuan mengestimasi kelimpahan Kakap Merah menggunakan Regresi Zero-Inflated Negative Binomial (ZINB) dan mengetahui faktor yang berpengaruh secara signifikan terhadap kelimpahan Kakap Merah. Adapun proses Standarisasi CPUE Kakap Merah dilakukan dengan salah satu metode regresi yaitu Generalized Linear Model (GLM). Metode GLM digunakan karena dalam penelitian ini variabel respon (Y) yaitu jumlah ekor ikan memiliki tipe diskrit dan data tidak berdistribusi normal. Secara umum jika data nya diskrit maka disarankan untuk menggunakan distribusi Poisson, tetapi karna terjadi overdispersi dan didapat banyak sekali nilai nol (zero-inflation) dibandingkan data non-zero lainnya, maka dipilihlah distribusi Zero-Inflated Negative Binomial (ZINB) sebagai distribusi alternatif. Setelah dilakukan pemodelan regresi ZINB, didapat 2 model dimana model pertama untuk data diskrit, dan model kedua untuk zero-inflation, dengan faktor yang berpengaruh secara signifikan yaitu Bahan Alat tangkap (X4). Setelah model didapat dilakukan prediksi dengan data yang sama untuk menghasilkan nilai Standarisasi CPUE, kemudian nilai tersebut dibandingkan dengan nilai Nominal CPUE yang ditampilkan dalam grafik, hasilnya disimpulkan bahwa naik dan turun nya nilai Standarisasi CPUE tidak se-extrem Nominal CPUE, ini menandakan kelimpahan Kakap Merah yang sebenarnya masih cenderung stabil dan tidak terjadi penurunan.