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Whereas significant research has been conducted to identify the legal and extralegal factors that influence police decisions concerning the arrest of domestic violence (DV) offenders, significantly fewer studies have examined prosecutorial and judicial decision making with regard to this offense. Among the few studies available in the extant literature, none have looked at the full range of decisions made during the adjudication process (i.e., pretrial release, prosecution, disposition, and sentencing). Similarly, few of the available studies have included female defendants, despite recent increases in the number of women charged for this offense. Using a sample of 4,178 defendants arrested for a misdemeanor or felony domestic violence offense, this research identified the suspect and offense characteristics that had the greatest effect on court decisions. Explanations for the resulting findings and recommendations for further research are discussed.

Anti-programmed death 1 (PD-1) inhibitors are the standard of care for advanced gastroesophageal cancer. Although recommendations and approval by regulatory agencies are often based on programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression, pathologic assessments of PD-L1 status have several limitations. Single-site biopsies do not adequately capture disease heterogeneity within individual tumor lesions or among several lesions within the same patient, the PD-L1 combined positive score is a dynamic biomarker subject to evolution throughout a patient's disease course, and repeated biopsies are invasive and not always feasible. Methods: This was a prospective pilot study of the PD-L1-targeting radiotracer, 18 F-BMS-986229, with PET imaging (PD-L1 PET) in patients with gastroesophageal cancer. Patients were administered the 18 F-BMS-986229 radiotracer intravenously at a dose of 370 MBq over 1-2 min and underwent whole-body PET/CT imaging 60 min later. The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the safety and feasibility of 18 F-BMS-986229. The trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT04161781). Results: Between February 3, 2020, and February 2, 2022, 10 patients with gastroesophageal adenocarcinoma underwent PD-L1 PET. There were no adverse events associated with the 18 F-BMS-986229 tracer, and imaging did not result in treatment delays; the primary endpoint was achieved. Radiographic evaluation of PD-L1 expression was concordant with pathologic assessment in 88% of biopsied lesions, and 18 F-BMS-986229 uptake on PET imaging correlated with pathologic evaluation by the combined positive score (Spearman rank correlation coefficient, 0.64). Seventy-one percent of patients with 18 F-BMS-986229 accumulation on PET imaging also had lesions without 18 F-BMS-986229 uptake, highlighting the intrapatient heterogeneity of PD-L1 expression. Patients treated with frontline programmed death 1 inhibitors who had 18 F-BMS-986229 accumulation in any lesions on PET imaging had longer progression-free survival than patients without tracer accumulation in any lesions (median progression-free survival, 28.4 vs. 9.9 mo), though the small sample size prevents any definitive conclusions. Conclusion: PD-L1 PET imaging was safe, feasible, and concordant with pathologic evaluation and offers a potential noninvasive tool to assess PD-L1 expression., (© 2024 by the Society of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging.)

Purpose: We report updated clinical outcomes from a phase II study of pembrolizumab, trastuzumab, and chemotherapy (PTC) in metastatic esophagogastric cancer in conjunction with outcomes from an independent Memorial Sloan Kettering (MSK) cohort., Patients and Methods: The significance of pretreatment 89Zr-trastuzumab PET, plasma circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) dynamics, and tumor HER2 expression and whole exome sequencing was evaluated to identify prognostic biomarkers and mechanisms of resistance in patients treated on-protocol with PTC. Additional prognostic features were evaluated using a multivariable Cox regression model of trastuzumab-treated MSK patients (n = 226). Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) data from MSK and Samsung were evaluated for mechanisms of therapy resistance., Results: 89Zr-trastuzumab PET, scRNA-seq, and serial ctDNA with CT imaging identified how pre-treatment intrapatient genomic heterogeneity contributes to inferior progression-free survival (PFS). We demonstrated that the presence of intensely avid lesions by 89Zr-trastuzumab PET declines in tumor-matched ctDNA by 3 weeks, and clearance of tumor-matched ctDNA by 9 weeks were minimally invasive biomarkers of durable PFS. Paired pre- and on-treatment scRNA-seq identified rapid clearance of HER2-expressing tumor clones with expansion of clones expressing a transcriptional resistance program, which was associated with MT1H, MT1E, MT2A, and MSMB expression. Among trastuzumab-treated patients at MSK, ERBB2 amplification was associated with improved PFS, while alterations in MYC and CDKN2A/B were associated with inferior PFS., Conclusions: These findings highlight the clinical relevance of identifying baseline intrapatient heterogeneity and serial ctDNA monitoring of HER2-positive esophagogastric cancer patients to identify early evidence of treatment resistance, which could guide proactive therapy escalation or deescalation., (©2023 The Authors; Published by the American Association for Cancer Research.)

Aims: This study aimed to examine the effectiveness of an augmented home visiting programme in preventing intimate partner violence among Latinx mothers by nativity., Background: Intimate partner violence diminishes home visit programmes' effectiveness. Immigrant Latinx mothers are especially vulnerable and need culturally tailored prevention., Methods: We performed secondary analyses of 33 US-born and 86 foreign-born Latinx mothers at baseline and 1- and 2-year follow-up in a longitudinal randomized controlled trial of the Nurse-Family Partnership programme augmented with nurse-delivered Within My Reach relationship education curriculum and violence screening and referrals in Oregon. We estimated proportional odds models via generalized estimating equations on total physical and sexual victimization and/or perpetration forms (an ordinal variable), adjusting for intervention, wave, age and education., Results: The intervention-nativity interaction was not significant (p = .953). Foreign-born status was associated with lower reported violence at baseline (adjusted odds ratio: 0.29, 95% confidence interval: 0.13-0.67, p = .004). This association was marginally significant at 1-year follow-up (0.43, 0.17-1.08, p = .072) and not significant at 2-year follow-up (0.75, 0.33-1.67, p = .475)., Conclusions: This augmented programme was not effective for Latinx mothers by nativity. Their nativity gap diminished over time., Implications for Nursing Management: Nursing leaders should support culturally tailored home visiting programmes to detect and prevent intimate partner violence affecting Latinx immigrants., Clinical Trial Registration: This study is registered at www., Clinicaltrials: gov NCT01811719. The full trial protocol can be accessed at https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01811719., (© 2022 The Authors. Journal of Nursing Management published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Importance: Brain metastasis (BrM) in gastroesophageal adenocarcinoma (GEA) is a rare and poorly understood phenomenon associated with poor prognosis., Objectives: To examine the clinical and genomic features of patients with BrM from GEA and evaluate factors associated with survival., Design, Setting, and Participants: In this single-institution retrospective cohort study, 68 patients with BrM from GEA diagnosed between January 1, 2008, and December 31, 2020, were identified via review of billing codes and imaging reports from the electronic medical record with follow-up through November 3, 2021. Genomic data were derived from the Memorial Sloan Kettering-Integrated Mutation Profiling of Actionable Cancer Targets clinical sequencing platform., Exposures: Treatment with BrM resection and/or radiotherapy., Main Outcomes and Measures: Overall survival after BrM diagnosis., Results: Sixty-eight patients (median age at diagnosis, 57.4 years [IQR, 49.8-66.4 years]; 59 [86.8%] male; 55 [85.9%] White) participated in the study. A total of 57 (83.8%) had primary tumors in the distal esophagus or gastroesophageal junction. Median time from initial diagnosis to BrM diagnosis was 16.9 months (IQR, 8.5-27.7 months). Median survival from BrM diagnosis was 8.7 months (95% CI, 5.5-11.5 months). Overall survival was 35% (95% CI, 25%-48%) at 1 year and 24% (95% CI, 16%-37%) at 2 years. In a multivariable analysis, an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status of 2 or greater (hazard ratio [HR], 4.66; 95% CI, 1.47-14.70; P = .009) and lack of surgical or radiotherapeutic intervention (HR, 7.71; 95% CI, 2.01-29.60; P = .003) were associated with increased risk of all-cause mortality, whereas 3 or more extracranial sites of disease (HR, 1.85; 95% CI, 0.64-5.29; P = .25) and 4 or more BrMs (HR, 2.15; 95% CI, 0.93-4.98; P = .07) were not statistically significant. A total of 31 patients (45.6%) had ERBB2 (formerly HER2 or HER2/neu)-positive tumors, and alterations in ERBB2 were enriched in BrM relative to primary tumors (8 [47.1%] vs 7 [20.6%], P = .05), as were alterations in PTPRT (7 [41.2%] vs 4 [11.8%], P = .03)., Conclusions and Relevance: This study suggests that that a notable proportion of patients with BrM from GEA achieve survival exceeding 1 and 2 years from BrM diagnosis, a more favorable prognosis than previously reported. Good performance status and treatment with combination surgery and radiotherapy were associated with the best outcomes. ERBB2 positivity and amplification as well as PTPRT alterations were enriched in BrM tissue compared with primary tumors; therefore, further study should be pursued to identify whether these variables represent genomic risk factors for BrM development.

The study tested whether cognitive retroactive transfer (CRT) of language skills from English to Hebrew takes place; specifically, whether an improvement in linguistic and meta-linguistic skills in English as a foreign language (FL) would lead to an improvement in these skills in Hebrew as the first language (L1). The participants consisted of 124 students in Grade 6 who were randomly assigned to an experimental group or a control group. Each group was further divided into readers with dyslexia, poor readers, and typical readers groups. The experimental group participated in an English intervention program designed for this study. All participants were administered a battery of pre- and post-treatment tests in linguistic and meta-linguistic skills in Hebrew and in English. The findings supported the existence of CRT from skills in English to skills in Hebrew with reference to most of the variables in the domains of reading, writing, and language skills. The improvement in most of the linguistic and meta-linguistic tasks in both English and Hebrew was significantly higher in the experimental group compared with the control group. The innovation of this study was in testing CRT of linguistic and meta-linguistic skills from English to Hebrew. Limitations and direction for future research are discussed.

Background: Survey research and analysis of police records, hospital emergency rooms, and women's shelters have clearly established the severity of the intimate partner violence problem and the need to find programs to address this issue. Roughly 1 in 4 women in an intimate relationship is a victim of intimate partner violence. Court-mandated batterer intervention programs (BIPs) have been implemented throughout the United States as a leading method to address this problem. These programs are also now implemented in Canada and Europe. These programs emerged from the women's shelter movement leading to programs with a strong feminist orientation, such as the Duluth Model. The programs that were developed were group-based and relied on psychoeducational methods. Their aim was to get men to take responsibility for their sexist beliefs and stop abusing their partners by teaching them alternative responses for handling their anger. More recent programs draw from cognitive-behavioral therapeutic principles or a mix of the latter with feminist components as well., Objectives: This is an update of our prior review. The aim was to assess the effects of postarrest court-mandated interventions for intimate partner violence offenders that target, in part or exclusively, male batterers. Our focus was on studies aimed at reducing intimate partner violence, above and beyond what would have been expected by routine legal procedures (e.g., probation monitoring, etc.)., Search Methods: We searched numerous databases and websites, bibliographies of published reviews of related literature, and a scrutiny of annotated bibliographies of related literature. Our goal was to identify all published and unpublished literature that met our selection criteria. The original review identified nine eligible studies. The updated search identified two new studies. The total sample size across these 11 studies was 4824., Selection Criteria: We included experimental (random assignment) and quasi-experimental evaluations of court-mandated BIPs that measured official or victim reports of future intimate partner violence. Rigorous quasi-experimental designs were defined as those that either used matching or statistical controls to improve the comparability of the treated (program) and untreated (comparison) groups. The original review also included quasi-experimental designs that used treatment drop-outs as the comparison group. Given the serious selection bias of such studies, these have not been included in this update., Data Collection and Analysis: We coded characteristics of the treatment, sample, outcomes, and research methods. Findings were extracted in the form of an effect size and effect sizes were analyzed using the inverse-variance weight method of meta-analysis. Official report and victim report outcomes were analyzed separately as were the different design types (i.e., random assignment and quasi-experimental designs with a no treatment comparison)., Results: The mean effect for official reports of intimate partner violence from experimental studies showed a modest (but statistically nonsignificant) benefit for the program group (odds ratio, 0.79; 95% confidence interval [CI] [0.49-1.28], k  = 7) whereas the mean effect for victim reported outcomes showed equal outcomes for both groups (e.g., no benefit or harm; odds ratio, 0.99; 95% CI, [0.74-1.32], k  = 7). The quasi-experimental studies showed a small but not statistically significant benefit for the program group on official reports (odds ratio, 0.54; 95% CI [0.24-1.22], k  = 7). One quasi-experiment reported a nonsignificant effect for a victim report outcome (odds ratio, 1.76; 95% CI [0.50-6.14], k  = 1). None of the analyses were statistically significant. Thus, there is insufficient evidence to conclude that these programs are effective. Both the official measure and the victim reported measures have potential sources of bias, increasing the uncertainty regarding any benefits or harms related to these programs., Authors' Conclusions: The findings, we believe, raise doubts about the effectiveness of court-mandated BIPs in reducing re-assault among men convicted of misdemeanor intimate partner violence. New programs and/or entirely new approaches to this important social problem should be explored., (© 2021 The Authors. Campbell Systematic Reviews published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of The Campbell Collaboration.)

Objective: To determine the prevalence of and risk factors associated with opioid use in the treatment of migraine, we examined demographics and clinical characteristics of 867 individuals who reported using opioids for the treatment of migraine., Methods: We analyzed data from the CaMEO study (Chronic Migraine Epidemiology and Outcomes), a cross-sectional, longitudinal, Internet study, to compare sociodemographics, clinical characteristics, and migraine burden/disability of opioid users vs nonusers. Covariates were entered as categorical or continuous variables. Factors associated with opioid use were identified using nested, multivariable binary logistic regression models., Results: Of 2,388 respondents with migraine using prescription medications for acute treatment, 36.3% reported that they currently used or kept on hand opioid medications to treat headaches. Current opioid users had significantly more comorbidities, greater headache-related burden, and poorer quality of life than nonusers. Regression models revealed factors significantly associated with opioid use, including male sex, body mass index, allodynia, increasing monthly headache frequency, Total Pain Index score (excluding head, face, neck/shoulder), anxiety, depression, ≥1 cardiovascular comorbidity, and emergency department/urgent care use for headache in the past 6 months. Self-reported physician-diagnosed migraine/chronic migraine was associated with significantly decreased likelihood of opioid use., Conclusions: Of respondents who were using acute prescription medications for migraine, more than one-third used or kept opioids on hand, contrary to guidance. This analysis could not distinguish risk factors from consequences of opioid use; thus further research is needed to guide the development of strategies for reducing the inappropriate use of opioids in migraine., (Copyright © 2020 The Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. on behalf of the American Academy of Neurology.)

Background: Uncontrolled hypertension (HTN) and medication nonadherence are more prominent among Hispanics compared to non-Hispanic whites and African Americans. Advances in wireless health technology enable real-time monitoring of medication adherence (MA) and blood pressure (BP), facilitating timely patient⁻provider communication including tailored reinforcement/motivational feedback to patients and quicker titration changes by providers. The purpose of the current study was to conduct a 9-month smartphone-enabled efficacy trial addressing MA and BP control among Hispanic adults with uncontrolled HTN and poor MA. Methods: The research design was a 9-month, two-arm efficacy trial including an experimental (Smartphone Med Adherence Stops Hypertension, SMASH) group and an enhanced standard care (ESC) group. SMASH participants utilized a SMASH app which interfaced with a Bluetooth-enabled BP monitor for BP self-monitoring and an electronic medication tray. The ESC participants received text messages including links to PDFs and brief video clips containing healthy lifestyle tips for attention control. Results : Participants were 54 Hispanic adults (mean age: 46.5 years) with uncontrolled HTN. They were randomly assigned to either the SMASH ( n = 26) or ESC group ( n = 28). At baseline, no participants had controlled systolic BP (SBP). Baseline group averages for SBP between the SC and SMASH groups did not differ (150.7 and 152.3 mmHg, respectively; p = 0.53). At the 1, 3, 6, and 9-month time points, SBP averages were significantly lower in the SMASH versus SC groups (month 1: 125.3 vs. 140.6; month 3: 120.4 vs. 137.5, month 6: 121.2 vs. 145.7 mmHg; month 9: 121.8 vs. 145.7, respectively; all p -values <0.01). At months 3, 6, and 9 there was a significant difference between the percentage of participants meeting the 7th Joint National Committee cutoffs for SBP control in the SC and SMASH groups (month 3: 62.5 vs. 92.0%; month 6: 57.9 and 94.4%, month 9: 27.8 and 92.3%, respectively; all p -values ≤0.01). Average medical regimen adherence, as indicated by timestamped medication intake and BP monitoring for the SMASH group, ranged from 89.1 to 95.2% across the 9-month trial. Conclusion : Our findings indicate that our culturally tailored smartphone-enabled medical regimen self-management program may be an effective solution for the promotion of MA, resulting in statistically and clinically significant reductions in SBP among Hispanic adults with uncontrolled HTN.

Background: Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a significant public health problem with many negative consequences, particularly for pregnant women. This randomized trial investigated the effectiveness of an IPV preventive intervention embedded within the Nurse Family Partnership (NFP) program., Materials and Methods: Participants enrolled over a 20-month period and were interviewed at baseline and 1- and 2-year follow-up. Eligibility criteria included first pregnancy, eligible for the nutrition program Women, Infants, and Children (WIC), English or Spanish speaking, and at least 15 years of age. All women initially referred and screened were randomized to either intervention (NFP+) or control (NFP only) condition. The final sample consisted of 238 women completing baseline assessments; retention was 81% at 2-year follow-up., Results: Analyses indicated that there were no main effects: the intervention affected participants differently depending on their baseline experience with IPV. For physical violence victimization, an interaction between baseline victimization and treatment was found; the intervention reduced victimization at 1 year (and approached significance at 2 years), but only among women who had not experienced past-year physical victimization at baseline. For sexual violence victimization, another interaction emerged; women in the intervention group were more likely to report sexual violence victimization at 2-year follow-up, but only among participants who had reported sexual victimization at baseline. The only effect on IPV perpetration was psychological perpetration at 2-year follow-up; again, the treatment effect was moderated by baseline perpetration. The intervention reduced psychological perpetration for participants who were nonperpetrators at baseline, but had no effect on those reporting perpetration., Conclusions: Overall, findings suggest that the intervention was effective in reducing some forms of violence among those not experiencing IPV at baseline, but was ineffective or potentially harmful for those already experiencing IPV.

Objective: In this study, we report 5 patients with heterogeneous phenotypes and biochemical evidence of respiratory chain (RC) deficiency; however, the molecular diagnosis is not mitochondrial disease., Methods: The reported patients were identified from a cohort of 60 patients in whom RC enzyme deficiency suggested mitochondrial disease and underwent whole-exome sequencing., Results: Five patients had disease-causing variants in nonmitochondrial disease genes ORAI1, CAPN3, COLQ, EXOSC8, and ANO10, which would have been missed on targeted next-generation panels or on MitoExome analysis., Conclusions: Our data demonstrate that RC abnormalities may be secondary to various cellular processes, including calcium metabolism, neuromuscular transmission, and abnormal messenger RNA degradation.

The lack of rigorous evaluations of intimate partner violence (IPV) programs has severely limited our knowledge about what works. However, IPV programs can be rigorously evaluated through randomized controlled trials (RCTs) conducted ethically and safely. This article provides an example of how a RCT to test an IPV preventive intervention-the Enhanced Nurse Family Partnership Study (ENFPS)-was successfully implemented by a partnership of researchers and practitioners. The article concludes with some recommendations, arrived at by the researchers and practitioners on the ENFPS team, for achieving a successful collaboration thought to be essential in executing a field experiment., (© The Author(s) 2011.)

This research provides information on dually arrested female defendants in domestic violence cases. The data comes from all heterosexual domestic violence cases resulting in a dual arrest from one large mid-South city during a 28-month period. Information on matched pairs of dually arrested male and female defendants (N = 317) came from multiple sources, including official criminal justice records (arrest reports and local criminal histories) as well as victim/offender interviews with both the arrestee and his/her partner. Comparisons were made between males and females in terms of their demographics, criminal histories, prior history of domestic violence (as both victim and offender), and behavior during the instant offense. Analyses revealed that these couples had ample contact, whether as victim or offender, with the criminal justice system. While there were no significant differences in partners' reports of minor and severe physical abuse, criminal justice date indicated that male arrestees demonstrated a significantly higher overall level of severity of violence than their female counterparts. Additionally, male arrestees had a more serious history of intimate partner and extrafamilial violence as well as other indicators of an antisocial lifestyle in comparison to female arrestees. To the extent that females in our cohort demonstrated less overall criminality and engaged in less severe domestic aggression, the idea of equivalency of violence between male and female arrestees must remain questionable.