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The sculptural trajectory of Jerónimo Quijano is the object of the present study where the question is approached from the problematic of the variant in polychrome wood. Certainly, the configuration of the Crucifix typology is an ideal framework to approach the personality of an artist whose fame has been generally limited to the architectural field. However, his facet as a sculptor whose production should use historiography must be revealed to reason the pertinent adequacy of the classicist canons emanating from the Italian humanist tradition to the genuine art of the Hispanic kingdoms., La trayectoria escultórica de Jerónimo Quijano es objeto del presente estudio donde se aborda la cuestión desde la problemática de la variante en madera policromada. Ciertamente, la configuración de la tipología del Crucificado supone un marco idóneo para abordar la personalidad de un artista cuya fama ha quedado generalmente acotada al terreno arquitectónico. Sin embargo, debe revelarse su faceta como escultor de cuya producción debe valerse la historiografía para razonar la pertinente adecuación de los cánones clasicistas emanados de la tradición humanista italiana al arte genuino de los reinos hispánicos.

The liquid-to-solid phase transition is a complex process that is difficult to investigate experimentally with sufficient spatial and temporal resolution. A key aspect of the transition is the formation of a critical seed of the crystalline phase in a supercooled liquid, that is, a liquid in a metastable state below the melting temperature. This stochastic process is commonly described within the framework of classical nucleation theory, but accurate tests of the theory in atomic and molecular liquids are challenging. Here, we employ femtosecond x-ray diffraction from microscopic liquid jets to study crystal nucleation in supercooled liquids of the rare gases argon and krypton. Our results provide stringent limits to the validity of classical nucleation theory in atomic liquids, and offer the long-sought possibility of testing nonclassical extensions of the theory.

The rotational relaxation of CO2 by inelastic collisions has been studied in three supersonic jets. The jets were probed by means of Raman spectroscopy with high spectral and spatial resolutions, measuring the rotational populations and the total number density. The time evolution of the rotational populations was analyzed by means of a kinetic master equation, with the help of the energy-corrected sudden power law to relate the numerous state-to-state rate (STS rates) coefficients. In the thermal range investigated, 60-260 K, the STS rates decrease with increasing temperature and with increasing change in the rotational quantum number. Other quantities of interest for fluid dynamics, such as the rotational collision number, the relaxation cross section, and the bulk viscosity, have been derived from the STS rates.

Thermometry techniques have been widely developed during the last decades to analyze thermal properties of various fluid flows. Following the increasing interest for microfluidic applications, most of these techniques have been adapted to the microscale and some new experimental approaches have emerged. In the last years, the need for a detailed experimental analysis of gaseous microflows has drastically grown due to a variety of exciting new applications. Unfortunately, thermometry is not yet well developed for analyzing gas flows at the microscale. Thus, the present review aims at analyzing the main currently available thermometry techniques adapted to microflows. Following a rapid presentation and classification of these techniques, the review is focused on optical techniques, which are the most suited for application at microscale. Their presentation is followed by a discussion about their applicability to gas microflows, especially in confined conditions, and the current challenges to be overcome are presented. A special place is dedicated to Raman and molecular tagging thermometry techniques due to their high potential and low intrusiveness.

Los seres humanos estamos rodeados por una serie de entornos que componen nuestro día a día y, uno de ellos, con una determinada relevancia es el entorno laboral. Dentro de este marco laboral, el salario es una de las piezas que integran dicho engranaje y conlleva aparejada una suma importancia para cada trabajador. Durante el diseño y ejecución de esta investigación se ha procedido a desarrollar una serie de aspectos que están relacionados con el salario y su estructura, además, se ha elaborado un diminuto estudio empírico dirigido a una determinada población para descubrir el grado de conocimiento que contiene la misma en torno al tema de investigación desarrollado, todo ello mediante la contestación de una serie de preguntas elaboradas en un cuestionario y recogidas mediante entrevistas personales. A su vez esta metodología aplicada ha generado una serie de respuestas y observaciones que han sido estudiadas y analizadas para el diseño de unas conclusiones esenciales que han sido expuestas con el fin de acrecentar en los trabajadores la información necesaria y adecuada para perfeccionar la negociación y la implantación de óptimas relaciones laborales.

Motivación La revisión de las cifras de la Contabilidad Nacional Anual y la Contabilidad Nacional Trimestral de septiembre por parte del Instituto Nacional de Estadística ha sido mayor que otros años. Esto ha modificado la interpretación de algunos aspectos de la evolución de la economía española tras la pandemia. Ideas principales • Las nuevas cifras arrojan revisiones al alza del PIB de 0,2 puntos porcentuales (pp), 0,9 pp y 0,3 pp en 2020, 2021 y 2022, respectivamente. Así, la economía española recuperó el nivel prepandemia en el tercer trimestre de 2022 (en lugar de en la primavera de 2023, como se desprendía de la información anterior), un año después que el conjunto del área del euro. El mayor dinamismo de la demanda interna es el principal factor que explica estas revisiones. Por el lado de la oferta, estas se deben, sobre todo, a la mayor fortaleza de los servicios. • Las nuevas series indican que la productividad ha mostrado un comportamiento menos desfavorable, la evolución de la recaudación impositiva ha sido más congruente con la de las bases macroeconómicas, el gasto de los hogares ha exhibido un comportamiento más dinámico, en consonancia con la mejor evolución de las rentas laborales reales, y los costes laborales unitarios han crecido por encima de lo estimado previamente, aumentando desde 2019 más que en la Unión Económica y Monetaria, lo que podría acabar afectando a la competitividad de las empresas españolas.

Rationale The revision to the Annual and Quarterly National Accounts figures by the National Statistics Institute in September was more extensive than in previous years and has altered the interpretation of some aspects of Spanish economic developments since the pandemic. Takeaways •The new figures entail upward revisions to GDP of 0.2 percentage points (pp) in 2020, 0.9 pp in 2021 and 0.3 pp in 2022. The Spanish economy therefore recovered its pre-pandemic level in 2022 Q3 (rather than in spring 2023, as per the previous information), one year later than the euro area overall. The main factors underlying these revisions are, on the demand side, the greater domestic demand momentum and, on the supply side, the greater strength of services. •The new time series signal that productivity has fared somewhat better, tax revenues have been more consistent with macroeconomic developments, household expenditure has been more dynamic, in keeping with the improvement in real labour income, and unit labour costs have increased more than previously estimated, rising in Spain more than in the euro area overall since 2019, which could ultimately impact Spanish firms’ competitiveness.

Elevated circulating progesterone (P4) concentrations in the first week after conception have been associated with accelerated post-hatching conceptus elongation. However, the consequences, if any, on the development of the fetus are unknown. The objective of this study was to determine the relationship between early circulating P4 and fetal and placental morphometric characteristics at 42 days of gestation. A previously validated model of asynchronous embryo transfer (ET), known to alter uterine exposure to P4, was used in 107 heifers divided in two replicates (replicate 1: n = 51, replicate 2: n = 56). Heifers were randomly assigned to one of the two following groups: those receiving a Day 7 embryo on Day 7 of the cycle (synchronous; ET_D7, n = 49) and those transferred a Day 7 embryo on Day 9 of the cycle (asynchronous; ET_D9, n = 58). The synchronization protocol was started two days earlier for heifers in the ET_D9 group such that ET was done on the same day for both groups. P4 concentrations were determined from Day 3 after estrus to the day of ET. Pregnant heifers were slaughtered at Day 42 of gestation for fetal and placental morphometric measurements. The effects of the group, replicate, fetal sex, and interactions between these variables on fetal and placental characteristics were determined by ANOVA, while Pearson correlation was employed to assess the linear relationship between P4 concentrations two days before and on the day of ET on the fetal parameters. The uteri of heifers in the ET_D9 group were exposed to higher concentrations (P < 0.0001) of P4 from four days before ET, than heifers in the ET_D7 group. Both group and fetal sex variables impacted on fetal crown-rump length (CRL) (group: P < 0.0001, sex: P = 0.001) and fetal weight (group: P = 0.006, sex: P = 0.003). Fetal sex influenced the amniotic sac area (P = 0.003) and amniotic sac weight (P = 0.004); while the group affected the number of cotyledons (P = 0.0009), and the fetal heart weight (

Harnessing information from the maternal blood to predict fetal growth is attractive yet scarcely explored in livestock. The objectives were to determine the transcriptomic modifications in maternal blood and fetal liver, gonads, and heart according to fetal weight and to model a molecular signature based on the fetal organs allowing the prediction of fetal weight from the maternal blood transcriptome in cattle. In addition to a contemporaneous maternal blood sample, organ samples were collected from 10 male fetuses at 42 days of gestation for RNA-sequencing. Fetal weight ranged from 1.25 to 1.69 g (mean = 1.44 ± 0.15 g). Clustering data analysis revealed clusters of co-expressed genes positively correlated with fetal weight and enriching ontological terms biologically relevant for the organ. For the heart, the 1346 co-expressed genes were involved in energy generation and protein synthesis. For the gonads, the 1042 co-expressed genes enriched seminiferous tubule development. The 459 co-expressed genes identified in the liver were associated with lipid synthesis and metabolism. Finally, the cluster of 571 co-expressed genes determined in maternal blood enriched oxidative phosphorylation and thermogenesis. Next, data from the fetal organs were used to train a regression model of fetal weight, which was predicted with the maternal blood data. The best prediction was achieved when the model was trained with 35 co-expressed genes overlapping between heart and maternal blood (root-mean-square error = 0.04, R2 = 0.93). In conclusion, linking transcriptomic information from maternal blood with that from the fetal heart unveiled maternal blood as a predictor of fetal development.

A laboratory study of state-to-state rate coefficients (STS rates) for H2:H2 inelastic collisions in the v=0 state is reported. The study, which spans the 295–20 K thermal range, is based on the use of a kinetic master equation. It describes the time-space evolution of populations of H2 rotational levels as induced by inelastic collisions. It is applied here to a supersonic jet of natural H2. This medium bears a large amount of relevant data that allows for the establishment of best values and confidence margins for the dominant STS rates of H2:H2 inelastic collisions on an experimental basis. The primary experimental data derived from the supersonic jet are the local number density, the populations of the H2 rotational levels, and their gradients along the jet by means of high-sensitivity Raman spectroscopy with superb space resolution. First, two sets of theoretical STS rates from the literature have been tested against the experiment. The set that shows a better agreement with the experiment has then been scaled to derive an improved set of experiment-scaled STS rates (ES rates). They allow the reproduction of more than 50 experimental population gradient data within a standard deviation <1.4% along the 295–20K thermal range. The estimated uncertainty for the ES rates ranges from ≈3% near 300K to ≈6% near 20K. ES rates and uncertainties for H2:H2 ground-state inelastic collisions between 300 and 20K are presented in machine-readable format. Other (incomplete) sets of theoretical rates from the literature are discussed.

El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar el emprendimiento desde el punto de vista del alumnado de la UA. Para conocer la opinión del alumnado se realiza, en primer lugar, un estudio cuantitativo basado en un cuestionario cumplimentado por 1666 estudiantes y, en segundo lugar, un estudio cualitativo mediante en la técnica focus group llevada a cabo con 60 estudiantes de diferentes asignaturas del área de Organización de empresas.

The aim of this work is to propose a novel and formal approach to evaluate the direct costs of diseases caused by different pathogens as well as their economic impact on typical Mediterranean grow-out farms culturing European sea bass under different scenarios of production related to the biomass produced (farm size) and the size of the fish produced (production strategy). We employ a deterministic static model to simulate the annual income statement of those facilities to evaluate the direct costs caused by different diseases as well as, through a partial budget and sensitivity analyses, the economic impact of them. An important conclusion of this work is that the profitability and economic viability of sea bass grow-out farms suffering recurrent outbreaks of diseases caused by different pathogens depend on the farm typology (farm size) as well as the decisions taken by owners/investors about the size of the fish produced and sold in the market. Our estimations show that as the larger is the farm and the size of the fish produced, the larger are the direct cost of a disease outbreak. However, the economic impact on the net operating profit is significantly worse as smaller is the farm and smaller the fish produced. The conclusions of this research stress the need for small producers to pay attention and devote resources to prevent and treat disease outbreaks.

This data set contains several topics related with the structure and properties of the Master Equation (MEQ) employed in the main article, owing to its potential interest for the detailed understanding of thermal non-equilibrium in H2 media. These topics include: 1) The general structure of the MEQ. 2) The importance of "up-down" inelastic collision processes for the correct interpretation of H2 rarefi ed media. 3) The influence of the medium onto the e ficiency of the inelastic collision processes. 4) The detailed structure of the MEQ, in the form of three Tables containing all the experimental data on the local gas-dynamic variables and on the collision rates at three selected points of the supersonic jet.

Rotationally inelastic collisions of O2 with He in the 10−34 K thermal range are investigated by means of an experimental procedure based on supersonic gas jets probed by Raman spectroscopy. The procedure employs a kinetic master equation (MEQ) that describes the time evolution of the rotational populations of O2 along supersonic jets of O2 and He mixtures. The MEQ is expressed in terms of experimental quantities (number density and rotational populations) measured here, and state-to-state rate coefficients for the O2:He inelastic collisions calculated here, plus those for O2:O2 collisions from the literature. An agreement with the experiments is accomplished for temperatures between 10 and 34 K. Within this thermal range, the role of the fine structure due to electron spin in the collision dynamics of O2 is discussed.