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Triptolide (TP), the main active compound extracted from medicine— tripterygium wilfordii Hook f. (TWHF). It has anti-tumor and immunomodulatory properties. Our study aimed to investigate the mechanisms of hepatotoxicity treated with TP in vivo and in vitro, as well as their relationship with the NF-κB (p65) signal pathway; and to assess TP-induced hepatotoxicity after CYP2E1 modulation by the known inhibitor, clomethiazole, and the known inducer, pyrazole. Mice were given TP to cause liver injury and IHHA-1 cells were given TP to cause hepatocyte injury. The enzyme activity and hepatotoxicity changed dramatically when the CYP2E1 inhibitor and inducer were added. In comparison to the control group, the enzyme inducer increased the activity of CYP2E1, whereas the enzyme inhibitor had the opposite effect. Our findings suggest that TP is an inducer of CYP2E1 via a time-dependent activation mechanism. In addition, TP can promote oxidative stress, inflammatory and involving the NF-κB (p65) signal pathway. Therefore, we used triptolide to stimulate C57 mice and IHHA-1 cells to determine whether TP can promote oxidative stress and inflammation by activating CYP2E1 in response to exacerbated liver damage and participate in NF-κB (p65) signaling pathway.

Increases in atmospheric volatile organic compounds (VOC), especially in relation to biogenic VOC (BVOC), and haze days that affect the built-up areas are believed to be closely correlated. The present study aims to provide a spatially and temporally resolved BVOC inventory of a subtropical urbanerural complex, the Greater Hangzhou Area (GHA) in China. Urban green space was subdivided into block green space and linear green space; rural areas were classified into four primary forest types. A field survey was conducted to assess the vegetation composition (species, size) and foliar mass of each tree species. BVOC emission potentials were obtained from measurement and literature. Results showed (1) the emission intensity (annual BVOC emissions per land area) in the entire GHA is 3.37 � 10

To understand the origin and chemical characteristics of precipitation in Hangzhou, rainwater samples were collected from June 2006 to May 2008. All samples were analyzed for pH, electrical conductivity, and major ions (NH\(_{4}^{+}\), Ca2 + , Mg2 + , Na + , K + , SO\(_{4}^{2-}\), NO\(_{3}^{-}\), F − , and Cl − ). Acidification of precipitation in Hangzhou was serious with volume-weighted mean pH value of 4.5, while frequency of acid rain was 95%. The calculated SO\(_{4}^{2-}\)/NO\(_{3}^{-}\) ratio in Hangzhou precipitation was 2.87, which indicated that the precipitation of Hangzhou belonged to sulfate-based acid rain. The results of acid neutralization analysis showed that not all the acidity in the precipi tation of Hangzhou was neutralized by alkaline constituents. The results of sea salt contribution analysis showed that nearly all SO\(_{4}^{2-}\), Ca2 + , and Mg2 + and 33.7% of K + were of non-sea origins, while all Na + and Cl − and 66.3% of K + originated from sea sources. The principal component analysis which was used to analyze the sources of various ions indicated that chemical compositions of precipitation in Hangzhou mainly came from terrestrial sources, factory emissions, fuel wood burning, and marine sources.

The anaerobic ammonia oxidation (Anammox) granular sludge bed reactor was started up successfully with nitrifying granular sludge. During the operation, the nitrifying granular sludge was gradually converted into Anammox granular sludge with good settling property and high conversion activity. The Anammox reactor worked well with the shortest HRT of 2.43 h. Under the condition that HRT was 6.39 h and influent concentration of ammonia and nitrite was 10 mmol/L, the removal of ammonia and nitrite was 97.17% and 100.00%, respectively. Corresponding volumetric total nitrogen loading rate and volumetric total nitrogen conversion rate were 100.83 mmol/(L x d) and 98.95 mmol/(L x d). The performance of Anammox reactor was efficient and stable.

The performance of internal-loop air-lift nitrifying bioreactor was good with strong tolerance to influent ammonia concentration (78.49 mmol/L), high volume converting rate (163.18 mmol/L.d) and obvious working stability (ammonia removal94.42%). During operation of internal-loop air-lift bioreactor, the nitrifying activated sludge was granulated. The nitrifying granular activated sludge began to appear on day 45. Its average diameter was 0.83 mm, settling velocity was 55.53 m/h and specific ammonia removal rate was 0.95 mmol (NH4(+)-N)/g (VS).d. The nitrifying granular activated sludge had the activity for anaerobic ammonia oxidation with ammonia oxidation rate of 0.23 mmol (NH4(+)-N)/g(VS).d and nitrite reduction rate of 0.24 mmol (NO2(-)-N)/g(VS).d.