Search

Accurate data and relevant insights on parental corn inbred lines' and hybrids' genetic purity and diversity are essential for hybrid development and seed production. Here, the genetic purity and diversity of 19 parental yellow corn inbred lines were assessed using SSR markers. A total of 91 SSR markers were utilized, of which 61 were highly polymorphic and had high polymorphism information content value (PIC = 0.379). Genetic purity and diversity parameters were calculated from the generated SSR marker data. Observed pairwise genetic distances ranging from 0.257 to 0.808 implied high genetic dissimilarities among the accessions. Cluster analysis separated the parental lines into three distinct subclusters, which can potentially be a basis for generating heterotic groupings among the parental lines. Eight (8) out of the 19 parental lines showed considerable residual heterozygosity of ≤10%. Inbred line CML 431 displayed complete homozygosity across all 61 SSR markers. Inbred lines that have residual heterozygosity of >15% need purification through further breeding and selection. Out of the resultant F1 hybrids analyzed, only four (4) showed genetic impurity of ≤10%. It may be attributed to the intrinsic genetic impurity of parental line CML 452 (21.67%). In contrast, hybrids generated from two genetically pure parents (e.g., CML 431 and CML 575) showed low to no off-types. Overall, genetic purity and diversity determination of promising parental lines can be valuable for future yellow corn breeding programs in the Philippines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, an attempt is made to estimate the capacity credit of solar PV generation involves two cases, namely, a solar PV system without battery storage and solar PV systems with battery backup. The analysis has been applied to the IEEE Reliability Test System (RTS). The state duration approach, along with appropriate reliability indices is used for capacity credit estimation. The results indicate that the improvement in capacity credit is significantly high for the battery storage range considered (0-18MWh) as compared to the solar PV installation addition range (100-1000MW). The findings of this study can help in evaluating the scope of solar PV penetration in conventional generation-based systems. Thus can be utilized by power system planners interested in harnessing benefits of renewable energy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The Central Mediterranean Route, passing through Libya, is one of the most dangerous for migrants. Episodes of violence have been documented but have not been accurately quantified. The objective of the study was to estimate the prevalence of episodes of violence suffered in Libya by migrants consulting the Médecins du Monde reception and healthcare centre in Seine-Saint-Denis (Ile-de-France). Methodology: A monocentric cross-sectional study was conducted from February to May 2019 including migrants over the age of 18 years who had passed through Libya and arrived in Europe from 2017. The presence of emotional distress was considered as exclusion criterion. The proportion, frequency and factors associated to physical, deprivation and sexual violence in Libya were estimated through a bespoke questionnaire, as well as healthcare access in Libya and psychosocial support needs. Results: Ninety eight people were recruited and 72 were interviewed (17 refused to participate and 9 were excluded). 76.4% were men, with a mean age of 31.9 years, 76.4% had low educational level, 66.7% came from Ivory Coast and 59.7% had left their country for security reasons. The median length of stay in Libya was 180 days. The overall proportion of participants having suffered from violence was 96.4% among men and 88.2% among women. The prevalence of physical, deprivation and sexual violence for men and women were 94.2, 81.7 and 18% and 80.0, 86.7 and 53.3%, respectively. Access to healthcare in Libya was 2.8 and 63.9% of participants were oriented to psychosocial support after the interview. Conclusions: The vast majority of migrants reported having been victims of violence during their transit through Libya. Women were at particular risk of sexual violence. Access to health care in Libya was almost non-existent. Psychosocial support for this population is urgent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A viral metagenomics study of the sugarcane virome in Florida was carried out in 2013 to 2014 to analyze occurrence of known and potentially new viruses. In total. 214 sugarcane leaf samples were collected from different commercial sugarcane (Saccharum interspecific hybrids) fields in Florida and from other Saccharum and related species taken from two local germplasm collections. Virion-associated nucleic acids (VANA) metagenomics was used for detection and identification of viruses present within the collected leaf samples. VANA sequence reads were obtained for 204 leaf samples and all four previously reported sugarcane viruses occurring in Florida were detected: Sugarcane yellow leaf virus (SCYLV. 150 infected samples out of 204), Sugarcane mosaic virus (1 of 204), Sugarcane mild mosaic virus (13 of 204), and Sugarcane bacilliform virus (54 of 204). High prevalence of SCYLV in Florida commercial fields and germplasm collections was confirmed by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction. Sequence analyses revealed the presence of SCYLV isolates belonging to two different phylogenetic clades (I and II). including a new genotype of this virus. This viral metagenomics approach also resulted in the detection of a new sugarcane-infecting mastrevirus (recently described and named Sugarcane striate virus), and two potential new viruses in the genera Chrysovirus and Umbravirus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Giant magnetoimpedance (GMI) [FeNi/Cu]4/FeNi/Cu/[FeNi/Cu]4/FeNi sensing meander elements were designed and tested aiming to develop a new instrumentation for characterization of polymer/magnetic nanoparticles composites. Acrylic copolymer of 95% of butyl methacrylate and 5% of methacrylic acid was used as polymer matrix of the composite. It was shown that GMI meander sensing elements are capable of detecting Ni nanoparticles spread in the polymer matrix. Polymeric composites filled with magnetic nanoparticles in small concentration are able to enhance GMI meander sensitivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Obesity is related to an increased risk of developing prostate cancer with high malignancy stages or metastasis. Recent results demonstrated that LOX-1, a receptor associated with obesity and atherosclerosis, is overexpressed in advanced and metastatic prostate cancer. Furthermore, high levels of oxLDL, the main ligand for LOX-1, have been found in patients with advanced prostate cancer. However, the role of LOX-1 in prostate cancer has not been unraveled completely yet. Here, we show that LOX-1 is overexpressed in prostate cancer cells and its activation by oxLDL promotes an epithelial to mesenchymal transition, through of lowered expression of epithelial markers (E-cadherin and plakoglobin) and an increased expression of mesenchymal markers (vimentin, N-cadherin, snail, slug, MMP-2 and MMP-9). Consequently, LOX-1 activation by oxLDL promotes actin cytoskeleton restructuration and MMP-2 and MMP-9 activity inducing prostate cancer cell invasion and migration. Additionally, LOX-1 increased the tumorigenic potential of prostate cancer cells and its expression was necessary for tumor growth in nude mice. In conclusion, our results suggest that oxLDL/LOX-1 could be ones of mechanisms that explain why obese patients with prostate cancer have an accelerated tumor progression and a greater probability of developing metastasis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Despite growing evidence showing an association between Parkinson's disease ( PD) and diabetes, epidemiological studies have shown conflicting results. Aims of the study To evaluate the association between PD and diabetes and the impact of diabetes duration in this association in an elderly (≥65 years) Spanish population. Methods Data for this cross-sectional population-based analysis were obtained from NEDICES study. Subjects were identified from census list. Diagnosis of PD was confirmed by neurological examination. Diabetes was defined by self-report, being on antidiabetic medication or diagnosis on medical records. Logistic regression analysis adjusted by potential confounders was performed to estimate the association between both conditions and also after dividing patients into short-duration (<10 years) and long-duration (≥10 years) diabetes. Results A total of 4998 subjects were included (79 PD and 4919 controls). Univariate analysis did not show any association between prevalence of PD and diabetes ( OR 1.89, 95% CI 0.90-3.98, P=.09), although subgroup analysis showed a positive association in those with long-duration diabetes (3.27, 95% CI 1.21-8.85, P=.02). Conclusions Diabetes duration might be an important factor in the association between PD and diabetes, and the risk might be limited to those with longer disease duration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The outcome success of animals competing for food resources may be influenced by their differences in resource holding potential and motivation to acquire these resources. This study investigated the naturally occurring aggressive interactions during ritualized fights of the cattle egret (Bubulcus ibis) foraging with Pére David's deer (Elaphurus davidianus). The study was conducted in the first core zone of Dafeng Pére David's Deer National Nature Reserve, Jiangsu, China during the summers of 2012 and 2013. The foraging and vigilance variables of resident cattle egrets feeding with a deer with and without intrusion were calculated and compared. Cases of ritualized fights between residents and intruders were recorded in naturally occurring aggressive interactions. The prey capture success rate and the total foraging earnings of resident cattle egrets following a deer with intrusion were significantly higher than those of resident foragers without intrusion. The resident status did not affect the outcomes of the ritualized fights of the cattle egrets, although adult residents or intruders had more cases of winning in contesting ownership of the deer. Thus, age is the major resource holding factor in foraging cattle egrets competing for host ownership. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the main achievements of several European research projects on Pd based membranes and Pd membrane reactors for hydrogen production are reported. Pd-based membranes have received an increasing interest for separation and purification of hydrogen. In addition, the integration of such membranes in membrane reactors has been widely studied for enhancing the efficiency of several dehydrogenation reactions. The integration of reaction and separation in one multifunctional reactor allows obtaining higher conversion degrees, smaller reactor volumes and higher efficiencies compared with conventional systems. In the last decade, much thinner dense Pd-based membranes have been produced that can be used in membrane reactors. However, the thinner the membranes the higher the flux and the higher the effect of concentration polarization in packed bed membrane reactors. A reactor concept that can circumvent (or at least strongly reduce) concentration polarization is the fluidized bed membrane reactor configuration, which improves the heat transfer as well. Tecnalia and TU/e are involved in several European projects that are related to development of fluidized bed membrane reactors for hydrogen production using thin Pd-based (<5 μm) supported membranes for different application: In DEMCAMER project a water gas shift (WGS) membrane reactor was developed for high purity hydrogen production. ReforCELL aims at developing a high efficient heat and power micro-cogeneration system (m-CHP) using a methane reforming fluidized membrane reactor. The main objective of FERRET is the development of a flexible natural gas membrane reformer directly linked to the fuel processor of the micro-CHP system. FluidCELL aims the Proof-of-Concept of a m-CHP system for decentralized off-grid using a bioethanol reforming membrane reactor. BIONICO aims at applying membrane reactors for biogas conversion to hydrogen. The fluidized bed system allows operating at a virtually uniform temperature which is beneficial in terms of both membrane stability and durability and for the reaction selectivity and yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rockfall is a phenomenon which, when uncontrolled, may cause extensive material damage and personal injury. One of the structures used to avoid accidents caused by debris flows or rockfalls is flexible barriers. The energy dissipating devices which absorb the energy generated by rock impact and reduce the mechanical stresses in the rest of the elements of the structure are an essential part of these kinds of structures. This document proposes an overview of the performance of energy dissipating devices, as well as of the role that they fulfil in the barrier. Furthermore, a compilation and a description of the dissipating elements found in the literature are proposed. Additionally, an analysis has been performed of the aspects taken into account in the design, such as experimental (quasi-static and dynamic) tests observing the variation of the behaviour curve depending on the test speed and numerical simulations by means of several finite element software packages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An alternative modelling for flexible membranes anchored to the ground for soil slope stabilisation is presented using Smoothed-Particle Hydrodynamics to model the unstable ground mass in a soil slope, employing a dynamic solve engine. A regression model of pressure normal to the ground, q sim , and also membrane deflection, f sim , have been developed using Design of Experiment. Finally, a comparison between the pressure obtained from numerical simulation and from a limit equilibrium analysis considering infinite slope has been carried out, showing differences in the results, mainly due to the membrane stiffness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When a wind power system is connected to a network point there is a limit of power generation based on the characteristics of the network and the loads connected to it. Traditionally, transmission line limits are estimated conservatively assuming unfavourable weather conditions (high ambient temperature, full sun and low wind speed). However, the transmission capacity of an overhead line increases when wind speed is high, due to the cooling caused by wind in the distribution lines. Dynamic line rating (DLR) systems allow monitoring real weather conditions and calculating the real capacity of lines. Thus, when planning wind power integration, if dynamic line limits are considered instead of the conservative and static limits, estimated capacity increases. This article reviews all technologies developed for real-time monitoring during the last 30 years, as well as some case studies around the world, and brings out the benefits and technical limitations of employing dynamic line rating on overhead lines. Further, the use of these DLR systems in wind integration is reviewed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports the preparation, characterization and stability tests of thin-film Pd–Ag supported membranes for high-temperature fluidized bed membrane reactor applications. Various thin-film supported membranes have been prepared by simultaneous Pd–Ag electroless plating and have been initially sealed with a sealing procedure previously validated for Water gas shift (WGS) application (400 °C). The membranes have been characterized for single gas and mixed gas permeation, and for methane steam and autothermal reforming in a fluidized bed membrane reactor at 550–600 °C using a Ru-based catalyst. In addition, the performance of these membranes was compared to commercial membranes from REB Research & Consulting under the same reaction conditions. The applied sealing showed nitrogen leaks at 600 °C and different sealing approaches were tested solving this problem. Finally, also the long-term stability of the thin-film Pd–Ag supported membrane at 600 °C has been investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The immune mechanisms regulating epithelial cell repair after injury remain poorly defined. We demonstrate here that lymphotoxin beta receptor (LTβR) signaling in intestinal epithelial cells promotes self-repair after mucosal damage. Using a conditional gene-targeted approach, we demonstrate that LTβR signaling in intestinal epithelial cells is essential for epithelial interleukin-23 (IL-23) production and protection against epithelial injury. We further show that epithelial-derived IL-23 promotes mucosal wound healing by inducing the IL-22-mediated proliferation and survival of epithelial cells and mucus production. Additionally, we identified CD4-CCR6+T-bet- RAR-related orphan receptor gamma t (RORγt)+ lymphoid tissue inducer cells as the main producers of protective IL-22 after epithelial damage. Thus, our results reveal a novel role for LTβR signaling in epithelial cells in the regulation of intestinal epithelial cell homeostasis to limit mucosal damage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this paper is to assess the economic advantages of an innovative solvent for CO 2 capture on state-of-the-art solvents . The CESAR-1 solvent, which is an aqueous solution of 2-amino-2-methyl-propanol (AMP) and piperazine (PZ), is applied both to advanced supercritical pulverised (ASC) coal and natural gas combined cycle (NGCC) power plants with post-combustion CO 2 capture units. The methodology includes process model developments using commercial simulation programs, which determine the thermodynamic properties of the selected power plants and the performance of the CO 2 capture units. The results show that the techno-economic benefit of CESAR-1 versus MEA is more significant for ASC than that for NGCC due to a higher concentration of CO 2 in the flue gas. This follows from the fact that the switch from MEA to CESAR-1 solvents reduces the electricity cost by 4.16 €/MW h in the case of the ASC plant compared to 0.67 €/MW h in connection with the proposed NGCC plant. Based on the above figures, we can conclude that CESAR-1 reduces the cost of CO 2 avoided compared to MEA by 6 €/t CO 2 and 2 €/t CO 2 for the selected ASC and NGCC plants respectively. In view of that, the techno-economics can be improved if the CO 2 capture plant is designed to operate using the CESAR-1 absorption technology due to a reduction in the regeneration energy and the solvent recirculation rate (considering its higher CO 2 net capacity). However, the variable costs of running the capture plant are higher for the CESAR-1 solvent due to the higher cost of the amines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: [•] European common methodology description for benchmark studies in carbon capture. [•] Performance of PCC based on MEA and CESAR-1 (2-Amino-2-Methyl-Propanol and piperazine). [•] CESAR-1 reduces power penalty by 25% for coal fired plant compared to standard MEA. [•] CESAR-1 reduces power penalty by 12% for gas fired plant compared to standard MEA. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Water flow through road structures is a topic of great interest in civil engineering, as water is one of the factors that most affects the hydraulic and mechanical behavior of road materials. Efficient design of subsurface drainage improves the performance of road pavement. Conventional drainage systems, such as trench drains may not be wholly effective in reducing water-related problems, and in fact, may inadvertently reduce pavement performance and service life. This can be because conventional drainage is projected in samrated conditions: however, most water flow near the surface occurs under unsaturated conditions. This paper presents an experimental study to design a new prefabricated prototype for the subsurface drainage of road pavements (SubDrain). SubDrain has been designed by using rapid prototyping Selective Laser Sintering (SLS) with powder polyamide material and experimental validation tests, with the aim to evaluate the mechanical and hydraulic behavior of the prototype. The results of this study show that the new prefabricated prototype is a potential technology solution to replace the conventional trench drain systems currently used in road projects. Findings in this study are limited to a prototype tested only under laboratory conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Flexible systems anchored to the ground constitute a technique for slope surface stabilisation. They are formed by membranes (cable nets, wire mesh, ring net), reinforcement cables and bolts tightly anchored to the ground forming regular patterns. Most manufacturers and independent researchers assume active behaviour of these systems when they propose their design models, which means that the system avoids occurrence of instability. To consider active behaviour, two conditions have to be fulfilled: the membrane has to be initially prestressed and the slope must present a convex shape. Neither of these two conditions has been verified so far, therefore, there are no guarantees that current design methods are adequate. Review of the technical brochures of manufacturers shows that applied prestress force on membranes and reinforcement cables is nonexistent or very low. In this paper, three field systems in north Spain with cable nets anchored to the ground have been instrumented. Net cables, reinforcement cables and bolt heads have been instrumented by using sensors based on electrical extensometry. Tensile forces on cables and compression forces on bolt heads have been monitored for more than a year from the beginning of installation. Initial tensile forces in net and reinforcement cables induced an average value of 0.7% and 2.1%, respectively, of the ultimate strength of each component. In relation to bolts, average compression force on bolt heads was 5.3% of their ultimate strength. These measurements demonstrate that prestress force on flexible systems is very low, and nearly negligible. Therefore, flexible systems anchored to the ground cannot be considered as active, but passive, which means that most current design methods are not adequate. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The UV-excited laser-induced-fluorescence (UV-LIF) spectra of single atmospheric particles and the three-band integrating-nephelometer elastic scattering of atmospheric aerosol were measured during four approximately 24-h periods on May 2007 in Las Cruces, New Mexico, USA. Aerosol scattering measurements in the nephelometer red channel (50-nm band centered at 700-nm) ranged from around 3–10 times the molecular (Rayleigh) scattering background. On average 22.8% of particles with size greater than about 1 μm diameter have fluorescence above a preset fluorescence threshold. A hierarchical cluster analysis indicates that most of the single-particle UV-LIF spectra fall into about 10 categories (spectral clusters) as found previously at other geographic sites (Pinnick et al., 2004; Pan et al., 2007). The clusters include spectra characteristic of various humic/fulvic acids, humic-like-substances (HULIS), chemically aged terpenes, fungal spores, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, bacteria, cellulose/pollens, and mixtures of various organic carbon compounds. By far the most populated cluster category is similar to those of chemically aged terpenes/humic-materials; on average this population comprises about 62% of fluorescent particles. Clusters with spectra similar to that of some HULIS aerosol contain on average 10.0% of particles; those characteristic of some fungal spores (or perhaps mixtures of aromatic organic compounds) 8.4% of particles; bacteria-like spectra 1.6% of particles; and cellulose/pollen-like spectra 0.8% of particles. Measurements of fluorescent particles over relatively short (24 min) periods reveal that the concentrations of particles in the most populated clusters are highly correlated, suggesting that the particles populating them derive from the same region; these particles might be composed of crustal material coated with secondary organic carbon. On the other hand, concentrations of particles having cellulose-like spectra are generally uncorrelated with those in any other cluster. No clear distinction in fluorescent aerosol characteristics can be seen for different air mass trajectories arriving at the sampling site, suggesting that fluorescent aerosol particles are primarily of local origin. Integrations of the single-particle UV-LIF spectra over approximate 24 h time intervals reveal two broad peaks around 350 nm and 450 nm (for 263 nm excitation); the 450 nm peak is somewhat similar to that measured previously for water soluble organic carbon derived from aerosol collections. The 350 nm peak apparently has not been seen before in measurements of aerosol collections and may derive from non-soluble primary biological aerosol particles such as fungal spores. Further measurements are needed to investigate in more detail the generality of these results. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

6-Phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase-3 (PFKFB3) is a master regulator of glycolysis by its ability to synthesize fructose-2,6-bisphosphate, a potent allosteric activator of 6-phosphofructo-1-kinase. Being a substrate of the E3 ubiquitin ligase anaphase-promoting complex-Cdh1 (APCCdh1), PFKFB3 is targeted to proteasomal degradation in neurons. Here, we show that activation of N-methyl-D-aspartate subtype of glutamate receptors (NMDAR) stabilized PFKFB3 protein in cortical neurons. Expressed PFKFB3 was found to be mainly localized in the nucleus, where it is subjected to degradation; however, expression of PFKFB3 lacking the APCCdh1-targeting KEN motif, or following NMDAR stimulation, promoted accumulation of PFKFB3 and its release from the nucleus to the cytosol through an excess Cdh1-inhibitable process. NMDAR-mediated increase in PFKFB3 yielded neurons having a higher glycolysis and lower pentose-phosphate pathway (PPP); this led to oxidative stress and apoptotic neuronal death that was counteracted by overexpressing glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, the rate-limiting enzyme of the PPP. Furthermore, expression of the mutant form of PFKFB3 lacking the KEN motif was sufficient to trigger oxidative stress and apoptotic death of neurons. These results reveal that, by inhibition of APCCdh1, glutamate receptors activation stabilizes PFKFB3 thus switching neuronal metabolism leading to oxidative damage and neurodegeneration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We compare two photolithographic methods to pattern magneto-impedance elements with micrometric dimensions, suitable to build magnetic microsensors. The magnetic material to be patterned is deposited by sputtering onto silicon wafers. It has a sandwiched structure where the outer magnetic layers are composed by a stack of permalloy and thin titanium layers and the central non-magnetic layer is made of copper. The total thickness is 1.31 \mum. After preparation it displays an excellent magneto-impedance performance that is intended to be retained after the patterning procedure. For the lift-off method, a negative-type resist is deposited and patterned onto the silicon wafer prior to the material deposition. The undesired parts of the material are peeled off when removing the resist. Even for such a thick film, the quality of the obtained samples is quite good and the magneto-impedance response of the micro-shaped samples is great. In the wet-etching method, a positive-type resist is deposited and patterned onto the sputtered material. The parts that are not protected by the resist are etched using an acid solution. The different chemical behavior of the metals that constitute the sample severely challenges the wet-etching process. The results are poor, and the results compare unfavorably to those obtained by the lift-off process. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

CT arthrography (CTa) and MR arthrography (MRa) are useful tools for the investigation of intra-articular hip disease. They are minimally invasive techniques with a very low rate of complications and can be performed safely. CTa or MRa can be performed after an intra-articular injection of diluted contrast, but both techniques can also be performed after a single injection. As radiologists we should be able to address the surgeon's questions and work together to standardize terminology and classifications systems for accurate reporting. This update emphasizes radiological findings with a clinical perspective. CTa and MRa allow the precise diagnosis of labral tears, loose bodies, and intra-articular ligaments (capsular and ligamentum teres). The use of careful technique and a tailored protocol has improved our ability to detect and describe cartilage lesions. This is essential because knowledge of the status of the cartilage may dictate a specific surgical approach, and when cartilage lesions are extensive, they are a negative prognostic indicator for arthroscopic treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A complete analysis of the morphology, crystallographic orientation, and resulting electrical properties of Pb(Zr0.53,Ti0.47)O3- Pb(Nb1/3, Zn2/3)O3 (PZT-PZN) thin films, as well as the electrical behavior when integrated in a cantilever for energy harvesting applications, is presented. The PZT-PZN films were deposited using sol-gel methods. We report that using 20% excess Pb, a nucleation layer of PbTiO3 (PT), and a fast ramp rate provides large grains, as well as denser films. The PZT-PZN is deposited on a stack of TiO2/PECVD SiO2/Si3N4/thermal SiO2/Poly-Si/Si. This stack is designed to allow wet-etching the poly-Si layer to release the cantilever structures. It was also found that the introduction of the poly-Si layer results in larger grains in the PZT-PZN film. PZT-PZN films with a dielectric constant of 3200 and maximum polarization of 30 µC/cm22were obtained. The fabricated cantilever devices produced ~300-400mV peak-to-peak depending on the cantilever design. Experimental results are compared with simulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The aim of this article is to review and analyse the different hypotheses assumed in the calculation methods for flexible systems used in slope stabilisation. These systems are formed by a membrane (cable net or high-resistance wire mesh) and anchored bolts. Several manufacturers and independent researchers assume that the membrane can stabilise the slope by exerting a normal pressure, which leads to an increase in the shear resistance of the ground: This system behaviour is denominated ‘active’. The two main conditions that flexible systems have to fulfil to be considered active (to avoid detachment or sliding from being produced) are that the membrane should be pre-tensioned when installed and that the slope must have a convex curvature. None of the manufacturers-installers verify the membrane''s pre-tension force and moreover, in many cases, the membrane does not have a convex curve, but may be planar or even have a concave one. Additionally, the force applied on bolts to tighten them does not usually exceed 50kN. Thus, these systems do not work actively, but passively; which means they are able to retain a mass of soil or a rock piece when the sliding has already occurred, but they are unable to prevent it. Therefore, current design methods used by manufacturers and researchers can be incorrect, leading to extra installation costs in the flexible system in some cases or even an unsafe solution in others. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The magnetoimpedance effect is attractive for thin film-based magnetic sensor applications. Recently a significant progress has been made in the development of appropriate theories, preparation and characterization of MI thin film-based structures. In the present work FeNi(100\ nm)/Cu(3.2\ nm)]4/FeNi(100\ nm)/Cu(L_Cu)/[FeNi(100\ nm)/Cu(3.2\ nm)]4/FeNi(100\ nm) multilayered structures with open magnetic flux have been prepared by rf-sputtering. Their magnetic properties and MI were studied as a function of the thickness of the central Cu lead. It was shown that the thickness of the Cu lead is an important parameter. The highest sensitivity (\approx50%/Oe, f=160\ MHz) was observed for the sample with a central Cu layer thickness of about a half-thickness of a magnetic layer (LCu\approx 250\ \rm nm). The maximum sensitivity of the real part of the impedance was also obtained for this thickness (\approx75%/Oe). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Lead zirconate titanate, Pb(Zr0.53,Ti0.47)O3 or PZT, thin films and integrated cantilevers have been fabricated for energy harvesting applications. The PZT films were deposited on PECVD SiO2/Si substrates with a sol–gel derived ZrO2 buffer layer. It is found that lead content in the starting solution and ramp rate during film crystallization are critical to achieving large-grained films on the ZrO2 surface. The electrical properties of the PZT films were measured using metal–ferroelectric–metal and inter-digital electrode structures, and revealed substantial improvement in film properties by controlling the process conditions. Functional cantilevers are demonstrated using the optimized films with output of 1.4V peak-to-peak at 1kHz and 2.5g. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Background: Adiponectin is an anti-atherogenic insulin-sensitizer hormone whose plasma concentration is lower in patients with metabolic syndrome (MS). Visceral adiposity, including epicardial adipose tissue (EAT), is closely related to the development of MS and coronary artery disease (CAD). We sought to study whether EAT and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) adiponectin mRNA levels are similar in patients with and without MS. Methods: EAT, SAT and blood samples were collected from patients undergoing elective cardiac surgery, for revascularization (n =19) or other procedures (n =27). Plasma adiponectin was measured using ELISA. mRNA was purified and adiponectin mRNA quantified by real time RT-PCR. Results: Mean (SD) age was 71.6 (9.6)years. Patients who met Adult Treatment Panel III MS criteria (n =29) presented lower plasma adiponectin concentrations (11.2 (7.4) vs. 19.6 (8.4)mg/l, P =0.004), lower EAT adiponectin mRNA (12.7 (3.0) vs. 15.1 (3.7)a.u., P =0.029) and similar SAT adiponectin mRNA levels (13.7 (4.2) vs. 15.6 (5.7)a.u., P =0.25) than those without MS. After adjusting for age, sex, CAD and heart failure, the association with MS remained statistically significant for plasma adiponectin (OR 0.862 (0.762–0.974)), was of borderline significance for EAT adiponectin mRNA (OR 0.796 (0.630–1.005)) and not significant for SAT adiponectin mRNA (OR 0.958 (0.818–1.122)). Patients in the lower quartiles of EAT adiponectin mRNA and plasma adiponectin presented a higher mean of components of the MS. Conclusions: Subjects with MS present lower EAT adiponectin mRNA levels than those without MS, whereas SAT adiponectin mRNA levels do not seem to differ between both groups. EAT might be the link between MS and its atherothrombotic cardiac complications. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Objective:To measure cortisol, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)-stimulated cortisol and ACTH values in the newborn intensive care unit-admitted newborn infants within 48 h before surgery and to describe the relationship of these values to measures of clinical illness before and after surgery.Study Design:In this prospective observational study, we measured baseline and ACTH-stimulated cortisol concentrations within 48 h before surgery in newborn infants <44 weeks postmenstrual age and examined the relationship of these values to measures of illness severity both before and after surgery, including the score for neonatal acute physiology (SNAP) and use of vasopressors. ACTH concentrations were measured in a subset of the infants.Result:Twenty-five infants were enrolled and had median (25th to 75th percentile) baseline and ACTH-stimulated cortisol values of 7.1 (3.5 to 11.1) and 40.4 mcg per 100 ml (22.6 to 50.6). Preterm infants had significantly lower ACTH-stimulated cortisol values (median 21.6 vs 44.7 mcg per 100 ml). There was no correlation between any of these values and either the presurgical or postsurgical measures of illness severity, nor the increase in SNAP after surgery. Infants receiving vasopressors perioperatively had lower median ACTH-stimulated cortisol values (22.6 vs 44.7 mcg per 100 ml).Conclusion:Presurgical cortisol values do not predict clinical response to surgical stress as measured by severity of illness scores but lower values were associated with vasopressor therapy. Further investigation would be required to determine how cortisol values are related to outcome and whether perioperative glucocorticoid supplementation would be beneficial in this population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Background: The consequences of undetected low glomerular filtration rate (GFR) are important in hospitalized patients who receive potentially nephrotoxic drugs or undergo major surgery. This study estimated the prevalence of estimated GFR (eGFR) <60mL/min/1.73m2 in hospitalized patients. Methods: This cross-sectional descriptive study included 14,658 adults hospitalized at 10 centers in Spain. Serum samples were analyzed for hemoglobin, creatinine, albumin and urea nitrogen. eGFR was estimated using Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) 4 or MDRD IDMS, and MDRD 6 when serum albumin and BUN were included (n =8611). Individuals were classified as having GFR≥60mL/min/1.73m2, stages 3, 4 and 5 (GFR 30–59, 15–29 and <15mL/min/1.73m2, respectively). Additionally, stages 3a and 3b (GFR 45–59 and 30–44mL/min/1.73m2, respectively) were assessed. Results: MDRD 4 eGFR showed that 28.3% of patients had renal insufficiency stages 3–5 and 14.2% had stages 3b, 4 or 5, which represents important-severe renal deterioration. Forty-three percent of patients with stages 3–5 had hemoglobin ≤11g/dL, compared with 27.9% of patients with eGFR≥60mL/min/1.73m2. A good correlation was observed between eGFR MDRD 4 and MDRD 6. Conclusions: A high percentage of hospitalized patients in Spain have deteriorated renal function stages 3–5. Using eGFR equations to assess eGFR could identify more hospitalized patients with renal insufficiency, potentially leading to improved care. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Objective:Epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) is an interesting visceral fat pad with a particular location. EAT and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) produce a wide range of adipokines. Some of them, including adiponectin and leptin, can influence the risk of development of diabetes and other associated metabolic and cardiovascular conditions. We sought to assess whether EAT and SAT adiponectin and leptin expression levels are different in diabetic patients with respect to nondiabetic subjects.Subjects and methods:We collected samples of EAT from 120 patients and samples of SAT from 88 of the same group of patients undergoing elective cardiac surgery for coronary artery bypass grafting (n=69) or other procedures (n=51). After RNA isolation, adiponectin and leptin expression levels were analyzed by real-time reverse transcriptase PCR. Plasma levels were determined in small subsamples of subjects. Baseline clinical and treatment data were obtained from medical records.Results:A total of 45 diabetic and 75 nondiabetic subjects were included in the study. Mean (s.d.) age was 70.1 (7.8) years and there were 32% women. EAT and SAT adiponectin and leptin mRNA expression levels were similar in the diabetic and the nondiabetic groups (EAT adiponectin 14.4 (4.3) vs 14.6 (3.4) arbitrary units (a.u.), P=0.79; SAT adiponectin 15.6 (4.7) vs 15.1 (3.9), P=0.54; EAT leptin 9.3 (interquartile range 2.5) vs 9.5 (1.9) a.u., P=0.72; SAT leptin 9.9 (3.6) vs 10.0 (2.5) a.u., P=0.96). These findings persisted after stratification for sex and coronary artery disease. Logistic regression models including possible confounders and a combination of diabetes and impaired fasting glucose as a dependent variable led to similar results. Plasma adiponectin levels were lower in diabetic patients, whereas leptin levels showed a nonsignificant trend.Conclusion:Diabetic and nondiabetic subjects express similar EAT and SAT adiponectin and leptin levels. Counter-regulatory mechanisms of adiponectin and leptin expression in patients with established diabetes might partly account for these findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The implementation of the European Working Time Directive (WTD) has reduced the hours worked by trainees in the UK to a maximum of 56 h per week. With a further and final reduction to 48 h per week scheduled for August 2009, there is concern amongst doctors about the impact on training and on patient care. Paediatric anaesthesia is one of the specialist areas of anaesthesia for which the Royal College of Anaesthetists (RCoA) recommends a minimum caseload during the period of advanced training. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper uses the data from seven wind farms at Muppandal, Tamil Nadu, India, collected for three years from April 2002 to March 2005 for the estimation of energy yield from wind farms. The model is developed with the help of neural network methodology, and it involves three input variables-wind speed, relative humidity, and generation hours-and one output variable, which give the energy output from wind farms. The modeling is done using MATLAB software. The most appropriate neural network configuration after trial and error is found to be 3-5-1 (3 input layer neurons, 5 hidden layer neurons, 1 output layer neuron). The mean square error for the estimated values with respect to the measured data is 7.6 × 10-3. The results demonstrate that this work is an efficient energy yield estimation tool for wind farms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cortisol release in the face of illness or stress is vital for survival. Relative adrenal insufficiency occurs when a patient's cortisol response is inadequate for the degree of illness or stress. Numerous studies have documented the existence of relative adrenal insufficiency in critically ill adults, and its association with increased morbidity and mortality. There is increasing evidence that relative adrenal insufficiency may be an etiology for hemodynamic instability and hypotension in the critically ill newborn, but compared with the adult population, there is still a paucity of data in this population. Randomized controlled trials are needed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of glucocorticoids for the treatment of cardiovascular insufficiency due to relative adrenal insufficiency in ill preterm and term newborn infants.Journal of Perinatology (2009) 29, S44–S49; doi:10.1038/jp.2009.24 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Climate change information required for impact studies is of a much finer spatial scale than climate models can directly provide. Statistical downscaling models (SDMs) are commonly used to fill this scale gap. SDMs are based on the view that the regional climate is conditioned by two factors: (1) the large-scale climatic state and (2) local physiographic features. An SDM based on an analogue approach has been developed within the Australian Bureau of Meteorology and applied to six regions covering the southern half of Australia. Six surface predictands (daily minimum and maximum temperature and dew-point temperature, daily total rainfall and pan evaporation) were modelled. The skill of the SDMs is evaluated by comparing reconstructed and observed series using a range of metrics: first two moments of the series, the ability to reproduce day-to-day and inter-annual variability, and long-term trends. Once optimised, the SDMs are applied to a selection of global climate models which contributed to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 4th assessment report released in 2007. A user-friendly graphical interface has been developed to facilitate dissemination of the SDM results and provides a range of options for users to obtain tailored information. Once the projections are calculated for the places of interest, graphical outputs are displayed and can be downloaded jointly with the underlying data, allowing the user to use the data in their own application. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Low plasma adiponectin levels are related to a higher risk of development of metabolic and cardiovascular disorders, including hypertension (HT). To date, there have been no studies supporting the relationship between epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) expression of adiponectin and HT. We collected samples of EAT from 116 patients undergoing elective cardiac surgery, mostly for coronary artery bypass grafting (n=54), valve surgery (n=49) or both (n=12). Samples of subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) were harvested from 85 patients. After RNA isolation, the expression of adiponectin was analysed by real-time retrotranscriptase (RT)-PCR. Baseline clinical data were obtained from medical records. The diagnosis of HT was established mostly by the patients’ general physicians following current guidelines. We included 84 hypertensive and 32 non-hypertensive patients. Mean (±s.d.) age was 70.3±7.9 years. EAT expression levels of adiponectin were lower in hypertensives (14.0±3.6 vs 15.3±3.6 arbitrary units (a.u.), P=0.06). This difference was statistically significant (odds ratio (OR) 0.828 per a.u., P=0.020) after adjustment for age, gender, body mass index, diabetes mellitus, heart failure, coronary artery disease (CAD), total cholesterol and triglyceride levels. However, SAT adiponectin mRNA levels were similar in hypertensive and non-hypertensive patients (15.3±4.2 vs 15.3±5.0 a.u., P>0.99). Adjustment for potential confounding factors hardly altered this result. Our findings indicate that EAT expression of adiponectin may be associated with HT status independently of CAD or other comorbidities, whereas SAT expression does not. These results support the hypothesis that EAT is actively implicated in global cardiovascular risk, describing its association with HT.Journal of Human Hypertension (2008) 22, 856–863; doi:10.1038/jhh.2008.75; published online 24 July 2008 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective:To determine cortisol and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) responses to critical illness in term and late preterm newborns and examine the relationship of these values to measures of clinical illness, including markers of cardiovascular dysfunction.Study Design:In this prospective observational study, we measured ACTH, baseline cortisol and ACTH-stimulated cortisol concentrations in mechanically ventilated infants 34 weeks gestational age and <5 postnatal days. ACTH-stimulated cortisol concentrations were also measured in a comparison group of non-critically ill, non-mechanically ventilated infants. The relationship of these values to measures of severity of illness including SNAP (score for neonatal acute physiology) scores, blood pressure and vasopressor initiation was examined.Result:Concentrations are presented as median (25th to 75th percentile). Baseline cortisol values in critically ill infants (n=35) were 4.6 μg per 100 ml (3.0 to 16.2); 26 (74%) of these were <15 μg per 100 ml. ACTH-stimulated cortisol values were not significantly different from the comparison group (41 μg per 100 ml (30.3 to 51.8) vs 34.2 μg per 100 ml (25.2 to 43.3)). ACTH concentrations in ill infants (n=10) were 12 pgml−1 (5.5 to 19.2). None of baseline cortisol, stimulated cortisol and ACTH increased significantly with increasing severity of illness. Of the ill infants, 71% received vasopressor therapy for hypotension. Cortisol concentrations in these infants were similar to those infants who did not receive vasopressor therapy.Conclusion:The majority of these critically ill newborns had very low cortisol and ACTH values without the expected increase in response to critical illness; however, their response to exogenous ACTH was normal. These results demonstrate that the inadequate response to critical illness in these newborns does not result from adrenal dysfunction. We therefore hypothesize that this is a secondary insufficiency arising from inadequate stimulation of the adrenal gland.Journal of Perinatology (2008) 28, 797–802; doi:10.1038/jp.2008.190; published online 6 November 2008 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: In India, the wind power generation has gained a high level of attention and acceptability compared to other renewable energy technologies. New technological developments in wind power design have contributed for the significant advances in wind energy penetration and to get optimum power from available wind. The yearly percentage increase in wind energy installation is highest for India and now ranks fourth in the world with an installed capacity of 6018MW. This paper reviews the development of wind energy in India and five potential Indian states. The future growth pattern and time period to achieve the technical wind potential are predicted and analysed. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Microarray technology is increasingly being applied in biological and medical research to address a wide range of problems. Cluster analysis has proven to be a very useful tool for investigating the structure of microarray data. This paper presents a program for clustering microarray data, which is based on the so-called path-distance. The algorithm gives in each step a partition in two clusters and no prior assumptions on the structure of clusters are required. It assigns each object (gene or sample) to only one cluster and gives the global optimum for the function that quantifies the adequacy of a given partition of the sample into k clusters. The program was tested on experimental data sets, showing the robustness of the algorithm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Many developing nations, such as India have embarked upon wind energy programs for areas experiencing high average wind speeds throughout the year. One of the states in India that is actively pursuing wind power generation programs is Tamil Nadu. Within this state, Muppandal area is one of the identified regions where wind farm concentration is high. Wind energy engineers are interested in studies that aim at assessing the output of wind farms, for which, artificial intelligence techniques can be usefully adapted. The present paper attempts to apply this concept for assessment of the wind energy output of wind farms in Muppandal, Tamil Nadu (India). Field data are collected from seven wind farms at this site over a period of 3 years from April 2002 to March 2005 and used for the analysis and prediction of power generation from wind farms. The model has been developed with the help of neural network methodology. It involves three input variables—wind speed, relative humidity and generation hours and one output variable-energy output of wind farms. The modeling is done using MATLAB toolbox. The model accuracy is evaluated by comparing the simulated results with the actual measured values at the wind farms and is found to be in good agreement. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Two-dimensional hybrid numerical simulations of E×B discharges used in Hall thruster propulsion point to the presence of strong fluctuations attributable to resistive instabilities in the frequency range of f≈0.1–10 MHz and the wavenumber range of λ-1≈10–500 m-1. Analytical analyses confirm that these resistive modes are of the convective type, become increasingly unstable at low electron mobility, and are particularly intense at high voltage. The simulations, which model cross-field electron flow via an experimentally measured mobility, exhibit large fluctuation power in a region corresponding to a strong electron transport barrier. The analysis gives an electron mobility (μe) -dependent growth rate (γ) scaling as γ∼μe-1/2. The predicted phase velocity of these waves is close to the ion velocity, somewhat lower than that seen in the simulations. Including the electron pressure contribution lowers the growth rate at high frequencies, and introduces a phase velocity that is shifted by ± the ion acoustic speed for the stable and unstable branch, respectively. Surprisingly, the phase velocity of the strong disturbances at high frequency seen in the simulations is found to be in agreement with that of the initially stable branch. Finite ionization/particle wall recombination does not change the overall conclusions at high frequencies. However, at lower f or larger λ, the growth rate of the instability is dominated by the ionization rate, and the disturbances are better described as “ionization” instabilities. The transition/competition between ionization, electron pressure, and resistive behavior gives rise to a “quiescent frequency band” where the growth rate is found to be small, consistent with what is seen in the numerical experiments. While simple linear analysis captures much of the observed simulation behavior, comparison with limited experimental data at low frequency suggests that other effects, in particular azimuthal dynamics, are very important, and further motivate extending the hybrid simulation models to three dimensions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: To analyze the pattern in the incidence of quitting smoking in Spain from 1965 to 2000 according to gender, age and educational level. METHODS: We used data from 5 Spanish National Health Interview Surveys including 33532 ever smokers>/=20 years old. We reconstructed the history of smoking and the age at smoking cessation. We calculated the biannual incidence of quitting smoking according to sex, age and educational level. We fitted joinpoint regression to identify significant changes in trends. RESULTS: The incidence of quitting smoking at ages 20-50 years has increased from 0.5% in 1965-1966 to 4.9% in 1999-2000 for males and from 1.1% in 1965-1966 to 5.0% in 1999-2000 in females. For those aged>50 years old, the incidence of quitting smoking has increased from 0.4% in 1965-1966 to 8.7% in 1999-2000 for males and from 7.9% in 1973-1974 to 8.8% in 1999-2000 in females. A level-off in cessation rates is observed both in men and women aged 20-50 years old with lower educational level in the last decade, while cessation among those with higher educational level continue to increase. CONCLUSIONS: The different pattern of smoking cessation according to gender, age, and level of education suggests that health promotion actions and tobacco control policies might have had a different effect among different population subgroups. Copyright © 2007 by Elsevier Inc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Kinetics of the forward and reverse processes of the title ligand substitution reaction have been studied in the presence of the SB4.5G dendrimer. Results are in agreement with expectation, according to a two-state model. These results are the consequence, for the forward process, of the negative charge of one of the reactants, (iron complex), and the positive charge of the other (ruthenium complex). This produces a spatial separation of the reactants in the presence of the negatively charged dendrimer. The reverse process becomes slower in the presence of the dendrimer because of the dielectric saturation in the close vicinity of the dendrimer. This hinders the charge separation implicit in the reverse process. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This technical note presents an analysis of the hydraulic capacity of several bridges in a coastal area in Mexico, following cyclonic floods. The heights and lengths of the bridges and the flow rates of the rivers were the comparison parameters used. The analysis showed that for floods occurring within a 100-year return period these bridges were insufficient in length and/or height. A comparative graph shows that the failed and nonfailed bridges are clearly separated by a tendency line and its equation was obtained. Without intending this equation to be taken as a universal rule, its application could be a useful point of departure in reviewing the design of bridges in coastal areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Energy planning exercises for rural areas make use of a mix of locally available renewable resources with some commercial resources to cater to the energy needs of the population. Such exercises are economically attractive in developing countries, whereby, the foreign exchange reserves for the purchase of commercial energy is curtailed. The first step in the implementation of an energy planning exercise is to understand the energy consumption and utilization habits of the population being served. Frequently, an assessment of the levels of inequality in the consumption of various resources is necessary as, this provides the rural planner with an understanding of the future trends and thus forearms him with strategic alternatives to combat any future energy resource crisis that the trends seem to imply. In the present paper, an attempt is made to assess the level of energy resource consumption inequality in a typical hilly rural Indian village. The Gini Coefficient of Inequality, a measure of inequality in the field of Econometrics has been applied for this assessment. The population is segregated into different categories based on their income levels and certain socio-economic criteria, which are also felt to exercise an influence on consumption levels of energy. The results of the analysis are then discussed in the light of the findings. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The influence of chicken manure, cow dung and rice bull ash applied at different rates for a period of three years on the fibre characteristics of Gigantochloa levis and Dendrocalamus asper was evaluated. When changes in soil composition brought about by organic fertilizer treatments were correlated to the individual fibre cbaracteristics, there was a significant relationsbip. Fibre wall thickness of both species was positively influenced by pH while nitrogen only affected the fibre diameter of D. asper. Phosphorus increased the fibre length of G. levis and the fibre wall thickness of D. asper. Potassium positively affected the fibre diameter of G. levis but negatively influenced the fibre wall thickness of I), asper. Finally, organic matter significantly increased fibre diameter of both species. In order to control the quality of bamboo fibres for a desired end-use of the material it is crucial to observe the soil composition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Proposes a neural network (NN) approach for the analysis of the urea kinetic time profile given by the Biostat monitor. Factors that influence the correct determination of the total dialysis dose (Kt/V); Techniques used to compute the Kt/V; Main aspects of NN that resemble the human central nervous system.

We describe a protocol using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to systematically map the visual sensations induced by focal and non-invasive stimulation of the human occipital cortex. TMS is applied with a figure of eight coil to 28 positions arranged in a 2×2-cm grid over the occipital area. A digitizing tablet connected to a PC computer running customized software, and audio and video recording are used for detailed and accurate data collection and analysis of evoked phosphenes. A frameless image-guided neuronavigational device is used to describe the position of the actual sites of the stimulation coils relative to the cortical surface. Our results show that TMS is able to elicit phosphenes in almost all sighted subjects and in a proportion of blind subjects. Evoked phosphenes are topographically organized. Despite minor inter-individual variations, the mapping results are reproducible and show good congruence among different subjects. This procedure has potential to improve our understanding of physiologic organization and plastic changes in the human visual system and to establish the degree of remaining functional visual cortex in blind subjects. Such a non-invasive method is critical for selection of suitable subjects for a cortical visual prosthesis. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]