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In recent years, skin tissue engineering technology has provided new treatment ideas for large-area wound repair. Skin tissue regeneration is mainly based on the use of appropriate tissue scaffolds. There are several types of scaffolds, such as porous, fibrous, microsphere, hydrogel, and acellular scaffolds. Scaffold materials include natural materials and synthetic materials, but either type of single material has its own limitations. At present, most scaffolds are composed of two or more materials to form composites. Therefore an important direction of skin tissue engineering research in the future involves deeply understanding the properties, advantages and disadvantages of the various biomaterials and scaffolds currently used and exploring the construction of biomaterials and scaffolds with better performance. This article reviews the research progress and application value of different tissue scaffolds and scaffold materials in skin tissue engineering, in order to provide reference for clinical application and research and development in the field of wound repair.

Background and aim: The prevalence of the hepatitis B virus (HBV) is higher in adults than in children. We determined the seroepidemiology of HBV infection in an adult population in JiLin, China, to guide effective preventive measures.Methods: A cross-sectional serosurvey was conducted throughout JiLin, China. A total of 3833 people was selected and demographic and behavioral information gathered. Serum samples were tested for HBV markers and liver enzymes.Results: The prevalence of the hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), the antibody to the hepatitis B surface antigen (anti-HBs), the hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg), the antibody to HBeAg (anti-HBe), and the antibody to the hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc) were 4.38%, 35.66%, 1.38%, 6.65%, and 40.88%, respectively. Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels were significantly higher among HBsAg (+) than HBsAg (-) subjects. By multivariate logistic regression analysis, independent predictors for chronic HBV infection were smoking, poor sleep quality; occupation as private small-businessmen, laborers, or peasants; male gender; family history of HBV; personal history of vaccination; and older age. Independent predictors for exposure to HBV were large family size, occupation as a private small-businessman, male gender, family history of HBV, personal history of vaccination, and older age. Independent predictors for immunity by vaccination were occupation as a private small-businessman, high income, personal history of vaccination, and young age. Independent predictors for immunity by exposure were drinking, male gender, personal history of vaccination, and older age.Conclusions: The prevalence rate of HBV infection (4.38%) was lower than the previous rate of general HBV vaccination. However, 44.59% of the population remained susceptible to HBV. The prevalence of HBV infection was high in young adults, private small-businessmen, peasants, those with a family history of HBV, and males. Therefore, immunization of the non-immune population is reasonable to reduce hepatitis B transmission between adults.

Objective: To explore the gene expressions of endoplasmic reticulum stress and differentiation in osteoblast treated by excess fluoride., Methods: Using primary cultured human osteoblasts for fluorosis model in vitro, apoptosis was inspected by flow cytometer, and RNA was extracted for examination of the unfolded protein response and bone differentiation genes., Results: Fluoride could cause endoplasm reticulum stress in osteoblasts by 15 genes upregulated, 1 gene downregulated. These genes involved PERK, IRE1 and ATF6 signaling pathways of endoplasmic reticulum stress. Meanwhile 32 osteogenesis genes were upregulated, and 2 genes downregulated, involving collagen, matrix metalloproteinase, integrin, bone morphogenetic protein, vascular endothelial growth factor, and tumor necrosis factor gene., Conclusion: Excess fluoride can cause endoplasmic stress in osteoblast, while have an impact on the gene expression of osteogenesis.