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With the recent development of molecular genetics, research on the phytogeny of organisms has made great progress. In particular, the development of new DNA sequencing techniques and efficient heuristic methods for data analysis have been important. Repeatedly, the traditional classification of animals could be revised; however, there remain unanswered questions. The results are often contradictory, especially when events from the early days of the evolution of multicellular organisms are reconstructed. In other cases, phylogenetic trees obtained from DNA data do not match the anatomical data. Systematic errors of algorithms as well as the availability of a phylogenetic signal in the data need further investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Der Ophthalmologe is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: Meta-analyses have a great impact on medical decision-making. Random errors are, however, often the reason for misinterpretation of interventional effects in meta-analyses.Objective: The aim of this article is to introduce authors and readers of meta-analyses to the problem of random errors. The article presents trial sequential analysis (TSA) as a suitable and user-friendly method that adjusts for the risk of random errors in meta-analyses.Material and Methods: The practical application of TSA is illustrated and exemplified using regional anesthesiology procedures versus conventional pain therapy with respect to the prevention of persistent postoperative pain after breast cancer surgery or thoracotomy. The results were compared with those from conventional meta-analytical methods.Results: Conventional meta-analytical methods showed a significant advantage for patients after breast cancer surgery as well as after thoracotomy for regional anesthesia procedures with respect to the reduction of persistent postoperative pain. By means of TSA it could be concluded for thoracotomy that the evidence of this meta-analysis was sufficient. In contrast, the TSA for breast cancer surgery showed that based on the current data set and on the basis of relevant assumptions, it is potentially a false indication of an effect. There is currently no evidence that regional anesthesia leads to a significant reduction of persistent postoperative pain.Conclusion: The TSA is a suitable tool to minimize the risk of random errors and for a more reliable assessment of the evidence for the results of a meta-analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Technisches Messen is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Copyright of Anaesthesist is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Der Radiologe is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Archives of Oto-rhino-laryngology is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)