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Introduction: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) can impact language processing, necessitating language-tailored approaches. Telehealth may expand rural Veterans' access but has unknown feasibility for language preferences. This study explored telehealth/Veterans Video Connect satisfaction for Spanish/English TBI screening., Materials and Methods: The study was approved by the VA Caribbean Healthcare System Institutional Review Board and the Research and Development Committee. Mixed methods evaluated telehealth satisfaction in Veterans receiving TBI assessments from October 2021 to October 2023. Surveys included the 16-item Clinical Video Telehealth (CVT) questionnaire on communication, technical factors, coordination, and overall satisfaction, and the 21-item Telemedicine Satisfaction and Usefulness Questionnaire (TSUQ) examining usefulness, ease of use, manners, quality, and satisfaction. Mean domain/item scores were calculated among 57 Veterans, 12 English, and 45 Spanish-speaking. Semi-structured interviews also elicited user experiences from 4 providers and 5 Veterans. Transcripts underwent qualitative coding for themes using Atlas.ti.8., Results: On CVT (0-5 scale), overall satisfaction averaged 4.50 (English) and 4.69 (Spanish). Lowest scoring item for English users was easy video connection (4.25), while unclear expectations had the lowest Spanish score (3.60). For TSUQ, overall mean scores were 4.50 (English) and 4.67 (Spanish), with improved health post-telehealth having the lowest average (English 3.33, Spanish 3.67). Qualitatively, Veterans and providers noted strengths like access and communication but weaknesses around connectivity, care delays, and privacy. Differences emerged regarding convenience (Veterans) versus operational barriers (providers). There was a strong positive correlation for Spanish surveys and a moderate correlation for English surveys (r = 0.71 Spanish surveys, r = 0.69 English surveys) between TSUQ and CVT for individual respondents., Conclusions: Patients conveyed positive experiences, but qualitative data revealed actionable targets for optimization like infrastructure and coordination improvements. Key limitations include small samples and lack of comparison to in-person care. Still, high satisfaction coupled with specific user feedback highlights telehealth's potential while directing enhancements. The results found high Veteran satisfaction with Spanish/English TBI telehealth, but mixed methods illuminated salient domains for better accommodating user needs, particularly regarding logistics and technology. Rigorously integrating experiences with metrics over expanded diverse samples and modalities can further guide refinements to enhance telehealth with a language-tailored approach., (Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Association of Military Surgeons of the United States 2024. This work is written by (a) US Government employee(s) and is in the public domain in the US.)

Clinical control and monitoring of bilirubin in the neonatal stage are essential to avoid toxicity in the central nervous system., Objective: to determine the correlation between transcutaneous bilirubin (TcB) and total serum bilirubin (TSB) levels in newborns ≥ 35 weeks., Patients and Method: observational, cross-sectional, analytical, retrospective study that included 90 neonates of gestational age ≥ 35 weeks with mucocutaneous jaundice who underwent TcB and TSB measurement simultaneously between June 1, 2022, and January 31, 2023. Both variables were compared, determining their correlation., Results: the validity indicators were analyzed, obtaining 100% sensitivity and negative predictive value. The mean of TcB determinations was 14.84 mg/dl ± 2.27 and that of TSB was 13.1 mg/dl ± 2.39. The correlation obtained indicates that both variables are related, which is a direct correlation and, according to the prediction equation, there is an appropriate correlation between them. It was determined that TcB overestimated TSB in 95.56% of the determinations, and underestimated TSB in the rest (4.44%). Simultaneous measurements of TcB and TSB were different in all determinations with a mean difference of 1.72 ± 1.48., Conclusions: the non-invasive TcB method can be used as an initial screening tool for the neonatal population ≥ 35 weeks, given its adequate sensitivity and negative predictive value.

Introduction: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) entails chronic neurological symptoms and deficits, such as smell and taste impairment. In the general population, a prevalence of 13.5% for smell impairment, 17% for taste impairment, and 2.2% for both have been reported. Studies establishing prevalence of sensorial dysfunction in the U.S. general population showed that prevalence increased with age and was higher in ethnic minorities and men. To understand the mechanisms that lead to these deficits, the prevalence of sensory dysfunction was studied in the Veteran TBI population of the VA Caribbean Healthcare System (VACHS). The aims were to find the prevalence of sensorial dysfunction in smell and/or taste in TBI patients at the VACHS Polytrauma Clinic and its association with demographic characteristics and medical comorbidities. The hypothesis was that the prevalence of sensory dysfunction in smell and/or taste of VACHS Veterans (mostly Hispanics minority) with TBI will be higher than the one historically reported in the literature for the U.S. general population., Materials and Methods: A retrospective record review was held at the VACHS Polytrauma Clinic from January 2018 to January 2020 (before coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic) to evaluate the prevalence of sensory dysfunction. Data on demographics and comorbidities in the electronic medical records, and the TBI Second-Level Evaluation note, that was previously completed by a physician from the Polytrauma Clinic at the VACHS to diagnose and characterized the TBI event, were reviewed. Data were summarized using descriptive statistics. To establish the relation among demographic characteristics and comorbidities with the prevalence of smell and/or taste sensory dysfunction, chi-square and Fisher's exact tests were used., Results: A total of 81 records were reviewed. This corresponded to all the patients diagnosed with TBI in the VACHS Polytrauma Clinic from January 2018 to January 2020. The prevalence of sensory dysfunction in the studied population was 38.3%. Men tend to present a higher prevalence of smell and/or taste dysfunction (40.0%) in comparison with women (16.7%); however, the difference did not achieve statistical significance (P = .399). Hispanics had a relatively higher prevalence of sensory dysfunction than non-Hispanics, but this difference did not reach statistical significance (P = .210). Forty-nine subjects were combat Veterans (60.5%). There was a significant correlation regarding the combat status of the subjects (P = .014), where 24 of the 49 combat Veterans presented smell and/or taste dysfunction (49.0%). A marginal significance was observed for obesity; obese participants were less likely to have a significant smell and/or taste dysfunction (P = .053)., Conclusion: The investigators found that the prevalence of sensory dysfunction in smell and/or taste in VACHS Veterans with TBI was 38.3% (n = 31). A significant association was found between smell and/or taste dysfunction and being a combat veteran (P = .018). A marginally significant association to obesity was also observed (P = .053). To the scientific community, the results will serve as a base for sensorial dysfunction and TBI research given that this prevalence, and the correlation to demographics and comorbidities, has not been fully established in the Veteran population., (Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Association of Military Surgeons of the United States 2021. This work is written by (a) US Government employee(s) and is in the public domain in the US.)

Rhabdoid meningiomas (RM) shows heterogeneous histological findings, and a wide variety of chromosomal copy number alterations (CNA) are associated with an unpredictable course of the disease. In this study, we analyzed a series of 305 RM samples from patients previously reported in the literature and 33 samples from 23 patients studied in our laboratory. Monosomy 22-involving the minimal but most common recurrent region loss of the 22q11.23 chromosomal region was the most observed chromosomal alteration, followed by losses of chromosomes 14, 1, 6, and 19, polysomies of chromosomes 17, 1q, and 20, and gains of 13q14.2, 10p13, and 21q21.2 chromosomal regions. Based on their CNA profile, RM could be classified into two genetic subgroups with distinct clinicopathologic features characterized by the presence of (1) chromosomal losses only and (2) combined losses and gains of several chromosomes. The latter displays a higher frequency of WHO grade 3 tumors and poorer clinical outcomes.

Background : Pimenta dioica is a native tree of Central America, Southern Mexico, and the Caribbean used in traditional medicine. It grows in wet forests in the Guatemalan departments of Petén and Izabal. Since the plant is not being economically exploited in Guatemala, this study was aimed at determining the composition of the essential oil of P. dioica leaves and fruits and the antibacterial activity of the leaves in order to evaluate its possible use in health products. The essential oils of fruits and leaves are used as rubefacient, anti-inflammatory, carminative, antioxidant, and antiflatulent in different countries. Fruits and leaves of P. dioica from Izabal Department were collected in April 2014 and extracted by hydrodistillation method. The oils were analyzed by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Yields of 1.02 ± 0.11% for dried leaves and 1.51 ± 0.26% for fruits were obtained. Eugenol was the main component (65.9-71.4%). The leaf oil showed growth inhibition against two Gram-positive and two Gram-negative bacteria. The authors consider that the tree's leaves can be evaluated as a source of ingredients for antiseptic products, and that it is important to evaluate other types of properties such as anti-inflammatory activity.

MaxEnt is a popular maximum entropy-based algorithm originally developed for modelling species distribution, but increasingly used for land-cover classification. In this article, we used MaxEnt as a single-class land-cover classification and explored if recommended procedures for generating high-quality species distribution models also apply for generating high-accuracy land-cover classification. We used remote sensing imagery and randomly selected ground-true points for four types of land covers (built, grass, deciduous, evergreen) to generate 1980 classification maps using MaxEnt. We calculated different accuracy discrimination and quality model metrics to determine if these metrics were suitable proxies for estimating the accuracy of land-cover classification outcomes. Correlation analysis between model quality metrics showed consistent patterns for the relationships between metrics, but not for all land-covers. Relationship between model quality metrics and land-cover classification accuracy were land-cover-dependent. While for built cover there was no consistent patterns of correlations for any quality metrics; for grass, evergreen and deciduous, there was a consistent association between quality metrics and classification accuracy. We recommend evaluating the accuracy of land-cover classification results by using proper discrimination accuracy coefficients (e.g., Kappa, Overall Accuracy), and not placing all the confidence in model's quality metrics as a reliable indicator of land-cover classification results.

Background: The Spanish HIV HGM BioBank is of great relevance for basic and clinical investigation, and for those groups trying to establish large networks focused on investigation on specific clinical problems. The collection of different types of samples from HIV-infected individuals is the beginning of the chain of translational investigation, starting in 2004 a prospective national HIV BioBank that expanded in 2009 a local node (HGM: Hospital Gregorio Marañón) for diverse pathologies and clinical networks, not only in adults but also in paediatric patients, becoming the Spanish HIV HGM BioBank. Our main objective is to find a general criteria and analytical tools to widespread its economic management to assure their sustainability and the future exploitation of the extreme high valuable biomaterial they custody., Methods: The Spanish HIV HGM BioBank was created with the aim of contributing to advance understanding of different pathologies through the transfer, management, register, processing, cryopreservation and cession of biological material from patients, always for research purposes and under conditions that guarantee its usefulness in current studies and future research that may appear as knowledge evolves. In this study, we have developed a policy for financial control and recovery costs of the Spanish HIV HGM BioBank., Results: Actually, Spanish HIV HGM BioBank guards 413,747 vials of 46,594 samples from 16,210 donors with various prospective longitudinal study type of samples. Interestingly, more than 7907 of these samples are now used in 28 national and international investigation projects and clinical trials. One of the objectives of this study is to develop an economic plan that you get future projects, design of acceptance or rejection keys, have internal investment limits, minimum recovery needs in short/medium term, deviation detection system and a register of capital recovery by period and type of service for the Spanish HIV HGM BioBank., Conclusion: Our model can help BioBanks that do not have a costs recovery model to design it, as well as to detect improves and functional revisions to those experienced in this field.

Multiple-class land-cover classification approaches can be inefficient when the main goal is to classify only one or a few classes. Under this scenario one-class classification algorithms could be a more efficient alternative. Currently there are several algorithms that can fulfil this task, with MaxEnt being one of the most promising. However, there is scarce information regarding parametrization for performing land-cover classification using MaxEnt. In this study we aimed to understand how MaxEnt parameterization affects the classification accuracy of four different land-covers (i.e., built-up, irrigated grass, evergreen trees and deciduous trees) in the city of Santiago de Chile. We also evaluated if MaxEnt manual parameterization outperforms classification results obtained when using MaxEnt default parameters setting. To accomplish our objectives, we generated a set of 25,344 classification maps (i.e., 6,336 for each assessed land-cover), which are based on all the potential combination of 12 different classes of features restrictions, four regularization multipliers, four different sample sizes, three training/testing proportions, and 11 thresholds for generating the binary maps. Our results showed that with a good parameterization, MaxEnt can effectively classify different land covers with kappa values ranging from 0.68 for deciduous trees to 0.89 for irrigated grass. However, the accuracy of classification results is highly influenced by the type of land-cover being classified. Simpler models produced good classification outcomes for homogenous land-covers, but not for heterogeneous covers, where complex models provided better outcomes. In general, manual parameterization improves the accuracy of classification results, but this improvement will depend on the threshold used to generate the binary map. In fact, threshold selection showed to be the most relevant factor impacting the accuracy of the four land-cover classification. The number of sampling points for training the model also has a positive effect on classification results. However, this effect followed a logarithmic distribution, showing an improvement of kappa values when increasing the sampling from 40 to 60 points, but showing only a marginal effect if more than 60 sampling points are used. In light of these results, we suggest testing different parametrization and thresholds until satisfactory kappa or other accuracy metrics values are achieved. Our results highlight the huge potential that MaxEnt has a as a tool for one-class classification, but a good understanding of the software settings and model parameterization is needed to obtain reliable results., Competing Interests: The authors declare there are no competing interests.

Environmental niche modeling (ENM) is commonly used to develop probabilistic maps of species distribution. Among available ENM techniques, MaxEnt has become one of the most popular tools for modeling species distribution, with hundreds of peer-reviewed articles published each year. MaxEnt's popularity is mainly due to the use of a graphical interface and automatic parameter configuration capabilities. However, recent studies have shown that using the default automatic configuration may not be always appropriate because it can produce non-optimal models; particularly when dealing with a small number of species presence points. Thus, the recommendation is to evaluate the best potential combination of parameters (feature classes and regularization multiplier) to select the most appropriate model. In this work we reviewed 244 articles published between 2013 and 2015 to assess whether researchers are following recommendations to avoid using the default parameter configuration when dealing with small sample sizes, or if they are using MaxEnt as a "black box tool." Our results show that in only 16% of analyzed articles authors evaluated best feature classes, in 6.9% evaluated best regularization multipliers, and in a meager 3.7% evaluated simultaneously both parameters before producing the definitive distribution model. We analyzed 20 articles to quantify the potential differences in resulting outputs when using software default parameters instead of the alternative best model. Results from our analysis reveal important differences between the use of default parameters and the best model approach, especially in the total area identified as suitable for the assessed species and the specific areas that are identified as suitable by both modelling approaches. These results are worrying, because publications are potentially reporting over-complex or over-simplistic models that can undermine the applicability of their results. Of particular importance are studies used to inform policy making. Therefore, researchers, practitioners, reviewers and editors need to be very judicious when dealing with MaxEnt, particularly when the modelling process is based on small sample sizes., Competing Interests: The authors declare there are no competing interests.

S-nitrosylation of several Ca2+ regulating proteins in response to β-adrenergic stimulation was recently described in the heart; however the specific nitric oxide synthase (NOS) isoform and signaling pathways responsible for this modification have not been elucidated. NOS-1 activity increases inotropism, therefore, we tested whether β-adrenergic stimulation induces NOS-1-dependent S-nitrosylation of total proteins, the ryanodine receptor (RyR2), SERCA2 and the L-Type Ca2+ channel (LTCC). In the isolated rat heart, isoproterenol (10 nM, 3-min) increased S-nitrosylation of total cardiac proteins (+46±14%) and RyR2 (+146±77%), without affecting S-nitrosylation of SERCA2 and LTCC. Selective NOS-1 blockade with S-methyl-L-thiocitrulline (SMTC) and Nω-propyl-l-arginine decreased basal contractility and relaxation (-25-30%) and basal S-nitrosylation of total proteins (-25-60%), RyR2, SERCA2 and LTCC (-60-75%). NOS-1 inhibition reduced (-25-40%) the inotropic response and protein S-nitrosylation induced by isoproterenol, particularly that of RyR2 (-85±7%). Tempol, a superoxide scavenger, mimicked the effects of NOS-1 inhibition on inotropism and protein S-nitrosylation; whereas selective NOS-3 inhibitor L-N5-(1-Iminoethyl)ornithine had no effect. Inhibition of NOS-1 did not affect phospholamban phosphorylation, but reduced its oligomerization. Attenuation of contractility was abolished by PKA blockade and unaffected by guanylate cyclase inhibition. Additionally, in isolated mouse cardiomyocytes, NOS-1 inhibition or removal reduced the Ca2+-transient amplitude and sarcomere shortening induced by isoproterenol or by direct PKA activation. We conclude that 1) normal cardiac performance requires basal NOS-1 activity and S-nitrosylation of the calcium-cycling machinery; 2) β-adrenergic stimulation induces rapid and reversible NOS-1 dependent, PKA and ROS-dependent, S-nitrosylation of RyR2 and other proteins, accounting for about one third of its inotropic effect.

Biomaterial-associated infections (BAI) remain a serious clinical complication, often arising from an inability of host tissue-implant integration to out-compete bacterial adhesion and growth. A commercial polymer coating based on polyethylene glycol (PEG), available in both chemically inert and NHS-activated forms (OptiChem(®)), was compared for simultaneous growth of staphylococci and osteoblasts. In the absence of staphylococci, osteoblasts adhered and proliferated well on glass controls and on the NHS-reactive PEG-based coating over 48 h, but not on the inert PEG coating. Staphylococcal growth was low on both PEG-based coatings. When staphylococci were pre-adhered on surfaces for 1.5 h to mimic peri-operative contamination, osteoblast growth and spreading was reduced on glass but virtually absent on both reactive and inert PEG-based coatings. Thus although NHS-reactive, PEG-based coatings stimulated tissue-cell interactions in the absence of contaminating staphylococci, the presence of adhering staphylococci eliminated osteoblast adhesion advantages on the PEG surface. This study demonstrates the importance of using bacterial and cellular co-cultures compared to monocultures when assessing functionalized biomaterials coatings for infectious potential., (Copyright © 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Biomaterial-associated-infections (BAI) are serious clinical complications that threaten the longevity of implanted devices and lead to high morbidity and mortality. Poly(ethylene)glycol (PEG) coatings have been studied as a strategy to reduce the incidence of BAI by reducing protein deposition that promotes pathogen adhesion and growth on device surfaces. Despite their effectiveness to reduce protein adsorption and a hundred-fold reduction in bacterial adhesion, PEG-based coatings still facilitate weak bacterial adhesion that can form an initial basis for biofilms. Here, we describe a methodology enabling direct, quantitative and detailed qualitative in situ observation of macrophage morphology, migration and phagocytosis of bacteria. In vitro interaction of macrophages with Staphylococcus epidermidis 3399 adhering to commercial, crosslinked PEG-based coatings (OptiChem®) was compared with fluorinated ethylene propylene, silicone rubber and glass. Adhesion, phagocytosis and migration were studied real-time in a parallel-plate-flow-chamber. Macrophages cultured on OptiChem® coatings showed enhanced migration and phagocytosis of bacteria compared to common biomaterials. Bacterial clearance per macrophage on both inert and reactive OptiChem® coatings were about three times higher than on the common biomaterials studied, corresponding with up to 70% reduction in bacterial numbers on OptiChem®, whereas on the biomaterials less than 40% bacterial reduction was obtained. These findings show that bacterial clearance from cross-linked PEG-based coatings by macrophages is more effective than from common biomaterials, possibly resulting from weak adhesion of bacteria on Optichem®. Moreover, macrophages exhibit higher mobility on Optichem® retaining an improved capability to clear bacteria from larger areas than from other common biomaterials, where they appear more immobilized.

Biomaterial-associated infections constitute a major clinical problem that is difficult to treat and often necessitates implant replacement. Pathogens can be introduced on an implant surface during surgery and compete with host cells attempting to integrate the implant. The fate of a biomaterial implant depends on the outcome of this race for the surface. Here we studied the competition between different bacterial strains and human U2OS osteoblast-like cells (ATCC HTB-94) for a poly(methylmethacrylate) surface in the absence or presence of macrophages in vitro using a peri-operative contamination model. Bacteria were seeded on the surface at a shear rate of 11 1/s prior to adhesion of U2OS cells and macrophages. Next, bacteria, U2OS cells and macrophages were allowed to grow simultaneously under low shear conditions (0.14 1/s). The outcome of the competition between bacteria and U2OS cells for the surface critically depended on bacterial virulence. In absence of macrophages, highly virulent Staphylococcus aureus or Pseudomonas aeruginosa stimulated U2OS cell death within 18 h of simultaneous growth on a surface. Moreover, these strains also caused cell death despite phagocytosis of adhering bacteria in presence of murine macrophages. Thus U2OS cells are bound to loose the race for a biomaterial surface against S. aureus or P. aeruginosa, even in presence of macrophages. In contrast, low-virulent Staphylococcus epidermidis did not cause U2OS cell death even after 48 h, regardless of the absence or presence of macrophages. Clinically, S. aureus and P. aeruginosa are known to yield acute and severe biomaterial-associated infections in contrast to S. epidermidis, mostly known to cause more low-grade infection. Thus it can be concluded that the model described possesses features concurring with clinical observations and therewith has potential for further studies on the simultaneous competition for an implant surface between tissue cells and pathogenic bacteria in presence of immune system components.

Poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) coatings are known to reduce microbial adhesion in terms of numbers and binding strength. However, bacterial adhesion remains of the order of 10(4)cm(-2). It is unknown whether this density of bacteria will eventually grow into a biofilm. This study investigates the kinetics of staphylococcal biofilm formation on a commercially produced, robust, cross-linked PEG-based polymer coating (OptiChem) in vitro and in vivo. OptiChem inhibits biofilm formation in vitro, and although adsorption of plasma proteins encourages biofilm formation, microbial growth kinetics are still strongly delayed compared to uncoated glass. In vivo, OptiChem-coated and bare silicone rubber samples were inserted into an infected murine subcutaneous pocket model. In contrast to bare silicone rubber, OptiChem samples did not become colonized upon reimplantation despite the fact that surrounding tissues were always culture-positive. We conclude that the commercial OptiChem coating considerably slows down bacterial biofilm formation both in vitro and in vivo, making it an attractive candidate for biomaterials implant coating., (Copyright 2009 Acta Materialia Inc. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

The role of nitric oxide (NO) in cardiac contractility is complex and controversial. Several NO donors have been reported to cause positive or negative inotropism. NO can bind to guanylate cyclase, increasing cGMP production and activating PKG. NO may also directly S-nitrosylate cysteine residues of specific proteins. We used the isolated rat heart preparation to test the hypothesis that the differential inotropic effects depend on the degree of NO production and the signaling recruited. SNAP (S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine), a NO donor, increased contractility at 0.1, 1 and 10 microM. This effect was independent of phospholamban phosphorylation, was not affected by PKA inhibition with H-89 (N-[2((p-bromocinnamyl)amino)ethyl]-5-isoquinolinesulfonamide), but it was abolished by the radical scavenger Tempol (4-hydroxy-[2,2,4,4]-tetramethyl-piperidine-1-oxyl). However, at 100 microM SNAP reduced contractility, effect reversed to positive inotropism by guanylyl cyclase blockade with ODQ (1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one), and abolished by PKG inhibition with KT5823, but not affected by Tempol. SNAP increased tissue cGMP at 100 microM, but not at lower concentrations. Consistently, a cGMP analog also reduced cardiac contractility. Finally, SNAP at 1 microM increased the level of S-nitrosylation of various cardiac proteins, including the ryanodine receptor. This study demonstrates the biphasic role for NO in cardiac contractility in a given preparation; furthermore, the differential effect is clearly ascribed to the signaling pathways involved. We conclude that although NO is highly diffusible, its output determines the fate of the messenger: low NO concentrations activate redox processes (S-nitrosylation), increasing contractility; while the cGMP-PKG pathway is activated at high NO concentrations, reducing contractility.

This study examined bacterial adhesion to a new multi-component cross-linked poly(ethylene glycol)-based polymer coating that can be applied by spin-coating or spraying onto diverse biomaterials. Adhesion of five clinically isolated bacterial strains involved in biomaterial-centered infections were studied in a parallel-plate flow chamber at different shear rates and after exposure of the coating to different physiological fluids. The new chemistry inhibits non-specific biomolecular and cell binding interactions. Relative to glass, the coating reduced adhesion of all strains used in this study by more than 80%, with the exception of Escherichia coli O2K2. Reductions in adhesion of Staphylococcus epidermidis 3,399 persisted beyond 168h exposure of the coatings to phosphate buffered saline or urine, but not after exposure to protein-rich fluids as saliva and blood plasma, despite evidence from X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy that the coating integrity was not affected by exposure to these fluids. We conclude that this new coating chemistry provides beneficial properties to prevent or hinder bacterial adhesion and colonization in applications where low protein-conditions prevail.