Search

Abstract Urinary concentrations of non-persistent environmental pollutants (npEPs) are widely assessed in biomonitoring studies under the assumption that they are metabolised and eliminated in urine. However, some of these chemicals are moderately lipophilic, and their presence in other biological matrices should also be evaluated to estimate mid/long-term exposure to npEPs and its impact on human health. The present study aims to explore concentrations and potential determinants of npEPs in adipose tissue from a hospital-based adult cohort (GraMo cohort, Southern Spain). Concentrations of bisphenol-A (BPA), benzophenone-3 (BP-3), triclosan (TCS), three chlorophenols (2,4-DCP, 2,5-DCP and 2,4,5-TCP) and two phenylphenols (2-PP and 4-PP), triclocarban (TCCB) and parabens [methyl- (MeP), ethyl- (EtP), propyl- (n-PrP and i-PrP), butyl- (n-BuP and i-BuP) and benzyl-paraben (BzP)] were analysed in adipose tissue samples from a subcohort of 144 participants. Spearman correlation tests were performed, followed by stepwise multivariable linear regression analyses to assess determinants of the exposure. Detection frequencies and median concentrations were: BPA (86.8%, 0.54 ng/g tissue), BP-3 (79.2%, 0.60 ng/g tissue), TCS (45.8%, 10% of the samples. • Main determinants included age, gender, BMI, residence, recent weight loss, and diet. • Many determinants were similar to those of more lipophilic and persistent compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is considerable public concern in many countries about the possible adverse effects of exposure to non-ionizing radiation electromagnetic fields, especially in vulnerable populations such as children. The aim of this study was to characterize environmental exposure profiles within the frequency range 100 kHz–6 GHz in the immediate surrounds of the dwellings of 123 families from the INMA-Granada birth cohort in Southern Spain, using spot measurements. The arithmetic mean root mean-square electric field ( E RMS ) and power density ( S RMS ) values were, respectively, 195.79 mV/m (42.3% of data were above this mean) and 799.01 µW/m 2 (30% of values were above this mean); median values were 148.80 mV/m and 285.94 µW/m 2 , respectively. Exposure levels below the quantification limit were assigned a value of 0.01 V/m. Incident field strength levels varied widely among different areas or towns/villages, demonstrating spatial variability in the distribution of exposure values related to the surface area population size and also among seasons. Although recorded values were well below International Commission for Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection reference levels, there is a particular need to characterize incident field strength levels in vulnerable populations ( e.g ., children) because of their chronic and ever-increasing exposure. The effects of incident field strength have not been fully elucidated; however, it may be appropriate to apply the precautionary principle in order to reduce exposure in susceptible groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Telomeres are protein–DNA complexes that protect chromosome ends from degradation and fusion. In Leishmania spp., telomeric DNA comprises a conserved TTAGGG repeat and is maintained by telomerase. Telomerase is a multisubunit enzymatic complex that ensures the complete DNA replication by adding new telomeric repeats to the G-rich strand. In this report we aimed to purify and study the biochemical properties of Leishmani amazonensis telomerase. In a first trial we used affinity chromatography with antisense 2′-O-methyl oligonucleotide without success since the Leishmania telomerase, similarly to Trypanosoma cruzi enzyme, was not eluted by competition, but instead, it remained bound to the column. Partially purified L. amazonensis telomerase activity was achieved by fractionation of extracts on complementary ion exchange and Heparin columns. Further purification of these fractions on a G-rich telomeric DNA affinity chromatography enriched for telomerase activity. The knowledge of telomerase characteristics in Leishmania could help to develop new strategies to overcome leishmaniasis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Aims: The study of two human strains of Lactobacillus to be used as probiotics in the gastrointestinal tract. Methods and Results: The Lactobacillus acidophilus UO 001 and Lact. gasseri UO 002, were resistant to the gastrointestinal conditions (pH 2 and 3, presence of pepsin, pancreatin or bile salts), the resistance was enhanced in the presence of skimmed milk. Additionally, adhered to Caco-2 cells through glycoproteins in Lact. gasseri and carbohydrates in the case of Lact. acidophilus . These strains are able to inhibit the growth of certain enteropathogens: Salmonella, Listeria and Campylobacter without interfering with the normal microbiota of the gastrointestinal tract, as stated by using the mixed culture and the spot agar test. Finally, strongly adherent Lact. gasseri were found to inhibit the attachment of Escherichia coli O111 to intestinal Caco-2 cells under the condition of exclusion. Conclusions: These results indicate that the two strains of Lactobacillus from human origin present important properties for survival in, and colonization of, the gastrointestinal tract, that give them potential probiotic. Significance and Impact of the Study: Two strains of Lactobacillus isolated from human vagina of healthy premenopausal women could be promising candidates to be used in the preparation of probiotic products and for their use as health-promoting bacteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) is of particular concern during development. Bisphenols, parabens, and benzophenones are EDCs widely used in the manufacture of numerous goods, personal care products, and cosmetics. The aim of this study was to develop a new and practical method for determining three bisphenols, four parabens, and five benzophenones in placenta samples. It uses dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) in combination with gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). Several chemometric approaches were employed to optimize the experimental parameters. Limits of detection ranged from 0.04 to 0.08 ng g−1 and inter-day variabilities (evaluated as relative standard deviation) from 4.2% to 13.4%. The method was validated using matrix-matched standard calibration followed by a recovery assay with spiked samples. Recovery percentages ranged from 87.1% to 113.2%. Finally, the method was used to measure target compounds in 20 placental tissue samples from voluntary donors. This analytical procedure can provide information on the exposure of the fetus to non-persistent EDCs. [Display omitted] • First DLLME procedure applied to placenta samples. • Enzymatic liquefaction for enabling extraction of the target compounds by DLLME. • Use of chemometric strategies to optimize experimental parameters. • The analytical method provides significant operational improvements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

HIV-1 infection through vertical transmission provides a good model to evaluate intra-host viral evolution and allows to gain insight into the dynamics of viral populations. Our aim was to assess the diversity and dynamics of X4- and R5-using HIV-1 variants in vertically infected children who presented a switch in SI/ NSI phenotype in MT-2 cell assays during chronic infection. Through molecular cloning and next generation sequencing of the C2-V5 env fragment, we investigated HIV-1 evolution and co-receptor usage based on V3 loop prediction bioinformatic tools of longitudinal samples obtained from 4 children. In all cases, the phylogenetic relationships were assessed by Maximum-Likelihood trees constructed with MEGA 6.0. In two cases, V3 loop sequences predicted exclusively R5-using and or X4-using strains, while in another two a higher degree of concordance was observed between the phenotypic and genotypic characteristics. In 3 of the 4 cases, C2-V5 env sequences from different time points were intermingled in phylogenetic trees, with no segregation neither by time or tropism. In only one case monophyletic clustering defined groups of sequences with different co-receptor usage. Comparison of amino acid frequency between isolates with SI and NSI phenotype allowed the identification of 9 possible genetic determinants in subtype F C2-V5 region of env associated to SI/ NSI phenotype in these patients, one of which had previously been reported for subtype B. Overall, we found a low degree of correlation between phenotypic and genotypic properties of HIV-1 quasispecies in patients under chronic infection. Whether HIV-1 subtype or other factors influence the evolution of HIV-1 in vivo will require further research. • Vertically infected patients show HIV-1 phenotypic switch by the MT-2 assay. • In half of the subjects, co-existence of X4 and R5-using strains was identified. • Nine novel determinants of HIV-1 tropism in subtype F C2-V5 env were found. • No association between HIV-1 quasiespecies evolution and tropism over time [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Bisphenol A (BPA) is a high-production-volume chemical with endocrine disrupting properties commonly used as color developer in thermal paper. Concerns about the potential hazards of human BPA exposure have led to the increasing utilization of alternatives such as bisphenol S (BPS) and bisphenol F (BPF). This study was designed to assess: (i) BPA, BPS, and BPF concentrations in 112 thermal paper receipts from Brazil, France, and Spain by liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (LC-MS); and (ii) hormone-like activities of these receipts using two receptor-specific bioassays, the E-Screen for (anti-)estrogenicity and PALM luciferase assay for (anti-)androgenicity. BPA was present in 95.3% of receipts from Spain, 90.9% of those from Brazil, and 51.1% of those from France at concentrations up to 20.27 mg/g of paper. Only two samples from Brazil, two from Spain, and ten from France had a BPS concentration ranging from 6.46 to 13.29 mg/g; no BPA or BPS was detected in 27.7% of French samples. No BPF was detected in any receipt. Estrogenic activity was observed in all samples from Brazil and Spain and in 74.5% of those from France. Anti-androgenic activity was observed in > 90% of samples from Brazil and Spain and in 53.2% of those from France. Only 25.5% of French samples were negative for both estrogenic and anti-androgenic activity. Estrogenic and anti-androgenic activities per gram of paper were up to 1.411 µM estradiol (E 2) equivalent units (E 2 eq) and up to 359.5 mM procymidone equivalent units (Proceq), respectively. BPA but not BPS concentrations were positively correlated with both estrogenic and anti-androgenic activities. BPA still dominates the thermal paper market in Brazil and Spain, and BPS appears to be one of the main alternatives in France. There is an urgent need to evaluate the safety of alternatives proposed to replace BPA as developer in thermal printing. The large proportion of samples with hormonal activity calls for the adoption of preventive measures. Highlights • BPA or BPS but not BPF was present in nearly all thermal paper receipts. • Hormone-like activity was detected in > 80% of the receipts. • BPA levels were 30- to 100-fold higher than the EU-recommended level (0.2 mg/g). • BPS only appears to be an alternative to BPA in thermal paper from France. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aims of this study were to characterize electromagnetic fields of radiofrequency (RF-EMF) levels generated in a Neonatal Medium Care Unit and to analyze RF-EMF levels inside unit’s incubators. Spot and long-term measurements were made with a dosimeter. The spot measurement mean was 1.51±0.48 V/m. Higher values were found in the proximity to the window and to the incubator evaluated. Mean field strength for the entire period of 17 h was 0.81 (±0.07) V/m and the maximum value was 1.58 V/m for long-term RF-EMF measurements in the incubator. Values found during the night period were higher than those found during the day period. It is important to consider RF-EMF exposure levels in neonatal care units, due to some evidence of adverse health effects found in children and adults. Characterization of RF-EMF exposure may be important to further investigate the mechanisms and underlying effects of electromagnetic fields (EMF) on infant health. A prudent avoidance strategy should be adopted because newborns are at a vulnerable stage of development and the actual impact of EMF on premature infants is unknown. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: Exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), among the main compounds present in polluted urban air, is of concern for children's health. Childhood exposure to PAH was assessed by urinary monitoring of 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP), a pyrene metabolite, investigating its association with exposure to air pollution and other factors related to PAH in air. Methods: A group of 174 4-year-old children were recruited and a questionnaire on their indoor and outdoor residential environment was completed by parents. At the same time, environmental measurements of traffic-related air pollution (NO2) were carried out. A urine sample was collected from each child in order to analyze 1-OHP using HPLC with fluorescence detection, correcting for creatinine concentrations. Non-parametric tests and regression analyses were used to identify environmental factors that influence 1-OHP excretion. Results: Mean urinary 1-OHP concentration was 0.061 μmol/mol creatinine, ranging from 0.004 to 0.314 μmol/mol. Non-parametric tests and regression analysis showed positive and significant associations (P ≤0.05) between 1-OHP and predicted residential exposure to NO2 (which was based on outdoor environmental measurements and geo-statistical analysis), self-reported residential vehicle traffic, passive smoking and cooking appliance. 1-OHP levels tended to be higher among children living in urban areas (0.062 μmol/mol vs. 0.058 μmol/mol for children living in rural areas) but differences were not significant (P =0.20). Conclusion: In Southern Spain, concentrations of urinary 1-OHP were in the lower range of those generally reported for children living in non-polluted areas in Western Europe and the USA. Traffic-related air pollution, passive smoking and cooking appliance influenced urinary 1-OHP level in the children, which should be prevented due to the health consequences of the inadvertent exposure to PAH during development. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Concerns are growing about human exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs), especially during developmental stages. Parabens (PBs) and ultraviolet filters (UVFs) are prevalent EDCs widely used as additives in cosmetics and personal care products (PCPs). The objective of this study was to develop a method to determine four PBs and ten UVFs in human milk using QuEChERS treatment and ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC–MS/MS). Multivariate strategies were applied to optimize experimental parameters. Limits of quantification ranged from 0.1 to 0.2 ng mL −1 and inter-day variability (evaluated as relative standard deviation) from 6% to 13%. The method was validated using matrix-matched standard calibration followed by a recovery assay with spiked samples. Recovery percentages ranged from 87% to 112%. The method was satisfactorily applied to assess target compounds in human milk samples from 15 donors. This analytical procedure can provide information on newborn exposure to these EDCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increasing concerns have been raised over recent decades about human exposure to Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals (EDCs), especially about their possible effects on embryo, foetus, newborn, and child. Parabens (PBs) and ultraviolet filters (UV-filters) are prevalent EDCs widely used as additives in cosmetics and personal care products (PCPs). The objective of this study was to determine the presence of four PBs and ten UV-filters in placental tissue samples using a novel analytical method based on ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) and ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC–MS/MS). Multivariate optimization strategies were used to accurately optimize extraction and clean-up parameters. Limits of quantification ranged from 0.15 to 0.5 μg kg −1 , and inter-day variability (evaluated as relative standard deviation) ranged from 3.6% to 14%. The method was validated using matrix-matched standard calibration followed by a recovery assay with spiked samples. Recovery percents ranged from 94.5% to 112%. The method was satisfactorily applied for the determination of the target compounds in human placental tissue samples collected at delivery from 15 randomly selected women. This new analytical procedure can provide information on foetal exposure to compounds, which has been little studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Benzophenones and parabens are synthetic chemicals used in many personal care products, foods and pharmaceuticals. Benzophenones are used to protect the skin and materials from the adverse effects of UV-radiation, and parabens are used as preservatives. Despite their widespread occurrence and proven endocrine disrupting activity, relatively little is known about human exposure to these compounds. In the present work, an analytical method based on sample treatment using dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) for the extraction of six benzophenones (benzophenone-1, −2, −3, −6, −8 and 4-hydroxybenzophenone) and four parabens (methyl-, ethyl-, propyl- and butyl- paraben) from human menstrual blood samples, followed by ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC–MS/MS) analysis, is proposed and validated. The method was validated using matrix-matched standard calibration followed by a recovery assay with spiked samples. The limits of detection ranged from 0.1 to 0.3 ng mL −1 , with recoveries of 93.8% to 108.9%, and precision (evaluated as relative standard deviation) lower than 14% for all selected compounds. This method was successfully applied for the determination of the target compounds in 25 samples of human menstrual blood. Methylparaben and benzophenone-3 were the most frequently detected compounds (96%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to evaluate associations between exposure to a group of persistent organic pollutants, measured in both adipose tissue and serum samples from breast cancer patients, and a set of tumor prognostic markers. The study population comprised 103 breast cancer patients recruited in Granada, Southern Spain. Data for tumor prognostic markers were retrieved from hospital clinical records and socio-demographic information was gathered by questionnaire. Persistent organic pollutants were quantified by gas chromatography with electron capture detection. Exposure levels were categorized in quartiles, and associations were evaluated using unconditional logistic regression. Adipose tissue HCB concentrations were associated positively with ER and PR expression (p-trends = 0.044 and 0.005, respectively) and negatively with E-Cadherin and p53 expression (p-trends = 0.012 and 0.027, respectively). PCB-180 adipose tissue concentrations were positively associated with HER2 expression (p-trend = 0.036). Serum PCB-138 concentrations were positively associated with ER and PR expression (p-trends = 0.052 and 0.042, respectively). The risk of p53 expression was higher among women in the lowest quartile of serum PCB-138 concentrations, but no significant trend was observed (p-trend = 0.161). These findings indicate that human exposure to certain persistent organic pollutants might be related to breast cancer aggressiveness. We also highlight the influence on exposure assessment of the biological matrix selected, given that both serum and adipose tissue might yield relevant information on breast cancer prognosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bisphenol A (BPA), benzophenones and parabens are commonly used in the production of polycarbonate plastics, as UV-filters and as antimicrobial preservatives, respectively, and they are thought to exhibit endocrine disrupting properties. Exposure to these compounds remains poorly characterized in developing countries, despite the fact that certain behaviors related to westernization have the potential to influence exposure. The aim of this pilot study was to measure urinary concentrations of BPA, six different benzophenones and four parabens in 34 Tunisian women. In addition, we identified some socio-demographic and dietary predictors of exposure to these compounds. Chemical analyses were carried out by dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction (DLLME) and ultra-high performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry detection (UHPLC-MS/MS). Detection frequencies of methylparaben (MP), ethylparaben (EP) and propylparaben (PP) ranged between 67.6 and 94.1%. Butylparaben (BP) was found in 38.2% of the analyzed samples; BPA in 64.7%; and benzophenone-1 (BP-1) and benzophenone-3 (BP-3) were detected in 91.2 and 64.7% of the analyzed samples, respectively. Urinary geometric mean concentrations of MP, EP, PP, and BP were 30.1, 1.4, 2.0 and 0.5 ng mL − 1 , respectively. Geometric mean concentrations of BPA, BP-1, and BP-3 were 0.4, 1.3 and 1.1 ng mL − 1 , respectively. Our results suggest that Tunisian women are widely exposed to BPA, parabens and some benzophenones. Further studies on the general Tunisian population are needed in order to assess the levels of exposure to these compounds and to identify sources of exposure and population groups at higher risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to assess differences between two biological matrices (serum and breast adipose tissue) in the evaluation of persistent organic pollutant (POP) exposure in breast cancer patients. The study population consisted of 103 women undergoing surgery for newly diagnosed breast carcinoma in a public hospital in Granada, Southern Spain. Independent variables were gathered from questionnaires and clinical records. POP concentrations were quantified in breast adipose tissue and serum samples. Spearman correlation tests were performed between pairs of POP concentrations and stepwise multivariable linear regression analyses were conducted to assess predictors of concentrations in the two matrices. p,p ′- Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene ( p,p ′-DDE) showed the the highest median concentration in both matrices (194.34 and 173.84 ng/g lipid in adipose tissue and serum, respectively). Median wet-basis adipose tissue:serum ratios ranged from 109.34 to 651.62, while lipid-basis ratios ranged from 0.88 to 4.34. In general, we found significant positive correlation coefficients between pairs of POPs in adipose tissue and in serum, which were always higher in adipose tissue. We found positive and statistically significant correlations between serum and adipose tissue concentrations of p,p ′ - DDE and hexachlorobenzene (HCB) but not of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Age was positively associated with most POPs in adipose tissue and serum, while the body mass index was positively associated with adipose tissue HCB concentrations and negatively associated with serum PCB-153 and PCB-138 concentrations. Recent weight loss was inversely associated with POP residues in adipose tissue and positively associated with POP residues in serum. Serum HCB and PCB-180 concentrations were lower in patients who had received preoperative chemotherapy. According to our results, serum and adipose tissue POP concentrations in breast cancer patients may be differentially affected by external predictors. Taken together, these findings indicate the need to take account of the individual POP(s) under study and the biological matrix used when relating internal POP exposure to breast cancer disease and to make a careful selection of covariates for adjusting the model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

STUDY QUESTION Are studies on semen quality in men exposed to persistent pesticides reported according to the ‘strengthening the reporting of observational studies in epidemiology’ (STROBE) recommendations and the guidelines for the appraisal of semen quality studies (SEMQUA)? SUMMARY ANSWER Most studies of the impact of pesticides on semen quality do not follow the STROBE and SEMQUA guidelines, thus adherence is low, especially in methodological aspects. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY Much of the controversy about reduced semen quality in recent decades arises from a lack of standardization in the methodology applied, despite the existence of several validated instruments for evaluating the quality of reporting. Indeed, SEMQUA was purpose-designed for the particular characteristics of semen quality studies. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION A structured literature search identified eligible articles reporting on persistent pesticides and human semen quality, published in English before 1 September 2012. Opinion articles and reviews were excluded. We assessed the adherence to reporting guidelines of the articles, using and comparing the STROBE statement and the SEMQUA guidelines, in both cases with indicators relevant to observational studies of semen quality. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS A comprehensive bibliographic search in various electronic literature databases using the key words ‘sperm’ and ‘pesticide’ obtained 1179 papers, of which 46 were valid for our purposes. The papers examined occupational (26) and environmental exposure (20). Two of the present authors independently piloted the data extraction form for this review. The articles were then evaluated by two researchers using the STROBE and SEMQUA checklists. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANGE Although no significant differences were found between the overall degree of compliance with STROBE and SEMQUA (47.0 ± 18.5% versus 43.1 ± 11.6%), there were significant differences when only methodological aspects were considered (48.4 ± 21.0% versus 39.5 ± 17.4%; P < 0.001). We observed an increase over time in the degree of compliance, for SEMQUA (r = 0.61 and P < 0.001) and STROBE (r = 0.45 and P < 0.01). The papers that reported a negative effect of exposure to persistent pesticides on sperm concentration presented a lower level of compliance to SEMQUA (42.1 ± 18.3% versus 57.6 ± 14.2%; P < 0.01) and STROBE (40.2 ± 10.3% versus 49.5 ± 11.6%; P < 0.05) than those which recorded no such influence. The year of publication and the observed effect on sperm concentration were the only candidate variables included in the model of stepwise multiple regression model for the ‘degree of compliance’ variables of SEMQUA and STROBE. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION Other characteristics of reporting quality, such as legibility, were not evaluated. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS The low degree of compliance observed is consistent with that observed in other studies of reproductive medicine and highlights the need to improve the design of studies of semen quality. SEMQUA proved to be a more specific tool than STROBE for the field of semen quality. Editors, reviewers and authors should be aware of SEMQUA and apply it when assessing papers on semen quality. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) No research funding was received and none of the authors have any conflict of interests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: [•] UHPLC–MS/MS method for the determination of UV-filters in placental tissue samples. [•] The method is full validated and applied to samples of the INMA birth cohort study. [•] The in vitro endocrine activity of six UV-filters is assessed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Heavy metals are environmental contaminants with properties known to be toxic for wildlife and humans. Despite strong concerns about their harmful effects, little information is available on intrauterine exposure in humans. The aim of this study was to evaluate prenatal exposure to As, Cd, Cr, Hg, Mn, and Pb and its association with maternal factors in a population-based mother–child cohort in Southern Spain. Between 2000 and 2002, 700 pregnant women were recruited and 137 placentas from the cohort were randomly selected and analyzed for the selected metals by atomic absorption. Maternal sociodemographic and lifestyle factors were obtained by questionnaire after delivery. Bivariate analysis and multivariate linear regression were performed. Cd and Mn concentrations were detected in all placentas, while Cr, Pb, and Hg were found in 98.5%, 35.0%, and 30.7% of samples, respectively. The highest concentrations were observed for Pb (mean: 94.80ng/g wet weight of placenta), followed by Mn (63.80ng/g), Cr (63.70ng/g), Cd (3.45ng/g), and Hg (0.024ng/g). Arsenic was not detected in any sample. Gestational age and smoking during pregnancy were associated with placental Cd concentrations, while no factor appeared to influence concentrations of Cr, Hg, Mn, or Pb. In comparison to results of European studies, these concentrations are in a low-intermediate position. Studies are required to investigate the factors contributing to early exposure to heavy metals and to determine how placental transfer of these toxic compounds may affect children''s health. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

STUDY QUESTION Is there a need for a specific guide addressing studies of seminal quality? SUMMARY ANSWER The proposed guidelines for the appraisal of SEMinal QUAlity studies (SEMQUA) reflect the need for improvement in methodology and research on semen quality. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY From an examination of other instruments used to assess the quality of diagnostic studies, there was no guideline on studies of seminal quality. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE AND DURATION Through systematic bibliographic search, potential items were identified and grouped into four blocks: participants, analytical methods, statistical methods and results. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING AND METHODS Our findings were presented to a panel of experts who were asked to identify opportunities for improvement. Then, a checklist was designed containing the questions generated by the items that summarize the essential points that need to be considered for the successful outcome of a SEMQUA. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE Eighteen items were identified, from which 19 questions, grouped into four blocks, were generated to constitute the final checklist. An explanation for the inclusion of each item was provided and some examples found in the bibliographic search were cited. LIMITATIONS AND REASONS FOR CAUTION We consider that not all items are equally applicable to all study designs, and so the hypothetical results are not comparable. For that reason, a score would not be fair to critically appraise a study. This checklist is presented as an instrument for appraising SEMQUAs and therefore remains open to constructive criticism. It will be further developed in the future, in parallel with the continuing evolution of SEMQUAs. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS The final configuration of the SEMQUA is in the form of a checklist, and includes the items generally considered to be essential for the proper development of a SEMQUA. The final checklist produced has various areas of application; for example, it would be useful for designing and constructing a SEMQUA, for reviewing a paper on the question, for educational purposes or as an instrument for appraising the quality of research articles in this field. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) None. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Abstract: Benzophenones (BPs) are a family of compounds widely used to protect the skin and hair from UV irradiation. Despite human exposure to BPs through dermal application of products containing sunscreen agents and the increasing evidence that BPs are able to interfere with endocrine systems, few studies have examined the occurrence of BPs in humans. In this work, we propose a new liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) method to determine six BPs, namely, benzophenone-1 (BP-1), benzophenone-2 (BP-2), benzophenone-3 (BP-3), benzophenone-6 (BP-6), benzophenone-8 (BP-8) and 4-hydroxybenzophenone (4-OH-BP) in human placental tissue samples. The method involves an extraction step of the analytes from the samples using ethyl acetate, followed by a clean-up step using centrifugation prior to their quantification by LC–MS/MS using an atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) interface in the positive mode. Benzophenone-d10 (BP-d10) was used as surrogate. Found detection limits (LOD) ranged from 0.07 to 0.3ngg−1 and quantification limits (LOQ) from 0.3 to 1.0ngg−1, while inter- and intra-day variability was under 5%. The method was validated using standard addition calibration and a recovery assay. Recovery rates for spiked samples ranged from 98 to 104%. This method was satisfactorily applied for the determination of BPs in 16 placental tissue samples collected from women who live in Granada (Spain). [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Endocrine disruptors are a group of organic compounds widely used, which are ubiquitous in the environment and in biological samples. The main effect of these compounds is associated with their ability to mimic or block the action of natural hormones in living organisms, including humans. Parabens (esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid) belong to this group of compounds. In this work, we propose a new liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) method to asses the presence of parabens most commonly used in industrial applications (methyl-, ethyl-, propyl- and butyl-paraben) in samples of human placental tissue. The method involves the extraction of the analytes from the samples using ethyl acetate, followed by a clean-up step using centrifugation prior to their quantification by LC–MS/MS using an atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) interface in the negative mode. Deuterated bisphenol A (BPA-d16) was used as surrogate. Found detection limits (LOD) ranged from 0.03 to 0.06ngg−1 and quantification limits (LOQ) from 0.1 to 0.2ngg−1, while inter- and intra-day variability was under 13.8%. The method was validated using standard addition calibration and a spike recovery assay. Recovery rates for spiked samples ranged from 82% to 108%. This method was satisfactorily applied for the determination of parabens in 50 placental tissue samples collected from women who live in the province of Granada (Spain). [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The group of compounds commonly called endocrine disruptors covers a wide range of synthetic and natural substances able to alter the normal hormone function of wildlife and humans, consequently causing adverse health effects. Bisphenol A (BPA) and its chlorinated derivatives are some of these compounds. In this work, we propose a new liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) method to determine these compounds in human placental tissue samples. The method involves an extraction phase of the extracts from the samples using ethyl acetate, followed by a clean-up phase by centrifugation prior to their quantification by LC–MS/MS using an atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) interface in the negative mode. Deuterated Bisphenol A (BPA-d16) was used as internal standard. Found detection limits (DL) ranged from 0.2 to 0.6ngg−1 and quantification limits (QL) from 0.5 to 2.0ngg−1 for Bisphenol A and its chlorinated derivatives, while inter- and intra-day variability was under 8.1%. The method was validated using standard addition calibration and a spike recovery assay. Recovery rates for spiked samples ranged from 97% to 105%. This method was satisfactorily applied to the determination of BPA and its chlorinated derivatives in 49 placental tissue samples collected from women who live in the province of Granada (Spain). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To explore the relationship of urinary concentrations of different congeners of benzophenones and parabens with the utilization of cosmetics and personal care products (PCPs) and their impact on the risk of endometriosis, and to evaluate the influence of oxidative stress on associations found. Methods : This case-control study comprised a subsample of 124 women (35 cases; 89 controls). Endometriosis was confirmed (cases) or ruled out (controls) by laparoscopy, with visual inspection of the pelvis and biopsy of suspected lesions (histological diagnosis). Urinary concentrations of benzophenone-1 (BP-1), benzophenone-3 (BP-3), 4-hydroxibenzophenone (4-OH-BP), methyl- (MeP), ethyl- (EtP), propyl- (PrP), and butyl-paraben (BuP), and biomarkers of oxidative stress [lipid peroxidation (TBARS) and total antioxidant power (TAP)] were quantified. Information was gathered on the frequency of use of cosmetics and PCPs. Associations between the frequency of cosmetics/PCP use, urinary concentrations of benzophenones and parabens, oxidative stress, and endometriosis risk were explored in logistic and linear multivariable regression analyses. Results : The frequency of utilization of certain cosmetics and PCPs was significantly associated with urinary concentrations of benzophenones and parabens. After adjustment for potential confounders, the risk of endometriosis was increased in women in the second versus first terciles of MeP (OR = 5.63; p-value<0.001), BP-1 (OR = 5.12; p-value = 0.011), BP-3 (OR = 4.98; p-value = 0.008), and ƩBPs (OR = 3.34; p-value = 0.032). A close-to-significant relationship was observed between TBARS concentrations and increased endometriosis risk (OR = 1.60, p-value = 0.070) and an inverse association between TAP concentrations and this risk (OR = 0.15; p-value = 0.048). Oxidative stress results did not modify associations observed between benzophenone/paraben exposure and endometriosis risk. Conclusions: Our findings indicate that the frequency of cosmetics and PCP utilization is a strong predictor of exposure to certain benzophenone and paraben congeners. These compounds may increase the risk of endometriosis in an oxidative stress-independent manner. Further studies are warranted to corroborate these findings. • Use of cosmetics/personal care products is related to urinary PB/BP concentrations. • MeP, BP-1, BP-3, and ƩBPs are associated with higher risk of endometriosis. • TAP and TBARS are related to lower and higher risk of endometriosis, respectively. • Oxidative stress did not modify the associations between exposure and the disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim was to evaluate the associations of environmental phenol and paraben concentrations with the oxidative microenvironment in adipose tissue. This study was conducted in a subsample (n = 144) of the GraMo cohort (Southern Spain). Concentrations of 9 phenols and 7 parabens, and levels of oxidative stress biomarkers were quantified in adipose tissue. Associations were estimated using multivariable linear regression analyses adjusted for potential confounders. Benzophenone-3 (BP-3) concentration was borderline associated with enhanced glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity [exp(β) = 1.20, p = 0.060] and decreased levels of reduced glutathione (GSH) [exp(β) = 0.55, p = 0.070]. Concentrations of bisphenol A (BPA) and methylparaben (MeP) were associated to lower glutathione reductase (GRd) activity [exp(β) = 0.83, exp(β) = 0.72, respectively], and BPA was borderline associated to increased levels of oxidized glutathione (GSSG) [exp(β) = 1.73, p-value = 0.062]. MeP was inversely associated to both hemeoxygenase-1 (HO-1) and superoxide dismustase (SOD) activity, as well as to the levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) [0.75 < exp(β) < 0.79]. Our results suggest that some specific non-persistent pollutants may be associated with a disruption of the activity of relevant antioxidant enzymes, in addition to the depletion of the glutathione stock. They might act as a tissue-specific source of free radicals, contributing to the oxidative microenvironment in the adipose tissue. • We analyzed phenols, parabens and oxidative stress in adipose tissue. • BP-3 was associated with enhanced GPx activity and decreased GSH levels. • BPA was associated with lower GRd activity and increased GSSG. • MeP was associated with lower GRd, HO-1, SOD, and TBARS. • These pollutants might act as a tissue-specific source of free radicals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]