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In this article, the natural frequencies of the femur in the presence and absence of defects have been calculated. For this purpose, two approaches to bone modeling have been considered: one for the homogeneous case and the other for the non-homogeneous case, which more closely reflects the reality of the femur bone. In the next step, in order to identify suitable materials for femur bone implants, two materials AZ31 and CP Ti have been selected, and the natural frequencies of the femur made with these two materials have been calculated and compared with the results of the natural femur. From the obtained results, it can be concluded that although these two materials are attractive for bone implants from other aspects, they are not approved from the point of view of vibrations, although material AZ31 is a little better. It is also observed that the selected defect in the femur has little effect on the natural frequencies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mg alloy is one of the most suitable biodegradable materials for making modern LCP. This is due to the osseointegration property, low elastic modulus, the presence in the human bone, and the excellent biodegradable nature. But it lacks much-needed strength compared to conventional (Ti, SS alloys) implants due to low strength of biodegradable (Mg, Zn alloys) materials. The problem can be solved by either biodegradable material development or by design improvement of existing LCP. Improving the design is a better way to improve the LCP. This paper aims to improve the design of existing LCP through the addition of features and their implications by analysing the stress distribution across the plates for improved biodegradable implant mechanical performance. Various designs have been developed and each has certain advantages over conventional LCP which ACT and 4PBT have been demonstrated via the FEM. They are best suited for femur bone fracture treatment replacing conventional metal alloys LCP. The CTLCP, SLCP, and SELCP have improved performance at stress concentration regions while STLCP especially has 36.74% less stress generation than conventional LCP along with excellent biodegradable performance. The designs are discussed in detail to analyse the effect of added features in conventional LCP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper devises a technique for diagnosing and classifying osteoporosis using the femur bone's X-ray images. The devised approach uses the following phases: image acquisition, pre-processing, segmentation of femur boundary, measurement of femoral geometry, feature mining, and osteoporosis categorization. Here, femur boundary segmentation is done using the Deep Contour Aware Network (DCAN), which is trained by the Chronological Artificial Ecosystem Optimization (CAEO) algorithm. Then, the femoral geometry is measured and the most relevant features in the image are identified. Further, osteoporosis is classified using the Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) with Transfer Learning (TL), where the CNN is employed with the hyperparameters of the pre-trained model, LeNet. Here, the Chronological Artificial Ecosystem Tasmanian Devil Optimization (CAETDO) algorithm optimizes the classification process. The CAETDO-CNN-TL is examined based on metrics and have the values of 0.910, 0.927, 0.928, and 0.904 for precision, True Negative Rate (TNR), True Positive Rate (TPR), and accuracy, correspondingly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Osteoporosis is a disorder, that leads to fractures and fatal problems in bones. It is believed that more than 200 million individuals are affected globally. Furthermore, osteoporosis is caused by micro-architectural degeneration of bone tissues, which increases the risk of bone fragility and fractures. Moreover, the osteoporosis categorization is essential for the medical industry, which classifies the skeleton problems of individuals caused by ageing. This work presented the prediction of femur bone volume for osteoporosis classification. Moreover, the femur bone X-ray image is utilized for the classification. The preprocessing phase is employed to neglect the noise contained in input bone images through a non-local means filter. In the image segmentation process, the SegNet is utilized to isolate the specific portion. Moreover, the template search approach based on femoral geometric estimation is carried out and the feature extraction phase is essential for a significant feature extraction process. The proposed tuna jellyfish optimization based deep batch-normalized eLU AlexNet (DbneAlexNet) is utilized in the osteoporosis classification process. Furthermore, accuracy, Positive Predictive Value (PPV), Negative Predictive Value (NPV), True Positive Rate (TPR) and True Negative Rate (TNR) are the metrics to validate the model and the superior values 0.913, 0.906, 0.896, 0.923 and 0.932 are achieved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To investigate the associations of dietary inflammation index (DII) with bone density and osteoporosis in different femoral areas. The study population was selected from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) with the exclusion criteria of age 18, pregnancy, or missing information on DII, femoral bone marrow density (BMD), estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), and urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR), or had diseases which may influence systemic inflammation. DII was calculated based on the questionnaire interview of dietary recall within 24 h. Subjects' baseline characteristics were collected. The associations between DII and different femoral areas were analyzed. After applying exclusion criteria, 10,312 participants were included in the study. Significant differences among DII tertiles were found in BMD or T scores (p <.001) of the femoral neck, the trochanter, the intertrochanter, and the total femur. High DII was associated with low BMDs and T scores in all the femoral areas (all p <.01). Compared to low DII (tertile1, DII < 0.380 as reference), in the femoral neck, the intertrochanter, and the total femur, increased DII is independently associated with increased the possibility of the presence of osteoporosis (OR, 95% CI: 1.88, 1.11–3.20; 2.10, 1.05–4.20; 1.94, 1.02–3.69, respectively). However, this positive association was only observed in the trochanteric area of the non-Hispanic White population after full adjustment (OR, 95% CI: 3.22 (1.18, 8.79)). No significant difference in the association of DII and the presence of osteoporosis were found in subjects with or without impaired kidney function (eGFR < 60 ml/min/1.73 m2). High DII is independently related to declined femoral BMD of femoral areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To investigate the associations of dietary inflammation index (DII) with bone density and osteoporosis in different femoral areas.Methods The study population was selected from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) with the exclusion criteria of age 18, pregnancy, or missing information on DII, femoral bone marrow density (BMD), estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), and urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR), or had diseases which may influence systemic inflammation. DII was calculated based on the questionnaire interview of dietary recall within 24 h. Subjects’ baseline characteristics were collected. The associations between DII and different femoral areas were analyzed.Results After applying exclusion criteria, 10,312 participants were included in the study. Significant differences among DII tertiles were found in BMD or T scores (p

It is known that the geometric structures of bones are very complex. This has made researchers unable to model them with the continuum approach and suffice to model them with simulation or experimental tests. Undoubtedly, provide a simple and accurate continuum model for studying bones is always desirable. In this article, as the first serious endeavour, a suggested beam model is investigated to see whether it is suitable for modelling femur bones or not. If this model gives an acceptable answer, it can be a link to the continuum theories for beams. In other words, the approximated beam model can be formulated with continuum approach to study femur bone. For feasibility study of the approximated model for femur bones, both static and dynamic analysis of them are investigated and compared. It is found that in most cases for vibration analysis, the suggested model has acceptable results but in static analysis, the mean difference between the results is about 16%. This research is hoped to be the first serious step in this category. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many researchers have investigated femur fractures using 3D models created with finite element (FE) software; however, these models need validation. Cadavers are used in experiments to validate the FE model. Nevertheless, there are several restrictions and obstacles to experimenting on the cadaver femur bone. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of loading direction on the stress distribution and fracture risk of a proximal femur bone under quasi-static loading in a sideways fall condition. A validated 3D FE model of the proximal femur was developed by employing the results obtained from a quasi-static experimental test. Instead of cadaver, 3D-printed proximal femur bone was used. Various fall loading configurations were used to simulate a sideways fall with inclination angles from 0° to 20° and rotational angles from −15° to 15°. The highest von Mises stress is due to sideways falls distributed in the femur neck region. This study provides new information on FE model construction and medical FE analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accidents and Osteoporosis are two prime reasons of femur bone fractures. Osteoporosis causes weakening of bone in elder patients. Proper treatment during surgery will help patients for early rehabilitation. This paper portrays a review of concerned literature identified with Biomedical Image analysis and modelling of femur bone fractures for an operative planning. Paper intended to review literature for Biomedical image preprocessing to identify the proper region of Interest (ROI) by using an appropriate image modality, building up a 3D model of femur bone structure using image database with software, analysis of created 3D model for applying implant and its parametric analysis for evaluation of virtual surgery and operative planning to surgeon depending on assessment report produced utilising earlier advances. Such sort of work will keep away from mismatches of fracture which may prompt genuine implanted complications for patients including secondary fractures, poor anatomical alignment and bone debilitating too. Paper will summarise conclusion of concern literature to guide new researcher to start with [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Al-Anbar Journal of Veterinary Sciences is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This research proposes augmenting cropped computed tomography (CT) slices with data attributes to enhance the performance of a deep-learning-based automatic left-femur segmentation scheme. The data attribute is the lying position for the left-femur model. In the study, the deep-learning-based automatic left-femur segmentation scheme was trained, validated, and tested using eight categories of CT input datasets for the left femur (F-I–F-VIII). The segmentation performance was assessed by Dice similarity coefficient (DSC) and intersection over union (IoU); and the similarity between the predicted 3D reconstruction images and ground-truth images was determined by spectral angle mapper (SAM) and structural similarity index measure (SSIM). The left-femur segmentation model achieved the highest DSC (88.25%) and IoU (80.85%) under category F-IV (using cropped and augmented CT input datasets with large feature coefficients), with an SAM and SSIM of 0.117–0.215 and 0.701–0.732. The novelty of this research lies in the use of attribute augmentation in medical image preprocessing to enhance the performance of the deep-learning-based automatic left-femur segmentation scheme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Materials & Technologies / Materiali in Tehnologije is the property of Institute of Metals & Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Conventional locking compression plate (LCP) made of non-biodegradable materials are well-known bone implants for internal fracture fixation because of their proven experimental success. LCP, however, is mechanically underpowered when made up of biodegradable materials (even with Mg-alloy). The biodegradable implant plate should not only exhibit adequate mechanical performance during implantation but also perform well after fracture, at least until complete healing of the fractured bone. With the aim of achieving enhanced mechanical performance, the design of the LCP has been modified to the design of Biodegradable Locking Compression Plate (BLCP) by adding a suitable thickness in the middle (only 4.6% of the total volume of the LCP), which may help retain some additional strength during implantation and after degradation. Both BLCP and LCP have been comparatively analyzed via FEM with the aid of axial compression and four-point bending tests. BLCP has a better mechanical capability of withstanding loads in its degraded form than in its non-degradable form. Furthermore, BLCP is up to 15.83% mechanically better in the non-degraded form as compared to LCP, which again becomes up to 100% more mechanically adequate in the degraded forms of BLCP than in LCP. BLCP is found safe for degradation up to 2 mm or 6 months with an estimated degradation rate of 4 mm/year, which may allow it to support fractured bone for at least the standard healing time. BLCP can be considered as a superior biodegradable bone implant plate after experimental assurance with the physiological environment and may replace LCP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research proposes augmenting cropped computed tomography (CT) slices with data attributes to enhance the performance of a deep-learning-based automatic left-femur segmentation scheme. The data attribute is the lying position for the left-femur model. In the study, the deep-learning-based automatic left-femur segmentation scheme was trained, validated, and tested using eight categories of CT input datasets for the left femur (F-I–F-VIII). The segmentation performance was assessed by Dice similarity coefficient (DSC) and intersection over union (IoU); and the similarity between the predicted 3D reconstruction images and ground-truth images was determined by spectral angle mapper (SAM) and structural similarity index measure (SSIM). The left-femur segmentation model achieved the highest DSC (88.25%) and IoU (80.85%) under category F-IV (using cropped and augmented CT input datasets with large feature coefficients), with an SAM and SSIM of 0.117–0.215 and 0.701–0.732. The novelty of this research lies in the use of attribute augmentation in medical image preprocessing to enhance the performance of the deep-learning-based automatic left-femur segmentation scheme.

Repetitive loads acting on the hip joint fluctuate according to the type of activities produced by the human body. Repetitive loading is one of the factors that leads to fatigue failure of the implanted stems. The objective of this study is to develop lightweight femoral stems with cubic porous structures that will survive under fatigue loading. Cubic porous structures with different volumetric porosities were designed and subjected to compressive loading using finite element analysis (FEA) to measure the elastic moduli, yield strength, and ultimate tensile strength. These porous structures were employed to design femoral stems containing mechanical properties under compressive loading close to the intact bone. Several arrangements of radial geometrical porous functionally graded (FG) and homogenous Ti-6Al-4V porous femoral stems were designed and grouped under three average porosities of 30%, 50%, and 70% respectively. The designed stems were simulated inside the femoral bone with physiological loads demonstrating three walking speeds of 1, 3, and 5 km/h using ABAQUS. Stresses at the layers of the functionally graded stem were measured and compared with the yield strength of the relevant porous structure to check the possibility of yielding under the subjected load. The Soderberg approach is employed to compute the safety factor (Nf > 1.0) for each design under each loading condition. Several designs were shortlisted as potential candidates for orthopedic implants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT: The present work studies the bending and torsional rigidities for the femur when having a defect. The main objective of this study is to compare the stiffness of femur bone with and without defect for two different approaches of modeling. One of them considers the bone made of a singular piece and the second one has three pieces included of the cortical shaft and two cancellous. To this aim, the femur geometrical model is obtained by means of materialize Mimics and analyzed using the finite-element software package ABAQUS/Standard v. 6.14. Afterwards, some verifications are presented to show the accuracy of our simulation. From our point of view, considering the imperfect model with cortical shaft and two cancellous is closer to reality. It is mentioned that in our modeling, because of the complexity of the bone's geometry and the shape of defect, we had challenges such as convergency and accuracy of the results which will be discussed in the article. The current work shows that imperfection plays an important role in the statics of femoral bone analysis. In addition, the differences made from in stress analysis of single-part femur bone and the bone which is made of three different parts in the body, show the importance of the current work.

The main objective of this study is to design titanium alloy femoral stems with cubic porous structures that will be able to reduce stress shielding and promote stem stability. These porous structure designs were introduced into titanium alloy femoral stems as homogeneous and functionally graded porous structures. First, the cubic cellular structures were simulated under compressive loading to measure the yield and modulus of elasticity for various porosity ranges. Based on the selected porosity range, fifteen different arrangements of radial geometrical functionally graded (FG) designs were developed with average porosities of 30, 50, and 70% respectively. Finite element models were developed with physiological loads presenting three different walking speeds (1, 3, and 5 km/h), where the average human body weight was assumed. Stresses at the bone Gruen zones were measured to check the percentage of stress transfer to the bone for each porous stem design and were compared with the bulk stem. Several FG stem designs were shortlisted for further investigation as candidates for hip implants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rhaponticin is a constituent isolated from numerous medicinal herbs. It has been reported earlier that rhaponticin possesses numerous biological effects like antiallergic, antidiabetic, hepatoprotective, and antithrombosis. The goal of this exploration was to scrutinize the therapeutic potential of rhaponticin on ovariectomy (OVX)‐triggered osteoporosis in rats. Female Sprague Dawley rats were arbitrarily allocated to a sham‐operated control group I, group II, which underwent OVX, and groups III and IV that underwent OVX were administered with rhaponticin (10 and 20 mg/kg). Rhaponticin was supplemented orally after 4 weeks of OVX and continued for about 16 weeks. Our findings exhibit that rhaponticin prevented the BMD diminution of femurs, induced by OVX, and protected the worsening of trabecular microarchitecture that are assisted through a noteworthy decline in skeletal remodeling as noticed through the diminished status of bone markers in a dose‐dependent manner (10 and 20 mg/kg). OVX rats treated with rhaponticin efficiently enhanced body weight, lipid profiles, uterine index, bone turnover markers, inflammatory markers, and augmented the incidence of calcium in the OVX rats. Rhaponticin was established to restrain the functions of acid phosphatase, estradiol, and bone gla protein in OVX rats. Also, rhaponticin displayed some beneficial effects on histomorphometric and histopathological examination. It was observed that tabular area and thickness were reinstated in sham control and rhaponticin‐treated OVX rats. We recognized that rhaponticin did not induce a damaging outcome on the skeletal organization of OVX rats. Moreover, we denote that rhaponticin can be an exceptional agent for the treatment and deal with associated bone diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a human body, the femur is one of the strongest and longest bones and commonly fractured bone shown in the last decades, especially in elderly humans. Common femur fractures are caused due to violent trauma and severe accidents. The complex structure and response of the bone under dynamic loading conditions will provide extensive information about the mechanical properties of the bone. In this work, we use a non-contact measurement technique using a Position sensing detector (PSD) to measure the natural frequencies and their corresponding mode shapes. The bone sample excited by the impact hammer, and its response is measured using PSD. Sequential measurements are taken on the sample and base; we take the transfer function of the sample with respect to base to measure the natural frequency of bone. Mechanical property such as elastic modulus of the bone is evaluated using measured natural frequencies, and compared with numerical results. The Modulus of elasticity of the bone is found to be 14.8 GPa. Modal analysis was carried to evaluate the natural frequencies and corresponding mode shapes. Numerical results are found to be within 9% of the experimentally measured results. Random vibration analysis was done to emulate the real-time testing for the bone sample. The measured spectrum follows the numerical data. This experimental technique will aid in the nondestructive evaluation of the mechanical properties of the bone sample. Further,this nondestructive technique can be extended for various biological specimens for calculating the mechanical response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Repetitive loads acting on the hip joint fluctuate according to the type of activities produced by the human body. Repetitive loading is one of the factors that leads to fatigue failure of the implanted stems. The objective of this study is to develop lightweight femoral stems with cubic porous structures that will survive under fatigue loading. Cubic porous structures with different volumetric porosities were designed and subjected to compressive loading using finite element analysis (FEA) to measure the elastic moduli, yield strength, and ultimate tensile strength. These porous structures were employed to design femoral stems containing mechanical properties under compressive loading close to the intact bone. Several arrangements of radial geometrical porous functionally graded (FG) and homogenous Ti-6Al-4V porous femoral stems were designed and grouped under three average porosities of 30%, 50%, and 70% respectively. The designed stems were simulated inside the femoral bone with physiological loads demonstrating three walking speeds of 1, 3, and 5 km/h using ABAQUS. Stresses at the layers of the functionally graded stem were measured and compared with the yield strength of the relevant porous structure to check the possibility of yielding under the subjected load. The Soderberg approach is employed to compute the safety factor (Nf > 1.0) for each design under each loading condition. Several designs were shortlisted as potential candidates for orthopedic implants.

Calcitriol supplementation in ovariectomized rats decreased bone resorption and increased bone formation, however, it depend on dose. The objective of the research was to study the response of femur bone in osteoporosis rats consuming calcitriol. Thirty female Wistar rats at 8 weeks of age were randomly divided into six groups (sham operated rats as normal control rats/group N and NK, ovariectomized control rats/group Ov and OvK, ovariectomized rats/group OvDand OvE) of five each. All rats were fed standard diet for 8 weeks. At 16 weeks of age, group N and Ov were euthanized, the right femur were taken for histopathological examination. Group NK and OvK were fed a standard diet, group OvD was fed a standard diet +40ng calcitriol; and group OvE was fed a standard diet+25µg ethynil ethyl estradiol. Treatments were done for six weeks. At the end of study, blood samples were taken from plexus orbitalis medialis for estrogen analysis. All rats were euthanized using ketamine10% and xylazine 2%. Right femur was taken for histopathological examination using hematoxylin and eosin stain, and immunohistochemistry using monoclonal antibody anti TRAP5b which was detected with streptavidin-biotin. The results showed that estradiol level of the rats in group OvD was not significantly different compared with the rats in OvK group, however, it was significanly lower compared to the rats in group OvE. Histopathologic figure of right distal femur metaphysis in group OvD was shown lesser adipocyte in the bone marrow and more trabecular bone speculum compared to group OvK, however, there was more adipocyte in the bone marrow and lesser trabecular bone speculum compared to group OvE. Immunohistochemistry of distal femur metaphysis in group OvD and OvE were revealed tartrate resistant alkaline phosphatase 5b (TRAP5b) expression in trabecular bone, which was located in bone marrow space and trabecular speculum surface as well. Based on the results, it can be concluded that calcitriol 40ng/day supplementation in osteoporosis rats for 6 weeks decreased bone resorption and increased bone formation distal femur metaphysis.

This paper mainly examines the fixation performances of the cephalomedullary nail for the incidence of intertrochanteric (IT) fracture to guide the appropriate fixations with respect to the bone density in terms of a biomechanical perspective. It is substantially important to guide which types of fixation are applied during the operation since it tends to induce the backout or migration of the helical blade and screw according to weight and bone density. Biomedical polyurethane (PUR) foam blocks for simulating human bone are adopted with two grades of densities to simulate a normal person and an elderly person who has osteoporosis. Tensile and compression tests are conducted to analyze the tensile-compression anisotropy of PUR foams. Pull-out performances of screw and helical blades are evaluated from experimental perspectives, which are supported by comparison with the results of finite element method analysis. The clamping force of the screw is higher than the helical blade, about 177% in normal foam density and 198% in low foam density. After physical evaluation of the critical pull-out fixation force of screw and helical blade, we have suggested that stable fixation is guaranteed when the pull-out force is larger than projected force. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In rats, chondrosarcomas have been reported to occur both spontaneously and secondary to chemical induction. In a rare case, a spontaneous chondrosarcoma was identified in the deformed femur of a young male Wistar rat. After gross examination of the femur and knee joint, tissue was collected and preserved. The formalin-fixed tissue was decalcified, embedded in paraffin, sectioned, and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Microscopic examinations revealed a large, highly proliferative, noncapsulated growth of chondrocytic or chondroblastic origin in the femoral bone, with proliferating chondrocytes invading the bone and surrounding tissues in an infiltrative growth pattern. Based on its histomorphological features, the lesion was diagnosed as a malignant cartilaginous neoplasm of spontaneous origin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Jurnal Veteriner is the property of Fakultas Kedokteran Hewan, Universitas Udayana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

• Accurate analytical relationships for rhombic dodecahedron unit cell is derived. • Porous implant model based on CT scan data is developed. • The implant model has non-uniform mechanical properties similar to natural bone. In this study, the mechanical properties (elastic modulus, yield stress, and Poisson's ratio) of rhombic dodecahedron (RD) unit cell has been studied analytically and numerically. For the analytical study, two well-known beam theories, namely Euler Bernoulli and Timoshenko, have been implemented. For validating the analytical relationships, finite element model of unit cell with repetitive boundary condition has been created. Moreover, the experimental results of recent studies have been used for validation. The results showed that the presented analytical relationships for RD lattice structure have good agreement with numerical and experimental results in all the relative densities particularly in lower relative densities. Besides, the analytical relationships based on Timoshenko theory showed closer results with numerical/experimental data. The derived analytical relationships for RD as well as the data extracted from CT scan images of a femur bone, were combined and used to create a porous femur implant model. The stress and strain distributions of the porous femur model under typical static compressive load due to human weight as well as axial rigidity of the model in the same loading conditions have been obtained and compared with the experimental results from other studies. The stress and strain distributions of the porous femur implant model based on RD unit cells, as well as its axial rigidity, showed good agreement with the results obtained for human femur. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In the recent years, several techniques have been used to treat femur diaphyseal fracture. Among all the traditional fixation techniques, unstable fixation remains the biggest challenge for orthopedists. Researchers have recommended new approaches to deal with diaphyseal femur fracture. However, solely few had been successful in getting some better results. In the present work, a methodology comprising of design and finite-element analysis of a counter fit customized fixation plate has been suggested to provide a stable fixation. Materials and Methods: In the present work, reverse engineering (RE) approach has been invoked to create a 3D model of a fresh fractured femur diaphysis bone using the computed tomography (CT) scan data available in digital imaging and communications in medicine (DICOM) format. To provide stable fixation, a counter fit customized fixation plate at medial side has been designed and simulated under static physiological loading conditions for three different biocompatible materials, viz., titanium alloy (Ti6Al4V), stainless steel (SS-316L), and cobalt–chromium–molybdenum alloy (Co–Cr–Mo). Results: Static stress distribution and deformation analysis of the clinical setup have been performed for the aforementioned materials. It has been observed that the stresses and deformation developed in all the materials are quite low. It implies that customized fixation plates will provide stable fixation resulting in improved fracture union. Conclusion: The proposed work will assist the medical practitioners regarding the design and analysis of customized implants. This will reduce the post surgical failures and residual pain due to non-union fractured region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main objective of this study is to design titanium alloy femoral stems with cubic porous structures that will be able to reduce stress shielding and promote stem stability. These porous structure designs were introduced into titanium alloy femoral stems as homogeneous and functionally graded porous structures. First, the cubic cellular structures were simulated under compressive loading to measure the yield and modulus of elasticity for various porosity ranges. Based on the selected porosity range, fifteen different arrangements of radial geometrical functionally graded (FG) designs were developed with average porosities of 30, 50, and 70% respectively. Finite element models were developed with physiological loads presenting three different walking speeds (1, 3, and 5 km/h), where the average human body weight was assumed. Stresses at the bone Gruen zones were measured to check the percentage of stress transfer to the bone for each porous stem design and were compared with the bulk stem. Several FG stem designs were shortlisted for further investigation as candidates for hip implants.

The recent trends in numerical methods and computational techniques in the field of biomechanics facilitate to solve complex problems encountered in the assessment of the strength and reliability of structures and implants. In the present investigation, a Finite Element Analysis (FEA) analysis of Femur bone structure implant is done, to determine the relationships among the quantities that characterise the failure stresses. The fracture behavior of human bone during the action of unexpected cause of accidents is analyzed by the related works and numerical analysis on the model of particular bone is performed under various loading and boundary conditions. Stress fracture occurs predominantly in the weight-bearing bones of the lower leg and foot, with fewer incidents in the femur, pelvis, and lumbar spine. The combination of advanced numerical tools with the capacity of modern computers resulted in the creation of limitless possibilities towards the allowable stress and strain analysis in bone structures. The novel FEA method presented in this article can be used to identify the biomechanical phenomena occurring in femur bone structures as well as to validate the experimental results in the course of implants. It also enables the fast rehabilitation of fractured bone and shapes them optimally by taking into account of the limit tensile or compressive strengths exerted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work deal with the biomechanical analysis of the Captum Collum Diaphysis (CCD) femur bone. The femur is the largest bone in the upper leg. The angle between femur neck and femur shaft of the femora is a parameter in determining the CCD or FSA angle. 126 ° is the usual angle for a healthy adult and variation in this angle leads to the CCD. This angle in the femur bone helps in determining the knock knee and bow leggedness orthopaedic disease. This angle impacts on the distribution of stress and deflection in the femur bone during the daily activities. Computational Multi-Scale analysis has been done for homogenized properties of femur bone. A Numerical simulation has been made for the biomechanical analysis of CCD femur bone using Finite Element Method. There is significant impact of stress distribution and deflection over the femur bone in case of change in optimum CCD angle (coxa norma) and also leads to change the natural frequency of the bone. Predicted results shows the above mentioned disease behaviour over the healthy bone. The study of these deformity and their results are of clinical importance in musculoseketal behaviour of the human femur bone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Osteoporosis classification is a significant requirement in the medical field to automatically classify the patients with skeleton disorder that occurs as a result of aging. The classification algorithms required improved accuracy and computationally less complexity. Accordingly, this paper proposes a classification method using the proposed gradient harmony search (GHS) optimization-based deep belief network. The GHS is developed by integrating the harmony search (HS) in the gradient descent (GD) algorithm. The osteoporosis classification is progressed as five major steps: preprocessing, segmentation using active shape model, geometric estimation using the proposed template search method, feature extraction for extracting the medical and image level features, and osteoporosis classification using the proposed GHS based deep belief network. The proposed template search method updates the geometric points of the femur segment effectively and automatically. Experimentation using the real-time database ensures the effectiveness of the proposed method in terms of accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity. The proposed method acquired the accuracy of 0.9539, proving that the osteoporosis classification using the proposed algorithm seems to be effective in taking accurate decisions regarding the patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Progress in experimental stress analysis methods furthers the understanding of stress distribution in bone structures that are essential to know when performing successful implants. Biomechanics requires professional methodologies to solve complex problems. This includes the measurement of physical reactions caused by loads that are impractical in nature. The maximum stress distribution behavior of a human femur bone under the action of startling loads caused by accidents/sporting activities was investigated through the photoelastic method. The experiments were carried out using a circular Polariscope at different input loads and boundary conditions. The stress concentration factor was computed through fringe orders that are related to the stresses obtained from the model. A 2D-scale model of the femur bone was developed with an acrylic material to capture the stress field by optical illumination method. Photoelastic stress analysis revealed the maximum shear stress in the plane of the model and the principal stress difference with high reliability. The nominal stress magnitudes were computed from the fringe order by supplementary data and numerical analysis. State of stress in the femur at different instances was captured through multiple oblique views of the isochromatic fringes. The novel fringe interpretation method facilitated the identification of suitable material for implants with a high factor of safety at actual loading conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Humans face bone fracture when they unfortunately met an accident, which requires timely medical attention for healing and repairing the fractured bone; otherwise that paralyzes their life. 3D modeling technique with computational method is very helpful at the side of doctors for healing and repairing the damaged bones. Fractional bone healing is one of the natural processes, which regain the mechanical reliability of the bone to a limited level of failures. The relationship between the biology and mechanics has introduced a new branch namely biomechanics. Various biomechanics models were used to identify the fracture for different patients and helps in the fracture treatment. The aim of this work is to find out the high stress concentration area of the femur bone, which has been extracted as image from computer tomography scanner. The retrieved noise-free femur bone image is tested by the static load condition with the help of the finite element analysis. The result obtained from the testing of different loads has been compared with the existing literature. It is found that the femur bone has tensile and compressive stress, and the neck area of the femur is at a very high stress concentration. The outcome of this work is much supportive to orthopedic surgeons in femur surgery and bone prosthesis by avoiding experiments on femur bone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper mainly examines the fixation performances of the cephalomedullary nail for the incidence of intertrochanteric (IT) fracture to guide the appropriate fixations with respect to the bone density in terms of a biomechanical perspective. It is substantially important to guide which types of fixation are applied during the operation since it tends to induce the backout or migration of the helical blade and screw according to weight and bone density. Biomedical polyurethane (PUR) foam blocks for simulating human bone are adopted with two grades of densities to simulate a normal person and an elderly person who has osteoporosis. Tensile and compression tests are conducted to analyze the tensile-compression anisotropy of PUR foams. Pull-out performances of screw and helical blades are evaluated from experimental perspectives, which are supported by comparison with the results of finite element method analysis. The clamping force of the screw is higher than the helical blade, about 177% in normal foam density and 198% in low foam density. After physical evaluation of the critical pull-out fixation force of screw and helical blade, we have suggested that stable fixation is guaranteed when the pull-out force is larger than projected force.