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Sexual dimorphism in snake head/skull is poorly known, although analyses in other vertebrate groups have already pointed this kind of morphological difference. Herein we evaluated the existence of sexual dimorphism in the skull of Xenodon neuwiedii through Geometric Morphometrics (GM). We found that females have larger skulls than males using centroid size data. Considering the ventral view of the palatomaxillary apparatus, compared to females, males tend to have longer maxilla, ectopterygoid slightly laterally shifted, palatine slightly shorter, and longer pterygoid. For the dorsal view, males showed larger snout, more oblique frontoparietal suture, posterior region of the skull more tapered, larger supraoccipital, and larger and more oblique supratemporals. Xenodon neuwiedii showed static allometry only for the symmetric component of the dorsal view, with 9.7% of shape variation explained by size. The present study is the first evaluating and describing sexual dimorphism in skull shape for snakes independently of size. We compared our results with other studies and concluded that to accurately perform intraspecific analyses or to better understand sexual and/or natural selection, sexual dimorphism should be considered, even for structures (e.g. skull) that are traditionally not used for this purpose.

Psilops mucugensis sp. nov. (Figs. 4���5) Psilophthalmus sp.���Cassimiro and Rodrigues (2009: 49); Freitas et al. (2012: 18, 20, 22); Magalh��es et al. (2015: 247, 249, 258, 261) Holotype. an adult male, MZUSP 106188, collected by M.A. Freitas and T.F. Santos Silva on October 5th 2005 (field number MTR 11787) from Fazenda Tr��s Irm��os (12��53'06"S 41��31'41"W, 1075 m above sea level, hereafter asl), district of Guin��, municipality of Mucug��, Serra do Espinha��o (Chapada Diamantina), Bahia, Brazil. Paratypes. MZUSP 96918, 106187 (field number MTR 11520 ���21), collected on 8th October 2005 in the same locality and collectors as for the holotype. Referred specimens. AAG 6640, 6652, 6663, 6692, 6715���6716, 7026, 7040���7041, 7065, 7080, 7109, 7120, 7142, 7144, 7190, 7199, 7220, 7228, 7249 from Palmeiras (12��32'S, 41��29'W), Bahia, Brazil; collected by Adrian Garda et al. on 6th January to 6th February 2013. MZUSP 106196, 106208, 106209 (all from 11��22'24.17"S, 40��31'4.22"W, 1141 m asl), MZUSP 106197 (11��22'23.74"S, 40��31'4.12"W, 1141 m asl), MZUSP 106210 (11��21'32"S, 40��31'37"W), all from Parque Estadual das Sete Passagens, municipality of Miguel Calmon: Bahia: Brazil; collected by the authors between 29th May 2010 to 10th March 2011, field numbers MTR 19871, RPD 0 40, RPD 110, MTR 20012, RPD 260, respectively. MZUSP 106206, from Morro do Chap��u hill (11��35'34.45"S, 41��12'27.65"W, 1271 m asl), municipality of Morro do Chap��u, Bahia, Brazil; collected by the authors on 30th December 2011, field number MTR 22533. Diagnosis. Psilops mucugensis differs from P. paeminosus (data in parenthesis) by having a higher number of smooth subcaudal scales, 7���14 (3���7), a higher number of total pores, 16���20 (14���16), two conspicuous dorsolateral white stripes running from supraciliaries to the tail (absent), a bright red tail (brownish in adults) and longer forelimbs, 25.9% SVL (21.5% SVL). Psilops mucugensis differs from P. seductus sp. nov. (described below, data in parenthesis) by having lower number of scale rows around midbody, 17���21 (22), a higher number of subdigital lamellae under Finger IV, 16���19 (13���16) and Toe IV, 11���14 (9���11), a higher number of smooth subcaudal scales, 7���14 (2���5), a higher number of total pores, 16���20 (10���13), a larger foot, 17.6% SVL (14.8% SVL), and by the presence of calcified spines (absent) and by lacking papillae ornamenting the hemipenial flounces (present). Description of the holotype. Rostral broad, visible from above wider than high, contacting first supralabial, nasal and frontonasal. Frontonasal hexagonal, slightly wider than long, in broad contact with rostral, nasal, prefrontals, and frontal. Prefrontals hexagonal, as long as wide, contacting frontonasal, frontal, first supraocular, first supraciliary, loreal, and nasal; separate at midline by contact between frontonasal and frontal. Frontal hexagonal with posteriorly convergent lateral margins, approximately twice as long as broad, wider anteriorly; in broad contact with first supraocular, its suture with frontonasal as broad as that of interparietal. Frontoparietals absent. Interparietal hexagonal, posteriorly rounded, with strongly posteriorly convergent lateral margins, longer than wide, longer and wider than frontal and contacting frontal, first supraocular, parietals, and occipitals. Parietals irregularly hexagonal, as long as wide, and smaller and shorter than interparietal, contacting first and second supraoculars, temporals, occipitals, and interparietal. Two supraoculars, first the largest, longer than wide, occupying most of supraocular area, second very small, sub-squared, with the same approximate size of the adjacent temporal. Three supraciliaries, first slightly larger than second, third the smallest; first supraciliary expanding on the lateral face of head and in contact with loreal and preocular; second supraciliary in the center of eye. Nasal large, subrectangular, longer than wide, with the nostril in the center, contacting first and second supralabials. Loreal narrow, as high as nasal, diagonally oriented and contacting second and third supralabials, frenocular, first supraciliary, prefrontal and nasal. Frenocular as large as loreal with its postero-ventral corner divided in a small scute and followed posteriorly by a series of small and narrow irregular preoculars and suboculars. Seven supralabials, fourth the largest, under the eye, fifth the highest, separated from parietal by two postocular scutes; seventh supralabial contacting ear border. Eyelid absent. Eye large, pupil rounded. Anterior and lower margin of eye with an irregularly narrow, smooth, and elongate semidivided scute, thinner at lower margin of eye; posterior margin of eye with a series of juxtaposed smooth granules. Temporal region covered by enlarged, smooth, and imbricate cycloid scales. Tympanum recessed. Ear opening bordered by cycloid, smooth, and imbricate scales, those on posterior margin smaller, those above tympanum larger, higher than wide and covering anterior and superior margin of ear. Mental wider than long. Postmental single, as wide as long, contacting first and second infralabials. Two pairs of enlarged genials in medial contact and contacting infralabials; first pair the largest, longer than wide, second one wider than long. Six infralabials, second and third the largest. All head scales smooth with irregularly disposed sensorial pits. Gulars disposed in nine irregularly transverse rows, smooth, imbricate, posteriorly rounded; central ones wider than long, diagonally disposed anteriorly, becoming gradually transverse posteriorly. Lateral gular scales smaller, cycloid, smooth, imbricate. Interbrachial row with five enlarged imbricate scales, central one the largest, subtriangular. Anterior dorsal scales disposed in three longitudinal rows until the level of arm, dorsolateral ones wider than long, scales in central row smaller, as wide as long. Scales of the first transverse dorsal row smooth or slightly striate becoming gradually tri or pentacarinate. After arm level dorsal scales become progressively more elongate, mucronate and tricarinate, having the central keel sharper. Thirty-four transverse rows between interparietal and posterior level of hindlimbs. Lateral scales cycloid, smooth, imbricate, except for an area with small, flat, smooth and juxtaposed scales around arm insertion. Eighteen scales around midbody. Ventrals wide, smooth, imbricate, in four longitudinal rows from interbrachials to precloacals and in 24 transverse rows between interbrachials and precloacals. Central rows distinctively enlarged, wider than long. Posterior margin of vent with four scales; central ones smaller. Total pores 20, two precloacals and eight femoral on each side. Scales of dorsal and lateral portion of tail imbricate, strongly keeled, elongate, mucronate, in complete rings; those covering dorsal portion of base of tail tricarinate, becoming unicarinate more elongate and lanceolate posteriorly. Scales of ventral portion of tail smooth, larger than correspondent dorsals at the base of tail but becoming gradually identical to them in shape and ornamentation toward the tip; 15 irregularly transverse rows of smooth subcaudals. Forelimbs with large, smooth and imbricate scales except for those on ventral parts of arm and forearm which are smaller. Anterior and posterior parts of tights with large, smooth and imbricate scales; posterior part of tights with granular, juxtaposed, smooth scales which grade progressively to a posterior irregular row of enlarged, mucronate, and keeled scales, identical to those covering dorsal part of tibia. Ventral parts of tibia with smooth, enlarged and imbricate scales. Palmar and plantar surfaces with small, conical, juxtaposed granules. Subdigital lamellae single, 12 on finger IV and 19 on toe IV. Fingers and toes clawed; first finger absent externally. Toes and fingers with the following relative sizes, respectively: 2=5Measurements. SVL= 35.3 mm; TAL = 42.3 mm (regenerated); TRL = 20.2 mm; HW = 4.3 mm; HL = 6.7 mm; FEM = 4.0 mm; TIB = 3.5 mm; FTL = 6.3 mm; HUM = 2.7 mm; FAL = 5.4 mm. Variation. Individuals from southern (municipalities of Mucug�� and Palmeiras) and northern (Morro do Chap��u and Miguel Calmon) populations, agree in most scale counts. Nevertheless, northern populations show fewer femoral pores (15���16, 16��� 20 in south) and number of smooth subcaudals (6���8, 10��� 14 in south) (Table 2). Males and females are sexually dimorphic in body size, with females having larger SVL than males (ANOVA; F 1,17 = 7,95; P F 1,16 = 13.42; P F 1,16 = 13.67; P F 1,16 = 12.37; P F 1,16 = 10.49; P Distribution and natural history. Known from the municipalities of Mucug��, Palmeiras (Parque Nacional Chapada Diamantina), Morro do Chap��u and Miguel Calmon, state of Bahia, Brazil (Fig. 6). At Miguel Calmon it is found at high altitude open areas over quartzite sandy soils (1140 m asl), while at Morro do Chap��u, the single specimen was found within a semi-deciduous montane open forest (1270 m asl) (Fig. 7). At Mucug�� it was found at a flat plateau (1100 m a.s.l.) covered by a type of low semi-deciduous arborescent vegetation. At Palmeiras it was found in areas of rocky grasslands campos rupestres (Magalh��es et al. 2015). Etymology. Named after the type locality, Mucug��, at Chapada Diamantina, Bahia., Published as part of Rodrigues, Miguel Trefaut, Recoder, Renato, Jr, Mauro Teixeira, Roscito, Juliana Gusson, Guerrero, Agust��n Camacho, Sales Nunes, Pedro M., Freitas, Marco Antonio De, Fernandes, Daniel Silva, Bocchiglieri, Adriana, Vechio, Francisco Dal, Leite, Felipe S�� Fortes & Nogueira, Cristiano De Campos, 2017, A morphological and molecular study of Psilops, a replacement name for the Brazilian microteiid lizard genus Psilophthalmus Rodrigues 1991 (Squamata, Gymnophthalmidae), with the description of two new species, pp. 451-482 in Zootaxa 4286 (4) on pages 462-466, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4286.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/828661, {"references":["Freitas, M. A., Verissimo, D. & Uhlig, V. (2012) Squamate reptiles of the central Chapada Diamantina, with a focus on the municipality of Mucuge, state of Bahia, Brazil. Check List, 8, 16 - 22.","Magalhaes, F. M., Laranjeiras, D. O., Costa, T. B., Junca, F. A., Mesquita, D. O., Rohr, D. L., Silva, W. P., Vieira, G. H. C. & Garda, A. A. (2015) Herpetofauna of protected areas in the Caatinga IV: Chapada Diamantina National Park, Bahia, Brazil. Herpetology Notes, 8, 243 - 261."]}

Rodrigues, Miguel Trefaut, Recoder, Renato, Jr, Mauro Teixeira, Roscito, Juliana Gusson, Guerrero, Agustín Camacho, Sales Nunes, Pedro M., Freitas, Marco Antonio De, Fernandes, Daniel Silva, Bocchiglieri, Adriana, Vechio, Francisco Dal, Leite, Felipe Sá Fortes, Nogueira, Cristiano De Campos (2017): A morphological and molecular study of Psilops, a replacement name for the Brazilian microteiid lizard genus Psilophthalmus Rodrigues 1991 (Squamata, Gymnophthalmidae), with the description of two new species. Zootaxa 4286 (4): 451-482, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4286.4.1

Psilops seductus sp. nov. (Figs. 8���9) Psilophthalmus sp.��� Nogueira (2006: 99���101, 128, 140, 192, 200���201, 227, 234, 237, 239, 244, 261, 294); Recoder and Nogueira (2007: 267, 270, 272���273, 278); Nogueira et al. (2009: 93); Nogueira et al. (2010: 356). Holotype. an adult male MNRJ 19099, collected on 6th June 2008 by Adriana Bocchiglieri and Daniel Fernandes da Silva at Fazenda Jatob�� (13��53' S, 45��42'W, 840 m a.s.l.), municipality of Jaborandi, Bahia, Brazil. Paratypes. MNRJ 19097���98, MNRJ 19100���05, MNRJ 19417���18, same data as for the holotype, collected between January 2008 and December 2009. Referred specimen. an adult male, MZUSP 94703 (field number CN 489), collected by Cristiano de C. Nogueira on 21st October 2001 at Grande Sert��o Veredas National Park (15��15���13���S, 45��53���20���W, 795 m asl), municipality of Formoso, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Diagnosis. Psilops seductus differs from P. paeminosus (data in parenthesis) by having a higher number of scale rows around midbody, 22 (17���20), a lower number of subdigital lamellae under Finger IV, 13���16 (15���20), and Toe IV, 9���11 (11���13), a lower number of total pores, 10���13 (14���16), and a red tail in adults (brown). It differs from P. mucugensis by having more scale rows around midbody, 22 (17���21), a lower number of subdigital lamellae under Finger IV, 13���16 (16-19) and Toe IV, 9���11 (11���14), a lower number of smooth subcaudal scales, 2���5 (7���14), a lower number of total pores, 10���13 (16���20), and a shorter foot, 14.8% SVL (17.6 %). Additionally, it differs from P. paeminosus and P. mucugensis in lacking calcified spines (present) and by having papillae ornamenting the hemipenial flounces (absent). Description of the holotype. Rostral broad, visible from above wider than high, contacting first supralabial, nasal and frontonasal. Frontonasal hexagonal, slightly wider than long; in broad contact with rostral, nasal, prefrontals, and frontal. Prefrontals hexagonal, slightly longer than wide, contacting frontonasal, frontal, first supraocular, first superciliar, loreal, and nasal; separate at midline by contact between frontonasal and frontal. Frontal hexagonal with posteriorly convergent lateral margins, approximately one and half time as long as broad, wider anteriorly; in broad contact with first supraocular, suture with frontonasal much larger than that of interparietal. Frontoparietals absent. Interparietal hexagonal, posteriorly rounded, with strongly posteriorly convergent lateral margins, longer than wide, longer and wider than frontal and contacting frontal, first supraocular, parietals, and occipitals. Parietals irregularly hexagonal, as long as wide and smaller and shorter than interparietal, contacting first and second supraoculars, temporals, occipitals, and interparietal. Two supraoculars, first the largest, longer than wide, occupying most of supraocular area, second very small, subsquared, smaller than adjacent temporal. Three supraciliaries, second the largest, in the center of eye, third the smallest; first supraciliary expanded on lateral face of head and in contact with loreal and frenocular. Nasal large, subrectangular, longer than wide, with nostril in the center, contacting first and second supralabials. Loreal pentagonal, narrower than nasal, contacting second supralabial, frenocular, first supraciliary, prefrontal, and nasal. Frenocular contacting first supraciliary, a small preocular granule and an enlarged subocular which is thinner at the level of center of eye. Seven supralabials, fourth the largest, under the eye, fifth the highest, separated from parietal by two postocular scutes; seventh supralabial contacting ear border. Eyelid absent. Eye large, pupil rounded. Anterior margin of eye emarginated by first supraciliary, a preocular granule and a subocular, posterior margin of eye with a group of juxtaposed smooth granules and two postoculars. Temporal region covered by enlarged, smooth, and imbricate cycloid scales. Tympanum recessed. Ear opening bordered by cycloid, smooth, and imbricate scales, those on posterior margin smaller, those above tympanum larger than posterior ones and covering anterior and superior margin of ear. Mental wider than long. Postmental single, slightly wider than long, contacting first and second infralabials. Two pairs of enlarged genials in medial contact and contacting infralabials, both wider than long, second the largest. Six infralabials, second and third the largest. All head scales smooth with irregularly disposed sensorial pits. Gulars disposed in 10 irregularly transverse rows, smooth, imbricate, posteriorly rounded; central and posterior ones wider than long, diagonally or transversally disposed. Lateral gular scales smaller, cycloid, smooth, imbricate. Interbrachial row with five enlarged imbricate scales, central one the largest and subtriangular. First and second transverse rows of dorsal scales with three smooth and imbricate scales, external ones wider than long, modified as occipitals and post-occipitals and separated by a much smaller cycloid scale. Posterior to these differentiated rows dorsal scales are uni or tricarinate, transversely disposed, becoming progressively more elongate, mucronate and tricarinate posteriorly. Thirty-six transverse rows of dorsals between interparietal and posterior level of hindlimbs. Lateral scales cycloid, smooth, imbricate, except for an area with small, flat, smooth and juxtaposed scales around arm insertion. Twenty-two scales around midbody. Ventrals wide, smooth, imbricate, in four longitudinal rows and twenty-three transversal rows in midline from interbrachials to precloacals. Central rows of ventral scales as wide as the external ones at midbody. Posterior margin of vent with four scales; central ones smaller. Total pores 12, two precloacals and four femorals on each side. Scales of dorsal and lateral parts of tail imbricate, strongly keeled, uni or tricarinate, elongate, strongly mucronate, in complete rings, becoming more elongate and lanceolate posteriorly. Scales of base of tail smooth, larger than correspondent dorsals at the base of tail but becoming gradually identical to them in shape and ornamentation towards the tip. Forelimbs with large, smooth, and imbricate scales except for those on ventral parts of arm and forearm which are smaller. Anterior and posterior parts of tights with large, smooth, and imbricate scales; posterior part of tights with granular, juxtaposed, smooth scales which grade progressively to a posterior irregular row of enlarged, mucronate, and keeled scales, identical to those covering dorsal part of tibia. Ventral parts of tibia with smooth, enlarged, and imbricate scales. Palmar and plantar surfaces with small, conical, juxtaposed granules. Subdigital lamellae single, nine on finger IV and 15 on toe IV. Fingers and toes clawed; first finger absent externally. Toes and fingers with the following relative sizes, respectively: 2=5Measurements. SVL = 32.1 mm; TAL = 51.0 mm; TRL = 18.3 mm; HW = 3.9 mm; HL = 5.8 mm; FEM = 3.9 mm; TIB = 3.0 mm; FTL = 4.6 mm; HUM = 2.4 mm; FAL = 4.5 mm. Variation. Little variation was observed in the type series. A single individual from the municipality of Formoso, Minas Gerais state (MZUSP 94703), agrees in all characters with type series, with scale counts falling within the variation observed (Table 2), except for a smaller number of femoral pores (10) than other males (12��� 13). Although the small sample of females precludes a quantitative analysis of sexual dimorphism, the largest female of Psilops seductus (36.6 mm SVL) was 1.12 times larger than the largest male (32.8 mm SVL). Distribution and natural history. The only two localities from which it is known are located at ���Serra dos Gerais��� plateau (Fig. 6). The type locality, Fazenda Jatob��, is situated near the border between the states of Bahia, Minas Gerais and Goi��s, an area dominated by extensive upland sandstone plateaus separated by river valleys, covered by different types of cerrado vegetation (Fig. 10). The Fazenda Jatob�� is bounded by two rivers of the S��o Francisco basin (Arrojado and Vered��ozinho) and has a total area of 92.000 ha, of which 40.000 ha were occupied by Pinus and Eucalyptus plantations. The remaining area is kept as a protected area with native cerrado (Fenger & Sevensson 2004). With an effort equivalent to 18.960 traps/day, 11 specimens were collected, seven in areas of continuous cerrado, three in areas of Pinus and Eucalyptus plantations, and one in a small fragmented cerrado. A single specimen (MZUSP 94703) was collected at a nearby locality, in Formoso, Minas Gerais, in Grande Sert��o Veredas National Park, a large (230.714 ha) protected area at the border between Bahia and Minas Gerais. This specimen was collected in a pitfall trap within carrasco vegetation, a dense semideciduous arboreal phytophysiognomy occurring in isolated patches on top of the Serra Geral plateau, dominated by open cerrado savannas. Both carrascos and cerrados in Grande Sert��o Veredas develop on flat, tabletop sandy soils (Recoder & Nogueira 2007). Besides a total of 180 lizards of 15 species captured in five sites in Grande Sert��o Veredas NP, in a sampling effort of 3.400 trap x days, only a single specimen of the Psilops seductus was found (Nogueira et al. 2009). Etymology. from the Latin remote, apart, in reference to the geographic isolation of this species, which is restricted to the Cerrado plateaus of Serra Geral, west to the S��o Francisco River., Published as part of Rodrigues, Miguel Trefaut, Recoder, Renato, Jr, Mauro Teixeira, Roscito, Juliana Gusson, Guerrero, Agust��n Camacho, Sales Nunes, Pedro M., Freitas, Marco Antonio De, Fernandes, Daniel Silva, Bocchiglieri, Adriana, Vechio, Francisco Dal, Leite, Felipe S�� Fortes & Nogueira, Cristiano De Campos, 2017, A morphological and molecular study of Psilops, a replacement name for the Brazilian microteiid lizard genus Psilophthalmus Rodrigues 1991 (Squamata, Gymnophthalmidae), with the description of two new species, pp. 451-482 in Zootaxa 4286 (4) on pages 467-471, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4286.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/828661, {"references":["Nogueira, C. (2006) Diversidade e Padroes de Distribuicao da Fauna de Lagartos do Cerrado. Ph. D. Thesis. Instituto de Biociencias da Universidade de Sao Paulo,, Sao Paulo, 295 pp.","Recoder, R. S. & Nogueira, C. (2007) Composicao e diversidade de repteis na regiao sul do Parque Nacional Grande Sertao Veredas, Brasil Central. Biota Neotropica, 7, 267 - 278.","Nogueira, C., Colli, G. R. & Martins, M. (2009) Local richness and distribution of the lizard fauna in natural habitat mosaics of the Brazilian Cerrado. Austral Ecology, 34, 83 - 96.","Nogueira, C., Colli, G. R., Costa, G. C. & Machado, R. B. (2010) Diversidade de repteis Squamata e evolucao do conhecimento faunistico no Cerrado. In: Diniz, I. R., Marinho-Filho, J., Machado, R. B. & Cavalcanti, R. B. (Eds.), Cerrado: Conhecimento Cientifico Quantitativo como Subsidio para Acoes de Conservacao. Thesaurus, Brasilia, pp. 329 - 372.","Fenger, C. & Sevensson, A. (2004) The Environmental Factory Jatoba. GAIA Publishing, Geneva, 128 pp."]}

Murta-Fonseca, Roberta A., Franco, Francisco L., Fernandes, Daniel Silva (2015): Taxonomic status and morphological variation of Hydrodynastes bicinctus (Hermann, 1804) (Serpentes: Dipsadidae). Zootaxa 4007 (1): 63-81, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4007.1.4

Hydrodynastes bicinctus (Hermann, 1804) Figs. 3���5 Coluber bicinctus Hermann 1804. Observationes Zoologicae: 276. Elaps schrankii Wagler in Spix 1824. Serpentum brasiliensium species novae: 1. Xenodon bicinctus ��� Schlegel 1837. Essai sur la physionomie des serpens: 95. Hydrodynastes schrankii ��� Fitzinger 1843. Systema Reptilium: 25. Liophis bi-cinctus ��� Dum��ril, Bibron and Dum��ril 1854. Erp��tologie g��n��rale vol. 7: 716. Lejosophis bicinctus ��� Jan 1863. Archives of Zoology, Anatomy and Fisiology: 324. Cyclagras bicinctus ��� Cope 1885. Proceeding of the American Philosophical Society: 185. Urotheca bicincta ��� Boulenger 1894. Catalologue of the snakes in the British Museum vol. 2: 184 Dugandia bicincta ��� Dunn 1944. Caldasia: 70. Hydrodynastes bicinctus ��� Hoge 1958. Pap��is Avulsos de Zoologia: 222. Hydrodynastes bicinctus bicinctus ��� Hoge 1966. Ci��ncia e Cultura: 143. Hydrodynastes bicinctus schultzi ��� Hoge 1966. Ci��ncia e Cultura: 143. New synonymy. Holotype. Not designated in the original description. Neotype (Fig. 4). Adult male, MPEG 24628, collected on 24 November 2005 by M.S. Hoogmoed, M.A. Ribeiro Jr., and C. Oliveira Ara��jo, in the municipality of Novo Progresso (07o02��� 25 ������S, 55 o 24 ��� 55 ������W, about 240m above sea level), state of Par��, Brazil. Diagnosis. Hydrodynastes bicinctus is distinguished from its congeners by the following combination of states of characters: dorsal scales usually in 19 / 19 / 15 rows; ventral scales 164���180 in females and 154���179 in males; subcaudals 60���85 in females and 63���93 in males; prediastemal teeth 11���13; no apical pits; dorsum of body brown with darker saddle-shaped blotches; venter checkered with black and cream; postocular stripe ���C��� shaped, reaching gular region. Comparisons. Hydrodynastes bicinctus is distinguished from H. gigas and H. melanogigas by having 11���13 prediastemal maxillary teeth (vs. 14���17 in H. gigas and H. melanogigas) and lacking apical pits (vs. apical pits present in the other two species). Additionally, H. bicinctus has a "C" shaped postocular stripe reaching gular region (vs. postocular stripe longitudinally extended but not reaching gular region in H. gigas and no distinct postocular stripe in H. melanogigas); venter with checkered pattern (vs. venter composed by black dots distributed in two longitudinal lines along lateral regions in H. gigas and H. melanogigas). Description of the neotype (Fig. 4). Adult male, SVL 1280 mm; TL 355 mm (27.7 % SVL); head length 42.8 mm (3.3 % SVL) from tip of snout to quadrate articulation; broadest head width 28.8 mm; interocular distance 13.9 mm; snout-orbit distance 10.6 mm (0.76 times interocular distance); rostral visible from above; two internasals 0.95 times as broad as high; right prefrontal 0.98 and left prefrontal 0.92 times as long as broad; frontal 1.19 times as long as broad, pentagonal-shaped in dorsal view; each parietal 1.2 times as long as wide; nasal divided; loreal pentagonal-shaped, 1.4 times as long as high; eye diameter 4.2 mm; pupil rounded; three suboculars, third larger than others; preocular single, two postoculars, and supraocular single; temporal 2 + 2 + 3 / 2 + 2 + 3; eight supralabials, none contacting orbit; ten infralabials, first to sixth contacting chin shields, except for the fifth scale on right side; three pairs of chin shields, anterior pair smaller than others; gular scale rows six between first ventral and infralabials; thirteen prediastemal maxillary teeth on right side and eleven on left side; two enlarged postdiastemal teeth on each side; dorsal scales 19 / 19 / 15, smooth, with no apical pits; ventrals 171; cloacal shield single; subcaudals 85, paired and unkeeled. Color of the neotype in preservation (ethanol 70 %) (Fig. 4). Head dark brown; two small black spots in anteromedial portion of parietals; two black spots (one on each side) on the level of third scale after parietals; black ���C��� shaped postocular stripe reaching gular region; supralabials brown; infralabials and chin shields creamishwhite; ventral surface of head with two black blotches (one on each side), on the level of second scale before first ventral scale; dorsum of body brown with 30 dark brown, saddle-shaped blotches reaching the venter, alternating with well-defined dark brown rounded lateral blotches, also reaching venter; ventrals creamish-white with black spots irregularly distributed in a checkered pattern. Color pattern variation of adults in preservation (ethanol 70 %) (Fig. 1). Two basic patterns of dorsal coloration were observed, the ���Cerrado pattern��� and the ���Amazon pattern���. In some individuals the postocular stripe is divided, with a small black postocular dot not connected to the ���C��� shaped stripe (Fig. 1 B). Venter often with dots reaching the lateral portion of the body (Fig. 1 F). Juvenile color pattern in preservation (Fig. 5). Juveniles with dorsum of body brown, dark brown saddleshaped dorsal blotches bordered by pale lines (these lines are usually vestigial or absent in adults). Rounded lateral blotches usually well-defined in all individuals, regardless of geographic origin. Postocular stripe frequently divided into a small black postocular dot not connected to the ���C��� shaped stripe. Morphometric and meristic variation. Largest female SVL 1960 mm and TL 575 mm (IBSP 13824; TL/ SVL = 0.29); largest male SVL 1930 mm and TL 530 mm (MNRJ 4741; TL/SVL = 0.27); TL/SVL 23���38 % for females and 23���39 % for males; dorsal scales row formula 17 / 17 / 15 (n = 1), 19 / 15 / 13 (n = 1), 19 / 15 / 14 (n = 1), 19 / 15 / 15 (n = 10), 19 / 16 / 15 (n = 1), 19 / 17 / 13 (n = 5), 19 / 17 / 14 (n = 2), 19 / 17 / 15 (n = 35), 19 / 18 / 13 (n = 1), 19 / 18 / 15 (n = 4), 19 / 19 / 13 (n = 1), 19 / 19 / 15 (n = 59), 21 / 17 / 15 (n = 2), 21 / 18 / 15 (n = 1), or 21 / 19 / 15 (n = 8); ventral scales in females 164���180 (mean = 172. 2; s = 4.2; n = 48), males 154���179 (mean = 170.1; s = 2.7; n = 81); subcaudals in females 60���85 (mean = 74.1; s = 5.5; n = 38), males 63���93 (mean = 80.9; s = 6.3; n = 70); usually single preocular, three suboculars, and two postocular scales (n = 78); temporal scale formula extremely variable, with 51 distinct combinations; supralabials 7 (n = 1), 8 (n = 111), 9 (n = 24) or 10 (n = 1), usually with different numbers on each side; infralabials 9 (n = 3), 10 (n = 62), 11 (n = 62) or 12 (n = 3), generally with different numbers on each side; maxillary teeth 13���15. Hemipenis (n = 2, Fig. 6). Organ deeply bilobed, lobes occupying about �� of total length of hemipenis. Sulcus spermaticus divides near the base of organ, adopting a centrolineal position until proximal region of lobes, where branches diverge to a centrifugal position, ending on lateral tip of lobes. Organ semicapitate and semicalyculate. Capitulum formed by papillate calyces on the sulcate and papillate calyces and body calyces on the asulcate side. Hemipenis with large, calcified lateral spine rows, beginning at the level of bifurcation of sulcus spermaticus and extending along apical portion of hemipenial body, immediately proximal to the beginning of lobes, lateral to asulcate side. Hemipenial body covered with spinules on both sides. Cephalic glands (n = 2, Fig. 7). Premaxillary gland: triangular, contacting anterior region of supralabial glands. Nasal glands: pentagonal, limited by prefrontal bone posteriorly and by nasal capsule anteriorly; the dorsal limit of the nasal glands goes beyond the nostril and dorsal margin of orbit. Supralabial glands: slender glands contacting premaxillary gland anteriorly and rear end overlapped by Duvernoy���s gland. Harderian glands: orbital and postorbital lobes about same size; orbital lobes rounded, completely filling orbit space; postorbital lobes with irregular rectangular shape, showing a constriction on medial portion, limited by musculus adductor mandibulae externus medialis (amem) posteriorly and overlapped by Duvernoy���s gland ventrally. Duvernoy���s glands: large, elliptical, overlapping posterior region of supralabial glands anteriorly, and limited posteriorly by musculus adductor mandibulae externuns superficilais (ames). Rictal glands: absent or indistinct. Infralabial glands: cover lateral portions of ventral surface of head, reaching the level of amem; mesoposterior portion enlarged; anterior portion of infralabials glands touch each other in the region adjacent to symphysial. Sublingual glands: medial sublingual gland elongated, positioned between lateral sublingual glands, and not extending beyond posterior limit of infralabial glands; lateral sublingual glands ellipsoidal, not in contact. Supralingual gland: absent or indistinct. Skull (n = 2, Figs. 8���10). SNOUT: Premaxilla (Figs. 8���9): triangular in frontal view with slender transverse process slightly oblique ventrally, not reaching anterior portion of maxilla; basal portion of ascending process large and apical portion straight, slightly narrower than base; ascending process not touching nasals; vomerine processes divergent in ventral view overlapping vomer. Septomaxillae (Fig. 9): positioned ventral to nasals, dorsal to vomers and posterior to premaxilla; anterior edge simple embedded in the angle formed by ascending and vomerine processes of premaxilla; along with vomer, septomaxilla forms capsule of vomeronasal organ; anterolateral process oblique dorsally, with rounded edge, not overlapping anterior portion of maxilla or transverse process of premaxilla; septomaxilla contacts nasals laterally. Vomers (Figs. 8���9): positioned anteroventrally in midline of skull, posteriorly to premaxilla; anterior process overlapped by vomerine process of premaxilla; posterior process of vomer with large foramen in ventral view and with vertical portion perpendicular to horizontal portion. Nasals (Figs. 8���9): joined medially and with dorsal position in skull, between premaxilla and frontals; lateral edges more slender than medial edges, with pair of nasals forming a diamond shape; anterior and posterolateral margins slightly concave; nasal with elongated posteroventral process in lateral view (the frontal process of nasal) which contacts vertical lamina of frontals; anteriorly, nasals do not contact ascending process of premaxilla. BRAINCASE: Frontals (Figs. 8���9): joined medially, positioned dorsally between nasals and parietal; pair of frontals with trapezoidal shape in dorsal view and slightly longer than wide; anterolateral portion with prefrontal process, anterior margin wider than posterior margin; frontals, along with parietal, constitutes internal wall and dorsal border of orbit in lateral view; orbital foramen inserted in region of contact between frontal and parietal; most of the foramen inserted into parietal, occupying less than half of height of orbital internal wall in lateral view. Prefrontals (Figs. 8���9): with irregular shape, contacts frontal dorsally and maxilla ventrally, overlapping palatine process of maxilla, and delimiting orbit anteriorly; on its anterior portion, the bone has an acuminate projection; in frontal view, lacrimal foramen crosses the bone as far as its posterior portion; dorsal to this foramen, a lacrimal process is present. Parietal (Fig. 8): with subtriangular aspect in dorsal view; parietal contacts frontals anteriorly, postorbitals (by mean of a conspicuous postorbital process) anterolaterally, supraoccipital posteriorly, and prootics posterolaterally, where parietal is overlapped by supratemporals; two convergent well-developed dorsolateral crests emerge at the level of postorbital process up to region of contact with supraoccipital; dorsolateral crests not in contact. Postorbitals (Figs. 8���9): with tapered and curved shape; delimits orbital cavity posteriorly with ventral edge not reaching maxilla; extends parallel to anterolateral portion of parietal, not reaching frontals; anterior face concave and posterior convex laterally. Supraoccipital (Fig. 8): bone with irregular shape, projecting toward supratemporals and prootics laterally, and exoccipitals posteriorly; concave edge contacts parietal anteriorly; mesodorsal crest crosses supraoccipital longitudinally and its lateroposterior portion has two transverse crests. Exoccipitals (Fig. 8): bones with irregular shape, positioned at posterior portion of braincase, with anterior limit on supraoccipital and posterior limit adjacent to first vertebra (atlas), comprising dorsolateral edge of foramen magnum; exoccipitals contacting prootics anteriorly and basioccipital ventrally; transverse crests of supraoccipitals extending through exoccipitals, and laterally over the level of fenestra ovalis. Prootics (Fig. 10): contacting parietal anteriorly, exoccipitals posteriorly, and dorsal portion of supraoccipital and ventral portion of basioccipital posterolaterally; supratemporals overlap most of dorsal portion of prootics; lateral ridge divides prootic into dorsal and ventral portions; two foramina allow passage to maxillary and mandibular branches of trigeminal nerve lateroventrally; ventral to these foramina, next to region of contact with parabasisphenoid, there are multiple smaller foramina. Columella auris: paired small bones located on lateroposterior region of braincase, articulating with exoccipitals and prootics through fenestra ovalis; each columella consists of a small discoid footplate inserted in a fenestra ovalis and has an elongated shaft extending toward quadrate. Basioccipital (Fig. 8): bone with subtrapezoidal shape, located on ventral surface of skull and contacting parabasisphenoid anteriorly and atlas posteriorly; anterior margin wider than posterior margin, which has a slight bifurcation; anterior portion with inconspicuous dentigerous process, adjacent to suture with parabasisphenoid; basioccipital with slight longitudinal mesial crest. Parabasisphenoid complex (Fig. 8): composed of parasphenoid and basisphenoid, both fused without visible suture; spear shaped, positioned at mesoventral surface of braincase, with posterior portion broader and anterior portion tapering approximately on the level of posterior portion of palatines; the most tapered portion corresponds to anterior end of parasphenoid; posterior opening of Vidian canal situated posterolaterally, in the suture with parietal, next to prootics. PALATOMAXILLARY APPARATUS: Maxillae (Figs. 8���9): located on anterolateral portion of skull, not contacting premaxilla; maxilla with elongated and arched shape; lateral portion convex and medial portion concave, extending to the level of postorbitals; palatine process completely overlapped by prefrontals, with broad base, extending from sixth up to ninth teeth, with medial edge narrowing at the level of eighth tooth; posterior edge enlarged in the region of contact with ectopterygoids; each maxilla bears twelve or thirteen curved prediastemal and two enlarged and ungrooved postdiastemal teeth (aglyphous); diastema equals size of one alveolus; anterior maxillary teeth smaller. Palatines (Figs. 8���9): elongated and narrow, located on the mesoventral portion of skull, contacting vomer-septomaxilla complex anteriorly, maxillae laterally, and pterygoids posteriorly; lateral maxillary process overlapped by prefrontal, slightly anterior to choanal process, extending from fourth to sixth teeth; maxillary process with wide base and straight edge; choanal process extending from sixth to eighth teeth, close to parabasisphenoid, but not reaching it; posterior portion with small bifurcation where palatine articulates with anterior portion of pterygoid; each palatine bears ten or eleven curved teeth of nearly equal size. Pterygoids (Fig. 10): bones located medially on ventroposterior region of skull, elongated, tapered anteriorly, with length more than 50 % of skull length; pterygoid contacts palatine anteriorly, ectopterygoid mesolaterally, and quadrate-compound bone joint posteriorly; anterolateral portion of pterygoid articulates with ectopterygoid at the level of seventh to fifteenth teeth; pterygoid becomes broader anteroposteriorly, up to the end of the row of teeth, where the bone tapers, directing laterally on the posterior portion; mesoposterior portion with dorsolateral longitudinal crest emerging just after joint with ectopterygoid and extending to its posterior edge; each pterygoid has fifteen to eighteen curved teeth of nearly equal size. Ectopterygoids (Fig. 10): located on the mesolateral portion of skull, elongated, with anterior edge bifurcated contacting posterior portion of maxilla and posterior portion contacting pterygoid, which has approximately two times the length of ectopterygoid. SUSPENSORIUM AND MANDIBLE: Supratemporals (Fig. 10): elongated, located on the posterodorsal portion of skull with anterior portion slightly wider than posterior portion; contacts parietal and prootic anteriorly, overlapping much of dorsal portion of prootic; posterior end extends beyond braincase, reaching the level of rear end of atlas. Quadrates (Fig. 10): well-developed bones located on the posterolateral portion of skull, lateral to supratemporals; articulates with supratemporal dorsally and glenoid cavity of compound bone ventrally, representing quadrate-articular joint; quadrate has about same length of supratemporal, elongated shape, and dorsal portion wider than ventral portion; anterolateral crest toward anterior portion of skull present; longitudinal and oblique rod-shaped process on posterior edge. Dentaries (Fig. 10): elongated, located on anterior edges of mandibles; posteroventral portion contacts dorsal surface of splenial and anterodorsal edge of angular in medial view; anterior portion medially curved toward opposite hemimandible; posterior edge bifurcated in lateral view, forming dorsal and ventral processes of dentary, between which the anterior edge of compound bone fits; dorsal process slightly longer than ventral; dentary forms���along with splenial���the Meckel groove; fifteen to seventeen curved teeth with nearly equal size distributed from anterior edge to the end of dorsal process; lateral face with a foramen on the level of seventh tooth. Splenials (Fig. 10): triangular with anterior edge tapered and posterior end vertical; in medial view, contacts posteroventral portion of dentary; mylohyoid anterior foramen close to posterior joint with angular. Angulars (Fig. 10): triangular, located on medial face, with anterior edge vertical and posterior end tapered, exceeding the level of posterior edge of dorsal process of dentary; anterior portion of angulars with mylohyoid posterior foramen; anterodorsal portion contacts posterior portion of dentary; angular contacts posterior portion of splenial anteriorly, and it is completely overlapped by anteroventral portion of compound bone dorsally; joi, Published as part of Murta-Fonseca, Roberta A., Franco, Francisco L. & Fernandes, Daniel Silva, 2015, Taxonomic status and morphological variation of Hydrodynastes bicinctus (Hermann, 1804) (Serpentes: Dipsadidae), pp. 63-81 in Zootaxa 4007 (1) on pages 68-78, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4007.1.4, http://zenodo.org/record/289306, {"references":["Hermann, J. (1804) Observationes Zoologicae Quibus Novae Complures, Aliaeque Animalium Species Describuntur et Illustrantur, Opus Posthumus Edidit Fridericus Ludovicus Hammer. Pars Prior, Observationum Quatuor Centurias Continens. Part. 3. Argentorati apud Amandus Koenig, Paris, 332 pp.","Spix, J. (1824) Serpentum Brasiliensium Species Novae ou Histoire Naturelle des Epeces Nouvelles de Serpens. Typis Francisci Seraphici Hubschmanni, Monachii, 75 pp.","Schlegel, H. (1837). Essai sur la Physionomie des Serpents. La Haye, Amsterdam, 606 pp. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 4273","Fitzinger, L. (1843) Sistema Reptilium. Fasciculus primus, Amblyglossae. Part. 3. Braumuller et Seidel, Vienna, 106 pp.","Dumeril, A. M. C., Bibron, G. & Dumeril, A. (1854) Erpetologie Generale ou Histoire naturelle Complete des Reptiles. Vol. 7. Librairie Encyclopedique de Roret, Paris, 1536 pp. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 100816","Jan, G. (1863) Enumerazione sistematica degli ofidi appartenenti al gruppo Coronellidae. Archivio per la Zoologia l'Anatomia e la Fisiologia, 2, 213 - 330.","Cope, E. D. (1885) Twelfth contribution to the herpetology of tropical America. Proceeding of the American Philosophical Society, 22, 167 - 194.","Boulenger, G. A. (1894) Catalogue of the Snakes in the British Museum (Natural History), Vol. 2. Trustees of the British Museum, London, 382 pp. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 54273","Dunn, E. R. (1944) Dugandia, a new snake genus for the Coluber bicinctus Hermann. Caldasia, 3 (11), 69 - 70.","Hoge, A. R. (1958) Tres notas sobre serpentes brasileiras. Papeis Avulsos de Zoologia, 3, 221 - 224.","Hoge, A. R. (1966) Notes on Hydrodynastes [Serpentes - Colubridae]. Ciencia e Cultura, 18 (2), 143.","Perez-Santos, C. & Moreno, A. G. (1988) Ofidios de Colombia. Museo Regionale de Scienze Naturali Torino, Monografias 6, 6 - 517.","Cole, C. J., Townsend, C. R., Reynolds, R. P., MacCulloch, R. D. & Lathrop, A. (2013) Amphibians and reptiles of Guyana, South America: illustrated keys, annotated species account, and a biogeographic synopsis. 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