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— Hymenophyllum subg. Mecodium is subcosmopolitan and comprises ca. 35 species. Its neotropical species are poorly known taxonomically. The high degree of morphological similarity among the species and the absence of clear characters to distinguish them has confounded taxonomic treatments, resulting in the lumping of many putative segregate taxa into a broadly circumscribed Hymenophyllum polyanthos species complex. The goal of the present study was to analyze morphologically and phylogenetically the species of Hymenophyllum subg. Mecodium in the Atlantic Forest domain. Morphological studies were conducted utilizing traditional stereomicroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Additionally, Bayesian inference and maximum likelihood phylogenetic analyses were performed using plastid data for seven markers: atpB, atpB-rbcL, matK, rbcL, rbcL-accD, rps4, and rps4-trnS. Seven independent lineages were identified in this study, while morphological analysis supported the delimitation of five taxa within the Atlantic Forest domain: Hymenophyllum apiculatum, H. polyanthos, H. schomburkii, H. undulatum, and H. viridissimum. One taxon, Hymenophyllum sturmii, is recognized as a cryptic species, formed by two independent evolutionary lineages, and treated here provisionally as the H. sturmii complex. A taxonomic revision for the six taxa occurring in the Atlantic Forest domain is presented, including seven new lectotypifications, along with an identification key, descriptions, and illustrations for the species. We also provide data regarding the geographical distribution and conservation status of these six species.

—Sphaerocionium is the largest subgenus of Hymenophyllum and occurs mainly in tropical forests of the Neotropical Region. Species of Hymenophyllum occurring in Brazil are poorly known due to difficulties in species delimitation and the absence of detailed studies. The aim of the present study was to present a synopsis of Hymenophyllum subg. Sphaerocionium in the Atlantic Forest domain, based on molecular and morphological data. Field and herbarium specimens were morphologically analyzed by stereomicroscopy, optical microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. Phylogenetic relationships were evaluated by sequence comparison of the plastidial regions trnG-R and rps4-trnS. Morphological and phylogenetic evidence led to the recognition of 14 taxa throughout the Atlantic Forest, five of which are endemic. The taxonomy and nomenclature of Hymenophyllum in Brazil are revised and 19 new lectotypifications are proposed. The conservation status and geographical distributions of all species are updated and a dichotomous key is provided.

—Morphological studies and molecular phylogenetic analyses were carried out to assess the taxonomic status of Hymenophyllum caudiculatum, a species with a disjunct distribution in South America. The species is found in tropical and subtropical forests of Brazil and in temperate forest of southern Argentina and Chile. Based on the results of morphological, molecular, and species delimitation analyses, Hymenophyllum caudatum of the Valdivian forest of southern Chile and Argentina is proposed as a species separate from H. caudiculatum, endemic to Brazil. The two taxa are delimited, respectively, as follows: 1‐5 cm long non-alate stipes (vs. 0.3‐1 cm long non-alate stipes in Brazilian H. caudiculatum); stipe wings gradually ending (vs. stipe wings abruptly ending very near the rhizome); margin entire to somewhat undulate (vs. margin undulate to crispate); soriferous segment alate, angustate, or null (vs. soriferous segment with laminar constriction at apex); and widely obovoid receptacle with sessile sporangia (vs. flattened obovoid or globose receptacle with shortly pedunculated sporangia). Descriptions for the two species recognized here and a map of their geographical distribution are provided, along with nomenclatural revision, illustrations, and conservation status assessments.

This work aimed to evaluate the chemical composition, yield, and antifungal activity of the essential oils (EO) of native species from the ‘Campos de Cima da Serra’ region, South Brazil. The species Aloysia gratissima, Aloysia lycioides, Blepharocalyx salicifolius, Cunila angustifolia, Myrciaria delicatula, Myrcia brasiliensis, Ocimum sp., and Schinus polygama had an EO yield higher than 0.1% v/m. The in vitro antifungal activity of these oils was tested on the fungi Alternaria alternata, Fusarium oxysporum, Botrytis cinerea, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, with an EO concentration of 0.1% v/v. Chemically, the EO of Ocimum sp. presented the highest dissimilarity compared to other species; the EOs of M. delicatula and M. brasiliensis presented the highest degree of similarity. Ocimum sp. EO inhibited the growth of all fungi; the EO of B. salicifolius had no inhibitory effect. The remaining oils had an intermediate antifungal activity which also depended on the fungi species.

RESUMO O Pampa representa um dos domínios fitogeográficos de maior riqueza florística da América do Sul; no entanto, principalmente ao que refere às samambaias e licófitas, ainda é muito pouco conhecido. O presente estudo tem como objetivos listar as espécies de samambaias e licófitas associadas aos cerros do Tigre e Palomas e discutir os aspectos florísticos que modelam a flora de samambaias e licófitas nas formações isoladas (Cerros) do domínio do Pampa. As amostras foram coletadas e herborizadas por meio das técnicas usuais, e identificadas com auxílio de literatura específica. Espécimes de herbários também foram analisados a fim de complementar a lista florística. As espécies foram classificadas quanto seu padrão de distribuição geográfica e quanto sua forma de vida e crescimento. O inventário resultou em 36 espécies, sendo quatro licófitas e 32 samambaias, distribuídas em 11 famílias e 19 gêneros. Ao todo, 18 espécies foram exclusivas ao Cerro do Tigre, cinco ao Cerro Palomas e 13 ocorreram em ambas as áreas. A maior parte das espécies tem ampla distribuição na América do Sul (41,02%) e América Tropical (35,89%), e não foram identificadas espécies endêmicas ao domínio pampeano. A forma de vida predominante foi hemicriptófito e a forma de crescimento, o rosulado foi a mais frequente. De forma geral as espécies ocorrentes na área de estudo apresentaram adaptações às condições xerofíticas. Nossos resultados mostraram haver alta riqueza de espécies nas áreas estudadas em relação ao citado para o domínio, e que os Cerros servem como refúgios para manutenção da flora de samambaias e licófitas na região. ABSTRACT The Pampa represents one of the domains of highest floristic richness in South America, however, especially in relation to the ferns and lycophytes, it still poorly known. This study aims to list the ferns and lycophytes associated with the Tigre and Palomas hills and discuss the floristic aspects that shape the fern and lycophyte flora at the isolated formations (Cerros) of the Pampa domain. The samples were collected and herborized using standard techniques and identified through specific literature. Herbarium specimens were also analyzed in order to complement the floristic list. Species were classified according to their geographical distribution pattern and also considering their life and growth forms. The inventory resulted in 36 species, representing four lycophytes and 32 ferns, distributed in 11 families and 19 genera. Overall, 18 species were exclusive to Cerro do Tigre, five to Cerro Palomas and 13 shared between both areas. Most of the species are widely distributed in South America (41,02%) and Tropical America (35,89%), and no endemic species to the pampean domain were identified. The predominant life form was hemicryptophyte, and rosulate was the most represented growth form. In general, the species occurring in the areas presented adaptations to xerophytic conditions. The results showed a high species richness in the studied areas in relation to cited for the whole domain, indicating that the Cerros serve as refuges for the maintenance of ferns and lycophytes in the Pampa region.

Conhecer a flora contribui na formacao de cidadaos que pensam e agem de forma critica e reflexiva, despertando para a sensibilizacao ambiental. Por isso, o ensino da Botânica na Educacao Basica e muito importante. Porem, esta area nao se mostra tao relevante para muitos professores de Ciencias. Provavelmente, isso se deve a complexidade do tema, a dificuldade de criar estrategias de ensino eficazes e ao desinteresse dos estudantes sobre o assunto. No entanto, e preciso que a defasagem no ensino da Botânica seja minimizada. Uma das alternativas para isso e o uso de metodologias ativas como proposta de ensino, tornando-o mais atrativo atraves do envolvimento dos estudantes no processo de ensino-aprendizagem. Sendo assim, este trabalho apresenta uma proposta de ensino de Ciencias, aplicada na Escola Municipal de Ensino Fundamental Guerino Zugno-Caxias do Sul/RS. O objetivo da proposta foi envolver, de forma interativa e colaborativa, os alunos do 7o ano nas etapas do inventario das arvores da escola e seu entorno e, na caracterizacao de cada uma delas. O trabalho partiu da identificacao visual e da coleta de amostras das especies de arvores. Apos, foram realizadas pesquisas bibliograficas em sites especializados e em livros fisicos. A lista resultante do inventario apresenta 33 especies de arvores, pertencentes a 29 generos e 21 familias botânicas. A realizacao da proposta de ensino permitiu observar a interacao, colaboracao, engajamento, entusiamo e o crescente interesse dos alunos pela Botânica. Tambem foram observadas novas posturas dos alunos frente ao meio ambiente. http://dx.doi.org/10.18226/23185279.v8iss3p22

The inventory of ferns and lycophytes was carried out in Cerro da Pedra do Lagarto, a vegetation refuge with distinct phytophysiognomies (forest and natural grassland, respectively) located in the district of Santo Antao, North of the Municipality of Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul State. The aim of this study was to contribute to the knowledge of the flora of fern and lycophytes in the poorly sampled central Region of the State, supplying ecologic and biological data and a dichotomous key for the identification of the species observed. There are 34 fern species and two lycophyte species, belonging to 28 genera of 14 botanical families. Polypodiaceae was the richest family with eight species, followed by Pteridaceae, with seven. Most species were terrestrial and the only arborescent specie was Cyathea atrovirens. The inventoried data represent 9.5% of the known species of ferns and lycophytes for the State of Rio Grande do Sul.

Loopers such as Chrysodeixis includens (Walker), Rachiplusia nu (Guenée), and Trichoplusia ni (Hübner) are important defoliators in soybean, sunflower, and crucifer crops, respectively, in countries of the Americas. The biotic potential of these polyphagous species of Plusiinae was comparatively examined considering crop rotation and succession scenarios in which crucifer crops are cultivated during or after Brazilian winter. All the species developed and reproduced on soybean (BRS 133 Embrapa) and forage turnip (Cati AL 1000, Wolf Seeds do Brasil). The development of C. includens was similar on both host plants. The survival of R. nu was lower on forage turnip than on soybean. In contrast, T. ni performance (survival, fecundity, pupal weight) was better on forage turnip than on soybean. This suggests that in crop rotation and succession scenarios of soybean after brassicacea, C. includens is likely to have a higher number of generations per year and could be potentially more harmful.

Resumo É apresentada a sinopse das espécies do gênero Polyphlebium ocorrentes no Brasil, com breves descrições, distribuição geográfica, imagens das estruturas morfológicas diagnósticas, comentários acerca das espécies, bem como uma chave de identificação. São reconhecidas quatro espécies que ocorrem principalmente nos biomas Mata Atlântica e Amazônia. Também está sendo proposta uma nova combinação para uma espécie anteriormente considerada no gênero Trichomanes s.s. Abstract A synopsis of Polyphlebium species occurrent in Brazil is presented, together the brief species description, comments, geographic distribution, images of diagnostics structures, as so as an identification key is presented. Are recognized four species that are distributed in Amazonia and Atlantic Forest biomes. Also, a new combination to one Trichomanes s.s. specie is proposed.

The geomorphological and climatic aspects influence the environments mosaic existing in the northern region of Rio Grande do Sul, of which the coastal dunes stand out. The aim of this study was to carry out the floristic survey, by means of walks, and characterize the vegetation structure through the evaluation ofphytosociological parameters in 45 plots, in a portion of coastal dunes, Torres, RS. A number of 141 species were identified, 104 native and 37exotics, distributed in 54 families. The families Asteraceae and Poaceae presented the highest floristic richness. The species with the highest value of importance were Panicum racemosum (P. Beauv.) Spreng. and Panicum repens L. The high number of species found as well as the presence of endangered species indicates the importance of the area and the need to expand efforts for conservation, mainly because it is a buffer zone of the conservation unit Ilha dos Lobos Wild Life Refuge.

A survey of ferns and lycophytes of the Coastal Region of the state of Rio Grande do Sul (CRRS) was performed based on field work and collections of the main regional herbaria. The following were evaluated for each species: preferential habits (terrestrial, epiphytic or aquatic), geographic distribution patterns and habitats (forest, grassland, and wetland). The occurrence of a latitudinal gradient in diversity was tested over five latitudinal ranges using the Sørensen Similarity Index. A total of 17 lycophyte and 206 fern species representing 28 families was found between the latitudes of 29° and 34°S. Exclusively terrestrial species were predominant (162), with the majority (113) exhibiting wide Neotropical distributions, followed by species that also occurred in the state of Paraná (44). The forest habitat harbored the greatest number of species (159), while grasslands had the fewest (26). Cluster analysis showed pronounced floristic differentiation among latitudinal Ranges III (31°01' to 32°S) and IV (32°01' to 31°S), with a similarity index of only 0.41. Our results demonstrate a strong north-to-south reduction in species richness in the study area, which is related to environmental conditions along the latitudinal gradient and, especially, microclimatic differences in the transition zone between the Atlantic Forest and Pampa biomes.

Community structure and spatial distribution of epiphytic ferns in swamp forest remnants along the coastal plain of the state of Rio Grande do Sul were analyzed. A total of 440 trees were sampled in fifty-seven 10 x 10 m plots. Each phorophyte was divided into five ecological zones (strata), where all species of epiphytic ferns were recorded. A total of 34 species representing 18 genera in six families were recorded. Polypodiaceae was the most represented family with 17 species, and Microgramma vacciniifolia had the highest epiphytic importance value. Characteristic holoepiphyte was the predominant ecological category, representing 70 % of the species. Ordination analysis showed a gradual change in floristic composition between ecological zones with richness differing significantly between strata. We observed that with increasing latitude there was a decrease in mean temperature and total rainfall, but an increase in frosts. These climatic and phytogeography changes result in a reduction in species richness and a change in the structure of epiphytic fern communities in a north-to-south direction. The importance of swamp forest remnants of the coastal plain to the diversity of epiphytic ferns is discussed.

Resumo É apresentado o inventário das espécies do gênero Hymenophyllum (Hymenophyllaceae) ocorrentes no estado do Espírito Santo. O tratamento taxonômico inclui descrições das espécies, comentários e imagens dos táxons, bem como, chaves de identificação dos gêneros de Hymenophyllaceae ocorrentes na área de estudo e no Brasil e das espécies de Hymenophyllum ocorrentes no Espírito Santo. O padrão de distribuição das espécies, juntamente com observações ecológicas também estão inclusos. No total foram encontradas 15 espécies pertencentes a cinco subgêneros. As espécies ocorrem amplamente no bioma Mata Atlântica, em florestas ombrófilas e nebulares, com exceção de Hymenphyllum caparaoense que é endêmica no Parque Nacional do Caparaó.

Resumo Um inventário de samambaias e licófitas da Reserva Biológica Estadual Mata Paludosa (REBIO Mata Paludosa), Itati, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, é apresentado. Durante o período de um ano, as espécies ocorrentes na REBIO foram registradas, com amostras coletadas e incorporadas no herbário HUCS. As espécies foram classificadas quanto ao hábito, grau de ameaça e sua ocorrência nas distintas fitofisionomias do Rio Grande do Sul. No total foram encontradas 79 espécies, sendo uma licófita e 78 samambaias. As famílias de maior riqueza florística foram Polypodiaceae (12), Dryopteridaceae, Pteridaceae e Thelypteridaceae (10 espécies cada) e Aspleniaceae (nove). As plantas terrestres foram as mais representativas (64%), seguidas pelas epífitas (28%) e hemiepífitas (8%). A maioria das espécies tem padrão de distribuição amplo no Rio Grande do Sul (75%). Encontrou-se populações de cinco espécies localmente ameaçadas de extinção. A REBIO Mata Paludosa representa importantes remanescentes da Mata Atlântica no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, por apresentar elevada riqueza florística de samambaias e licófitas, espécies de distribuição restrita e ameaçadas de extinção localmente. Abstract A checklist of ferns and lycophytes in protected area Reserva Biológica Estadual Mata Paludosa (REBIO Mata Paludosa), municipality of Itati, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil is presented. During one year, a scan survey was made in all vegetation types where the species were collected and incorporated in the HUCS herbarium. The species were categorized by habit, threat level and distribution pattern on Rio Grande do Sul phytophysiognomies. A total of 79 species were recorded, including one lycophyte and 78 ferns. The families Polypodiaceae (12), Dryopteridaceae, Pteridaceae, and Thelypteridaceae (10 each) and Aspleniaceae (nine) were the richest. Terrestrial species were the most representative (64%) followed by epiphytes (28%), and hemiepyphytes (8%). Most of the recorded species present are widespread (75%). Populations of five locally endangered species were found. The REBIO Mata Paludosa represents important remnants of Atlantic Forest in the State of Rio Grande do Sul, because of its high richness of ferns and lycophytes, endangered species and species with locally restrict distribution patterns.