Search

Abstract Long-term exposure to ambient air pollution raises the risk of deaths and morbidity worldwide. From 1990 to 2019, we observed the epidemiological trends and age-period-cohort effects on the cardiovascular diseases (CVD) burden attributable to ambient air pollution across Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa (BRICS). The number of CVD deaths related to ambient particulate matter (PM) pollution increased nearly fivefold in China [5.0% (95% CI 4.7, 5.2)] and India [5.7% (95% CI 5.1, 6.3)] during the study period. The age-standardized CVD deaths and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) due to ambient PM pollution significantly increased in India and China but decreased in Brazil and Russia. Due to air pollution, the relative risk (RR) of premature CVD mortality (

Pythagorean cubic fuzzy sets represent an advancement beyond conventional interval-valued Pythagorean sets, integrating the principles of Pythagorean fuzzy sets and interval-valued Pythagorean fuzzy sets. Given the critical significance of distance measures in real-world decision-making and pattern recognition tasks, it is noteworthy that there exists a notable gap in the literature regarding distance measures specifically tailored for Pythagorean cubic fuzzy sets. The objectives of this paper are: • To define novel generalized distance measures between Pythagorean cubic fuzzy sets (PCFSs) to tackle intricate decision-making challenges. • These novel distance measures are undergoing testing on a real-world scenario concerning the management of anxiety and depression to evaluate their effectiveness and practical application. • We have illustrated the boundedness and nonlinear characteristics inherent in these distance measures.In addition, we conduct comparative analyses with existing approaches to validate the proposed methodology, thereby providing insights into its advantages and potential applications.

The aim of this study is to explore innovative non-linear programming (NLP) models utilizing the Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) method, tailored for resolving decision-making challenges within the framework of cubic $p,q-$ quasirung orthopair fuzzy sets $({\mathrm {C}_{\mathrm {(p,q)}}}\mathrm {QOFSs})$ . In prior research, data pertaining to an element has typically been gathered in the form of either interval-valued $p,q-$ quasirung orthopair fuzzy sets $({\mathrm {IV}_{\mathrm {(p,q)}}}\mathrm {QOFSs})$ or $p,q-$ quasi orthopair fuzzy sets ( $p,q-$ QOFSs) information. As an alternative approach, ${\mathrm {C}_{\mathrm {(p,q)}}}\mathrm {QOFSs}$ emerges as an extension of these sets, wherein information is compiled by simultaneously considering both ${\mathrm {IV}_{\mathrm {(p,q)}}}\mathrm {QOFSs}$ and $p,q-$ QOFSs. Driven by this motivation, we constructed the NLP models incorporating interval weights and integrating the relative closeness coefficient concept alongside weighted distance measures. Furthermore, we scrutinized some notable characteristics (RCC) of these models. Additionally, we introduce an innovative multicriteria decision-making (MCDM) technique and illustrate its application with a real-world case study related to green supplier selection. A comparative analysis is also performed to validate the effectiveness and rationality of the method.

Motivated by the concept of type-2 fuzzy sets, we introduce a novel framework known as trapezoidal type-2 Pythagorean fuzzy sets (TRT-2-PFSs), an extension of triangular fuzzy sets. Basic operations like addition and scalar multiplication of two TRT-2-Pythagorean fuzzy numbers (TRT-2-PFNs) are defined. We also explore comparative analysis and distance measurements between two TRT-2-PFNs. A methodology for evaluating unknown weight vectors and criteria weights is proposed. Building upon TRT-2-PFSs, an extension of the TODIM (an acronym in Portuguese of interactive and multi-criteria decision-making) method is developed to address intricate decision-making challenges. Ultimately, the newly introduced TRT-2-PFS-based TODIM technique is employed to tackle multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) problems.

Abstract This article presents a novel concept of complex cubic picture fuzzy sets (CCPFS) and introduces one more new idea of complex interval-valued picture fuzzy sets (CIVPFS) as foundational framework of CCPFS. The proposed CCPFS combines CIVPFS and complex picture fuzzy sets (CPFS), where CPFS extends the complex intuitionistic fuzzy set by incorporating a neutral membership degree. This unique model offers an expanded range of values using degrees of membership, neutral membership, and non-membership, within the unit disk of a complex plane. Additionally, we introduce two more new ideas of internal complex cubic picture fuzzy sets (ICCPFS) and external complex cubic picture fuzzy sets (ECCPFS) to further enhance the versatility of the approach. To facilitate practical applications, complement, score, and accuracy functions are developed and defined for CCPFS. Moreover, three types of averaging aggregation operators based on complex cubic picture fuzzy sets are introduced, including complex cubic picture fuzzy weighted geometric (CCPFWG) operators, complex cubic picture fuzzy ordered weighted geometric (CCPFOWG) operator, and complex cubic picture fuzzy hybrid weighted geometric (CCPFHWG) operator. The CCPFHWG operator generalizes both CCPFWG and CCPFOWG operators, providing a comprehensive framework for aggregating complex cubic picture fuzzy data. To demonstrate the practicality of the proposed approach, a multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) problem is presented, showcasing its effectiveness in addressing today's complex decision structures. The utilization of complex cubic picture fuzzy sets and the corresponding aggregation operators in MCDM highlights their applicability and relevance in tackling real-world complexities.

Lead-free BiFeO3-BaTiO3 ceramics attract widespread attention over the last two decades due to their high Curie temperature (TC) and excellent piezoelectric performance. Here, in the Nd-modified 0.67BiFeO3-0.33BaTiO3 ceramics, an excellent piezoelectric constant (d33) of 325 pC/N was achieved by applying a novel poling method (AC-bias + DC-bias) with a high TC of 455 °C. In addition, an ultrahigh normalized piezoelectric strain (d33∗ = Smax/Emax) of 808 pm/V was obtained at the normal/typical and relaxor-ferroelectrics phase boundary simultaneously with good thermal stability (Δd33∗(T) ≈ 20%) in the temperature range of 25–125 °C. The piezoelectric force microscopy results show the domain miniaturization from micro to nanoscale/polar nano-regions due to local structure heterogeneity caused by Nd doping. The mechanism for the giant piezoelectric strain is attributed to the thermal quenching, nano-domains, and reverse switching of the short-range order to the long-range order under the applied electric field. The strategic design of domain engineering and a proposed model for the high piezoelectricity is successfully supported by the phenomenological relation and Gibbs free energy profile. In this work, a new lead-free single-element modified BiFeO3-BaTiO3 ceramics was developed by applying a synergistic approach of domain engineering and phase boundary for the high-temperature piezoelectric performance.

Abstract This paper aims to support decision-makers improve their ability to accurately capture and represent their judgment in a wide range of situations. To do this, we propose a new type of fuzzy set called a $$p,q$$ p , q -cubic quasi-rung orthopair fuzzy set ( $$p,q$$ p , q -CQOFS). The $$p,q$$ p , q -CQOFS allows for a more flexible and detailed expression of incomplete information through the use of an additional parameter. The paper describes the concept of $$p,q$$ p , q -CQOFS and its relationship to other types of fuzzy sets, introduces score and accuracy functions for $$p,q$$ p , q -CQOFS and analyzes some of its mathematical properties, defines the Hamming distance measure between two $$p,q$$ p , q -CQOFSs and examines some of its important properties, investigates the basic operations of $$p,q$$ p , q -CQOFSs and extends these laws to aggregation operators, and introduces weighted averaging and geometric aggregation operators for combining $$p,q$$ p , q -cubic quasi-rung orthopair fuzzy data.

Similarity and distance measures play important roles in fuzzy environments, helping to quantify the degree of similarity or concepts that may not have clear limits. They are used in various fields, including fuzzy logic, fuzzy clustering, and fuzzy decision-making. The cubic Fermatean fuzzy set (CFFS), which is a type of fuzzy set (FS), is highly favoured as an extension for expressing uncertainty through degrees of membership (η) and non-membership (υ). This article introduces novel measures for cosine similarity and distance in CFFSs. These measures are designed to improve the accuracy and efficiency of similarity and distance calculations in CFFSs. Also, a novel method is introduced for developing alternate similarity measures for CFFSs utilizing the proposed similarity measures that adhere to the similarity measures axiom. In addition, the connection between similarity and distance measures is utilized to construct a cosine distance metric for CFFSs. This newly suggested cosine similarity measure can not only provide solutions to decision-making problems from a geometric perspective but also from an algebraic point of view. To conclude, a case study is presented to showcase the practicality and effectiveness of the proposed approach, followed by a comparison of the outcomes of the suggested technique with some existing methodologies. This analysis helps to validate the proposed method and demonstrates its potential for outperforming other available approaches in terms of efficiency and accuracy.

Pythagorean cubic fuzzy sets (PCFSs) are a more advanced version of interval-valued Pythagorean fuzzy sets where membership and non-membership are depicted using cubic sets. These sets offer a greater amount of data to handle uncertainties in the information. However, there has been no previous research on the use of Einstein operations for aggregating PCFSs. This study proposes two new aggregator operators, namely, Pythagorean cubic fuzzy Einstein weighted averaging (PCFEWA) and Pythagorean cubic fuzzy Einstein ordered weighted averaging (PCFEOWA), which extend the concept of Einstein operators to PCFSs. These operators offer a more effective and precise way of aggregating Pythagorean cubic fuzzy information, especially in decision-making scenarios involving multiple criteria and expert opinions. To illustrate the practical implementation of this approach, we apply an established MCDM model and conduct a case study aimed at identifying the optimal investment market. This case study enables the evaluation and validation of the established MCDM model's effectiveness and reliability, thus making a valuable contribution to the field of investment analysis and decision-making. The study systematically compares the proposed approach with existing methods and demonstrates its superiority in terms of validity, practicality and effectiveness. Ultimately, this paper contributes to the ongoing development of sophisticated techniques for modeling and analyzing complex systems, offering practical solutions to real-world decision-making problems.

Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) have emerged as auspicious porous adsorbents for radioiodine capture. However, their conventional solvothermal synthesis demands multiday synthetic times and anaerobic conditions, largely hampering their practical use. To tackle these challenges, we present a facile microwave-assisted synthesis of 2D imine-linked COFs, Mw-TFB-BD-X, (X = −CH3 and −OCH3) under air within just 1 h. The resultant COFs possessed higher crystallinity, better yields, and more uniform morphology than their solvothermal counterparts. Remarkably, Mw-TFB-BD-CH3 and Mw-TFB-BD-OCH3 exhibited exceptional iodine adsorption capacities of 7.83 g g–1 and 7.05 g g–1, respectively, placing them among the best-performing COF adsorbents for static iodine vapor capture. Moreover, Mw-TFB-BD-CH3 and Mw-TFB-BD-OCH3 can be reused 5 times with no apparent loss in the adsorption capacity. The exceptionally high iodine adsorption capacities and excellent reusability of COFs were mainly attributed to their uniform spherical morphology and enhanced chemical stability due to the in-built electron-donating groups, despite their low surface areas. This work establishes a benchmark for developing advanced iodine adsorbents that combine fast kinetics, high capacity, excellent reusability, and facile rapid synthesis, a set of appealing features that remain challenging to merge in COF adsorbents so far.

Multiple attribute decision-making concerns with production significant in our everyday life. To resolve the problems that decision makers might feel uncertain to choose the suitable assessment values among several conceivable ideals in the procedure. Fuzzy model, and its extensions are extensively applied to MADM problems. In this study, we proposed an innovative Schweizer-Sklar t-norm and t-conorm operation of FFNs, Fermatean fuzzy Schweizer-Sklar operators. They were used as a framework for the development of an MCDM method, which was illustrated by an example to demonstrate its effectiveness and applicability. Finally, a complete limitation study, rational examination, and comparative analysis of the presented approaches has been exhibited, we originate that our technique is superior in offering DMs a better decision-making choice and reducing the restrictions on stating individual partialities.

Abstract Cubic Pythagorean fuzzy (CPF) set (CPFS) is a hybrid set that can hold much more information and can be used to describe both an interval-valued Pythagorean fuzzy set (IVPFS) and Pythagorean fuzzy set (PFS) at the same time to handle data uncertainties. Based on it, the present study is classified into three phases. The first phase is to modify the existing operational laws and aggregation operators (AOs) in the article presented by Abbas et al. (Journal of Intelligent & Fuzzy Systems, vol. 37, no. 1, pp. 1529–1544, (2019)). The main objective of improved operational laws is to eliminate the flows and ambiguities in existing AOs. Secondly, based on these laws, various AOs to aggregate the information are acquired along with their requisite properties and relations. Lastly, an approach for interpreting the multi-attribute decision-making (MCDM) problem based on the stated operators is given and illustrated with an example. Some of the existing models are used to perform a comprehensive comparative analysis to demonstrate their impacts.

Dalam penelitian ini penulis mengambil judul Pentingnya Supervisi dalam Meningkatkan Mutu Pendidikan Sekolah yang mana supervisi disini sangat penting perannya karena supervisi ini dilaksanakan untuk membantu guru meningkatkan kemampuan profesional guru yang mencakup pengetahuan akademik,pengelolaan kelas,keterampilam dalam proses pembelajaran serta memberikan kemampuan dalam memberikan pengalaman belajar yang baik kepada peserta didik.Supervisi pendidikan tidak hanya dilakukan pengawas sekolah saja tetapi dilakukan oleh kepala sekolah dalam membina dan membimbing guru dalam pembelajaran.Pembinaan dan bimbingan ini dilakukan guna untuk membantu para guru mengatasi kendala dan masalah yang ada dalam proses pembelajaran yang diterapkan oleh guru dikelas.Oleh karena itu tugas dan tanggung jawab kepala sekolah dan pengawas sekolah sangat penting dalam membantu meringankan beban guru dalam mengahadapi kendala dan masalah yang dihadapi guru dalam pengembangan profesionalisme.Bantuan dan dukungan supervisor ini dapat membantu pemecahan masalah-masalah yang dihadapi sehingga pembelajarn dapat tercapai sesuai dengan apa yang diinginkan sebelumnya.Pada abad ini supervisi dibuat untuk membantu guru dalam melihat kekurangannya pada saat proses pembelajaran ,dengan mengetahui kekurangan yang dimiliki digarapkan para guru mampu merubah pola pembelajaran sesuai dengan kondisi dan potensi setiap peserta didik yang ada,supervisi ini juga berguna untuk memotivasi para guru dalam mengembangkan kemampuannya.

Abstract In piezoceramics, the Curie temperature (TC) and piezoelectric coefficient (d33) are often inversely proportional, so it is very difficult to optimize high piezoelectricity and TC simultaneously. In addition, the high and temperature‐insensitive piezoelectric strain coefficient (d33*) with small hysteresis is also a longstanding obstacle in the development of lead‐free ceramics. In this work, a facile approach of donor doping strategy is adopted to replace Ba2+ with Yb3+, Y3+, Sm3+, and Nd3+ as a result, a high TC of 450 °C and outstanding d33 of 422–436 pC N−1 is achieved by a novel magnetic poling method. Thermally‐stable and outstanding piezoelectric strain performance (d33* ≈ 520–550 pm V−1 and ΔST ≈ 10%) with small strain hysteresis (H < 20%) results are highly encourageable in lead‐free ceramics. The main factors contributing to high piezoelectricity are the morphotropic phase boundary, suppression of defect charges by donor doping, thermal quenching, mesoscale nanodomain size, and novel poling method. The excellent piezoelectric performance and high TC of this work are superior to those of state‐of‐the‐art piezoceramics. The synergistic approaches of compositional design strategy and novel poling process in this work are highly beneficial for temperature‐insensitive piezoelectric sensor and actuator applications.

Covalent organic framework (COF)-supported palladium catalysts have garnered enormous attention for cross-coupling reactions. However, the limited linkage types in COF hosts and their suboptimal catalytic performance have hindered their widespread implementation. Herein, we present the first study immobilizing palladium acetate onto a dioxin-linked COF (Pd/COF-318) through a facile solution impregnation approach. By virtue of its permanent porosity, accessible Pd sites arranged in periodic skeletons, and framework robustness, the resultant Pd/COF-318 exhibits exceptionally high activity and broad substrate scope for the Suzuki–Miyaura coupling reaction between aryl bromides and arylboronic acids at room temperature within an hour, rendering it among the most effective Pd/COF catalysts for Suzuki–Miyaura coupling reactions to date. Moreover, Pd/COF-318 demonstrates excellent recyclability, retaining high activity over five cycles without significant deactivation. The leaching test confirms the heterogeneity of the catalyst. This work uncovers the vast potential of dioxin-linked COFs as catalyst supports for highly active, selective, and durable organometallic catalysis.

Chromium (Cr) the most widespread metal is generally found in rocks, animals and plants, while its entrance to the environment occurs from industrial processes e.g. oxidative dyeing, steel works, tanning industries, and chemical industries etc. The study aims were Graphene oxide nanoparticles (GO-NPs) preparation and its evaluation for chromium six (Cr+6) removal from water as well as the assessment of the effect of various factors (pH, temperature, contact time etc) over Cr+6 adsorption. The target adsorbent was prepared by Modified Hummer's method and then it was treated with sodium borohydride (NaBH4) for the synthesis of GO-NPs. The characterization was done by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The results indicated that highest removal (92%) was observed at pH 3 and it was concluded that the nanoparticles were efficient for Cr+6 adsorption from water. The research work was productive in estimation and optimization of different parameters for the removal of Cr+6 by GO-NPs. Further chemical modification and activation of the adsorbent is recommended.

One of the prominent issues of the environment is water quality deterioration due to release of industrial wastewater containing heavy metals. This research work focused on the synthesis of mesoporous magnetic iron oxide-aluminum silicate (Fe3O4-Al2SiO5) adsorbent via deposition-precipitation method and to assess its efficiency for chromium (VI) adsorption. The study demonstrated that the prepared mesoporous adsorbent exhibit large surface area (476.0 m2g-1) and mesoporous structure, which enhances the adsorbate adsorption. From the results it was noticed that maximum removal (99.9%) was occurring at neutral pH and the adsorption data was find in best fitting to both Langmuir isotherm as well as with pseudo-second-order kinetic models. The study further concluded that the mesoporous adsorbent can be reused following several cycles and that very slight effect of coexisting competitive ions was noticed. The study recommends that after further modification and activation, the desired mesoporous adsorbent material could be utilized for water purification at industrial level.

Excessive levels of Fluoride in water is detrimental to human health as it can cause many health problems including both dental and skeletal fluorosis etc. The aims of the current research work were to prepare a novel check the efficiency of Mango (Mangifera indica) leaves powder (MLP) for fluoride removal as well as to observe the effect of various factors over fluoride adsorption from water. The experiments were performed under batch mode and the results indicated that maximum adsorption efficiency was noticed in the acidic range. The Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) techniques were applied for adsorbent characterization. Data modeling declared that pseudo second order kinetic model and Langmuir isotherm models were in best fitting. The study concluded that the investigated adsorbent material is suitable for reducing the high fluoride concentration in water to the WHO established level and is suggested as an ecofriendly material for water purification. Conclusively, future research prospects and further modification of mango leaves materials for fluoride adsorption are recommended.

The present study is related to present a novel design of intelligent solvers with a neuro-swarm heuristic integrated with interior-point algorithm (IPA) for the numerical investigations of the nonlinear SITR fractal system based on the dynamics of a novel coronavirus (COVID-19). The mathematical form of the SITR system using fractal considerations defined in four groups, ‘susceptible (S)’, ‘infected (I)’, ‘treatment (T)’ and ‘recovered (R)’. The inclusive detail of each group along with the clarification to formulate the manipulative form of the SITR nonlinear model of novel COVID-19 dynamics is presented. The solution of the SITR model is presented using the artificial neural networks (ANNs) models trained with particle swarm optimization (PSO), i.e., global search scheme and prompt fine-tuning by IPA, i.e., ANN-PSOIPA. In the ANN-PSOIPA, the merit function is expressed for the impression of mean squared error applying the continuous ANNs form for the dynamics of SITR system and training of these networks are competently accompanied with the integrated competence of PSOIPA. The exactness, stability, reliability and prospective of the considered ANN-PSOIPA for four different forms is established via the comparative valuation from of Runge-Kutta numerical solutions for the single and multiple executions. The obtained outcomes through statistical assessments verify the convergence, stability and viability of proposed ANN-PSOIPA.

Three different series of lead-free ceramics, i.e., (1-y)Bi1.03(1-x)LaxFeO3–yBaTiO3 (y = 0.27, x = 0.00–0.12), (y = 0.30, x = 0.00–0.10), and (y = 0.33, x = 0.00–0.08) are prepared via a conventional solid-state reaction with water quenching. From X-ray diffraction and electrical property measurements, two morphotropic phase boundaries (MPBs) are discovered in all three ceramic systems. The first MPB (MPB-I) appeared between rhombohedral and tetragonal phases, whereas the second MPB (MPB-II) appeared between tetragonal and cubic-like phases. The highest direct piezoelectric coefficients (d33 = 201, 274, and 268 pC/N) are mainly attributed to the typical MPB-I of the rhombohedral and tetragonal phases. However, the highest converse piezoelectric coefficients (d33∗ = 490, 500, and 570 pm/V with Curie temperature > 330 °C) are obtained for compositions near to the MPB-II. A significant enhancement in the dielectric constant at low temperature is associated with the local structural heterogeneity by La3+ doping, which serves as an origin for a high piezoelectric strain response. Based on the crystal structure as well as on the dielectric, ferroelectric, and piezoelectric properties, a phase diagram is constructed for La-doped BiFeO3BaTiO3 ceramics. This phase diagram reveals the relationship between piezoelectric performance and crystal structure.

Herein we report, the robustness of UV/H2O2/Fe2+ system for efficient decolorization of azo-dye Acid Yellow (AY17) solution. It has been found that 88% AY17 decolorized by UV/H2O2/Fe2+ system in 25 minutes under the following optimized conditions; [dye] = 0.14 mM, [H2O2] =1.0 mM, [Fe2+ ] = 0.09 mM, stirring velocity =100 rpm, and pH = 3.0. The decolorization of AY17 by UV/H2O2/Fe2+ system exhibits second-order reaction kinetics. Thermodynamic parameters, activation enthalpy, rH*, (13.76 kJ/mol1), and entropy rS*, (0.034686 J/K) of the dye decolorization were also determined. It was ascertained that electrolytes such as HCO3−, CO32−, Cl−, and SO42− decrease the decolorization efficiency by scavenging the hydroxyl radical generation in the dye solution. Finally, the AY17 decolorization in the tape water sample by UV/H2O2/Fe2+ system was also examined.

Assessment specialists (experts) are sometimes expected to provide two types of information: knowledge of rating domains and the performance of rating objects (called confidence levels). Unfortunately, the results of previous information aggregation studies cannot be properly used to combine the two categories of data covered above. Additionally, a significant range of symmetric/asymmetric events and structures are frequently included in the implementation process or practical use of fuzzy systems. The primary goal of the current study was to use cubic Fermatean fuzzy set features to address such situations. To deal with the ambiguous information of the aggregated arguments, we defined information aggregation operators with confidence degrees. Two of the aggregation operators we initially proposed were the confidence cubic Fermatean fuzzy weighted averaging (CCFFWA) operator and the confidence cubic Fermatean fuzzy weighted geometric (CCFFWG) operator. They were used as a framework to create an MCDM process, which was supported by an example to show how effective and applicable it is. The comparison of computed results was carried out with the help of existing approaches.

This paper examines the advent of capitalism in rural economy by using the commercialization of the peasant economy in colonial Malaya period. It reflects the historical development with reference to the increase of money economy within the society who was mostly the peasants. It means that mostly all means of transaction exchanges were increasingly conducted in monetary form. Following this pattern, this phenomenon is applied to the years between 1850 and 1941 in Malaya as it was signified by the transition from traditional to modern orientation in the economic aspects of the Malay society with special attention to peasant community. Such economic changes that were manifested by the increase of money economy can be seen in a labour utilization and the change in land ownership, the commercial orientation in paddy cultivation, agricultural credit facilities and the penetration of commercialism in the Malay society as a whole. Makalah ini meneliti kemunculan kapitalisme dalam ekonomi pedesaan dengan menggunakan komersialisasi ekonomi petani pada masa kolonial Malaya. Ini men-cerminkan perkembangan historis dengan mengacu pada peningkatan ekonomi uang di masyarakat yang kebanyakan adalah petani. Artinya, kebanyakan sarana pertukaran transaksi semakin banyak dilakukan dalam bentuk moneter. Mengikuti pola ini, fenomena ini diterapkan pada tahun-tahun antara tahun 1850 dan 1941 di Malaya karena ditandai dengan transisi dari orientasi tradisional ke modern dalam aspek ekonomi masyarakat Melayu dengan perhatian khusus pada masyarakat petani. Perubahan ekonomi seperti itu yang dimanifestasikan oleh peningkatan ekonomi uang dapat dilihat pada pemanfaatan tenaga kerja dan perubahan kepemilikan tanah, orientasi komersial dalam penanaman padi, fasilitas kredit pertanian dan penetrasi komersialisme dalam masyarakat Melayu secara keseluruhan.

In this article, we introduce binary soft pre-separation axioms in binary soft Topological space along with several properties of binary soft pre τ△i , i = 0; 1; 2, binary soft pre-regular, binary soft pre τ△3 , binary soft pre-normal and binary soft τ△4 axioms using binary soft points. We also mention some binary soft invariance properties namely binary soft topological property and binary soft hereditary property. We hope that these results will be useful for the future study on binary soft topology to carry out general background for the practical applications and to solve the thorny problems containing doubts in different grounds.

The teaching and creative movement course incorporates details of physical movements most suitable to be conducted face-to-face. However, the COVID-19 pandemic has undeniably changed pedagogical methodologies, forcing this course to be conducted online via the medium of technology. Therefore, this paper explains the challenges and advantages of the synchronous and asynchronous video conferencing mixed strategies in the teaching and creative movement course. The setting in this research is a semester of the teaching and learning conducted at a university in Malaysia using the Google Meet application and video. The factors of resources and technological capability as well as the psychological factor that is related to social activity hinder the full advantage of video conferencing and technological usage in this course. The researcher also pointed out the security and safety problem experienced by one of our students to get internet access from a remote area, and the need to consider individual student home situations before sending them to learn from home. The identification of strengths and weaknesses faced by this course will enable further efforts in improving the quality of online dance education which incorporate the use of technology to obtain maximum results, especially for developing countries such as Malaysia.