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El análisis comparativo de los prólogos del Zifar y del Amadís con los de algunos flores sanctorum del siglo XVI (en especial el de Villegas), muestra que el deslinde entre historia y ficción es problemático, en una época en que la ficción no se justificaba por sí misma. Para salvar este inconveniente, los autores de ambos géneros confluyeron en destacar la ejemplaridad como razón de ser de sus obras, lo cual, además de otras coincidencias, aproxima hagiografía y libros de caballerías, dos modelos a menudo contrapuestos. Al dar preeminencia a la realidad moral sobre la empírica, se diluyen las dicotomías historia / ficción o verdadero / falso. La observación de sus artificios justificativos, innecesarios en la estética contemporánea, da la medida de la distancia entre nuestros criterios y los que guiaron la producción literaria y la lectura de aquellos tiempos. The comparative analysis of the prologues of the Zifar and the Amadís with those of some sixteenth-century flores sanctorum (especially that of Villegas), shows that the demarcation between history and fiction is problematic, at a time when fiction was not justified by itself. To overcome this inconvenience, the authors of both genres converged on highlighting exemplarity as the raison d’être of their works, which, in addition to other coincidences, brings together hagiography and chivalric romances, two models that are often opposed. By giving pre-eminence to moral reality over empirical reality, the dichotomies history / fiction or true / false are diluted. The observation of their justifying artifices, unnecessary in contemporary aesthetics, gives the measure of the distance between our criteria and those that led the literary production and reading of those times. Trabajo desarrollado en el marco del proyecto de investigación “La hagiografía hispánica ante la Reforma protestante” (FFI2017-86248-P) del Ministerio de Economía, Industria y Competitividad.

The purpose of this study is to clarify that the Diálogo de doctrina cristiana was constructed and published as an apocryphal work, and not as an anonymous work. Given that the text has recently been attributed to Vives, the first operation is to reaffirm the authorship of Juan de Valdés, relying on the documentary evidence of actions promoted by the Inquisition that leave no doubt about the real authorship, while explaining why Valdés hid his identity and opted for an apocryphal and fictitious authorship. This mask is also analyzed as part of a set of strategies of concealment and visibility that serve the author to protect himself, but also to give the book more authority and thus favour its acceptance., El propósito de este estudio es aclarar que el Diálogo de doctrina cristiana fue elaborado y publicado como obra apócrifa, y no como obra anónima. Dado que recientemente se ha atribuido el texto a Vives, la primera operación es reafirmar la autoría de Juan de Valdés, basándonos en las evidencias documentales de actuaciones impulsadas por la Inquisición que no dejan lugar a duda sobre la autoría real, al tiempo que explican por qué Valdés ocultó su identidad y optó por una autoría apócrifa y ficticia. Esta máscara se analiza además como parte de un conjunto de estrategias de ocultamiento y visibilización que sirven al autor para protegerse, pero también para conferir al libro más autoridad y favorecer así su aceptación.

Né le 6 octobre 1943 à Villefranche-de-Rouergue, Claude Chauchadis a été Maître de conférences à l’Université de Bordeaux 3 puis à Toulouse-Le Mirail, où il est nommé Professeur en 1992 et où il enseignera jusqu’à son départ à la retraite en 2004. Impliqué dans différents groupes de recherche, il consacre un nombre non négligeable d’articles à des sujets divers allant du xvie au xxe siècle, sur le roman, la poésie, le théâtre ou la société espagnole. Cependant, et cela dès 1977, il oriente l’essentiel de ses recherches vers le thème de l’honneur. Toutes ses contributions à ce thème traité sous différentes facettes sont publiées en 1991 sous le titre Études sur l’honneur. C’est en 1997 que paraît sa Thèse d’État de 520 pages aux Presses Universitaires du Mirail à Toulouse : La loi du duel. Le code du point d’honneur dans l’Espagne des xvie-xviie siècles, qui fait autorité dans l’hispanisme international. Par la suite et aujourd’hui encore, il continue, par de nombreux travaux, à contribuer à la richesse scientifique et au rayonnement de l’hispanisme français.

La vida transcurre entre el amor y la muerte, que son por ello los temas eternos de la poesía. Es gratificante reconocer en muchos poemas el gozo de amar, pero quizá nos conmueve sobre todo el dolor, sentir a cada instante el paso de la vida y, con él, la aniquilación del amor, vivir la muerte día a día. Quiero empezar con unas palabras que nos comunican ese « dolorido sentir », que diría Garcilaso. Las escribió hacia 1930 César Vallejo, pero en ellas resuena, al decir de la crítica, la voz d...

Ces pages que nous dédions à notre cher collègue André Gallego sont en grande partie le fruit d’un colloque sur la « Transmission de savoirs liâtes et illicites dans le monde hispanique (XIIe-XVIIe siècles) » qui a eu lieu à l’Université de Toulouse les 19, 20 et 21 mai 2008. Nous avons pu compter sur la participation de spécialistes issus de différentes disciplines universitaires, notamment des domaines de la littérature, la littérature comparée, l’histoire et l’histoire de l’art, ce qui nous a permis de créer un lieu d’échange interdisciplinaire pour les chercheurs des diverses équipes de l’UTM ainsi que pour un nombre important d’invités venus autres universités françaises et étrangères. À ce premier groupe de chercheurs sont venus s’ajouter d’autres collègues qui ont souhaité témoigner leur amitié pour André Gallego et lui rendre hommage. Le volume inclut également les actes de journée d’étude organisée par Teresa Rodriguez. « Avatars de la transmission », que nous avons décidé de publier en fin de volume. Transmission : c’est de la façon dont se transmet le savoir qu’il s’agit et non simplement du savoir transmis. Cette transmission se fait-elle oralement, visuellement, par le biais de textes, dans les institutions, ou dans le cadre de la vie privée ? Liée à la transmission, certains se sont intérrogés sur la réception de ce savoir : était-on plus perméable au savoir à partir d’une transmission par la parole ou par l’image ? La réception des idées était-elle liée au degré d’éducation ou au milieu social ? Le thème choisi a été ainsi traité selon des méthodes et des points de vue différents mais qui convergent sur une question centrale : la transmission du savoir, si chère à notre collègue.

Background and Aim: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of peginterferon α-2a plus ribavirin at standard doses in patients with hepatitis C virus (HVC) genotype 1 infection with persistently normal alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels. Methods: Patients aged 18 to 65 years were included in this observational, prospective study if they had evidence of a HCV genotype 1 infection. The serum HCV RNA concentration was determined at baseline and week 12. A qualitative HCV RNA test was performed at baseline and at weeks 48 and 72. Liver function tests were performed at each study visit. The primary efficacy measure was the sustained virological response in the intention-to-treat population. Logistic regression analyses were also performed to explore predictors of virological response. Results: A sustained virological response was observed in 100 of the 175 patients (57%). An early virological response and end-of-treatment response were seen in 159 patients (91%) and 133 patients (76%), respectively. Thirty-seven of the 122 evaluable patients for this outcome (30%) showed a rapid virological response. A higher viral load was a significant predictor for a lack of rapid virological response and lack of sustained virological response. There were not any unexpected safety or tolerability findings. Conclusions: Our study suggests that the efficacy of the combination of peginterferon α-2a and ribavirin in patients with HCV genotype 1 infection and normal ALT levels is at least similar to that reported in patients with elevated ALT levels.

Resumen Objetivo Valorar los recursos disponibles en los hospitales comarcales catalanes para la asistencia urgente de la hemorragia digestiva alta. Metodo Se analiza una encuesta enviada a 32 hospitales, sobre la existencia, composicion y recursos del turno de guardia (TDG) de endoscopia, referida al ano 2009. Resultados Respondieron 24 centros, que cubrian la asistencia de 3.954.000 habitantes. Tenian TDG 12 hospitales. No disponian de TDG en su centro de referencia 1.483.000 habitantes. Los centros con TDG tenian mas camas y cubrian mas poblacion. Los TDG estaban formados por 4,5 endoscopistas (rango 2-11), que cubrian 82,1 (33,2-182,5) guardias/ano. Diecisiete centros reportaban 1.571 episodios (51 por centro, rango 3-280, 39,68/100.000 hab.). Los centros con TDG reportaban mas casos (76 vs. 43, p = 0,047). Los que no disponen de TDG derivaron mas pacientes (147 vs . 17, p= 0,001). Los pacientes en urgencias estaban a cargo de medicina interna en 4 centros, de cirugia en 14 y repartidos entre ambos servicios en 6. Si ingresaban, quedaron a cargo de Digestivo solo en 6 hospitales. Los recursos mas utilizados eran la ligadura en la hemorragia varicosa y las terapias de inyeccion en la no varicosa. Un 21% de centros no realizaban tratamiento combinado. Conclusiones Una proporcion significativa de la poblacion no dispone de endoscopista de guardia en su centro de referencia. La constitucion de TDG en hospitales comarcales supone importantes cargas asistenciales. La coordinacion entre profesionales y centros permitiria la aplicacion eficiente de los recursos terapeuticos y el establecimiento de TDG en centros que no tienen.

To evaluate the efficacy and safety of peginterferon α-2a plus ribavirin at standard doses in patients with hepatitis C virus (HVC) genotype 1 infection with persistently normal alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels.Patients aged 18 to 65 years were included in this observational, prospective study if they had evidence of a HCV genotype 1 infection. The serum HCV RNA concentration was determined at baseline and week 12. A qualitative HCV RNA test was performed at baseline and at weeks 48 and 72. Liver function tests were performed at each study visit. The primary efficacy measure was the sustained virological response in the intention-to-treat population. Logistic regression analyses were also performed to explore predictors of virological response.A sustained virological response was observed in 100 of the 175 patients (57%). An early virological response and end-of-treatment response were seen in 159 patients (91%) and 133 patients (76%), respectively. Thirty-seven of the 122 evaluable patients for this outcome (30%) showed a rapid virological response. A higher viral load was a significant predictor for a lack of rapid virological response and lack of sustained virological response. There were not any unexpected safety or tolerability findings.Our study suggests that the efficacy of the combination of peginterferon α-2a and ribavirin in patients with HCV genotype 1 infection and normal ALT levels is at least similar to that reported in patients with elevated ALT levels.

To evaluate the resources available in Catalan regional hospitals for the emergency care of upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage.We analyzed a survey sent to 32 hospitals on the availability, composition and resources of a duty endoscopy service for the year 2009.Responses were obtained from 24 centers, covering 3,954,000 inhabitants. Duty endoscopists were available in 12 hospitals. A total of 1,483,000 inhabitants were unable to access a duty endoscopist in the referral center. Centers with duty endoscopists had more beds and had a larger catchment area. Duty services were composed of 4.5 endoscopists (range 2-11), covering 82.1 (33.2-182.5) duty shifts/year. Seventeen centers reported 1,571 episodes (51%, range: 3-280, 39.68/100,000 inhabitants). Centers with a duty service reported a greater number of cases (76 vs. 43, p=0.047). Centers without this service referred a greater number of patients (147 vs. 17, p=0.001). Patients in the emergency department were under the care of the internal medicine department in four centers, the surgery department in 14 centers and under the care of both departments in six. Admitted patients were under the care of the gastroenterology department in only six hospitals. The most widely used procedures were ligation of varicose bleeding and injection therapies in non-varicose bleeding. Twenty-one percent of centers did not perform combined treatment.A significant proportion of the population does not have access to a duty endoscopist in referral centers. Duty shifts represent significant workload in regional hospitals. Coordination among health professionals and centers would allow the efficient application of therapeutic resources and a duty endoscopy service to be established in centers lacking this resource.

Chronic hepatitis C infection affects nearly 300 million people worldwide. It is one of the main causes of chronic liver disease and the most common indication for liver transplantation.1-5 There are 6 major strains or genotypes of hepatitis C virus (HCV). These genotypes have different geographic distributions, with the type 1 genotype (HCV-1) most common in the United States (accounting for about 75% of cases)6 and in Spain where it is responsible for 60%-70% of all cases of chronic hepatitis C.7 The most effective initial therapy for patients with this disorder is the combination of interferon alfa-2b with ribavirin.8,9 More recently, there has been a modification of interferon alfa-2b with the addition of a polyethylene glycol molecule to interferon (peginterferon) to produce a biologically active molecule with a longer half-life than the natural molecule, and more favorable pharmacokinetics; these characteristics allow for convenient once-weekly dose administration.6,10,11 In 2001, an important randomized clinical trial was published with peginterferon alfa-2b plus ribavirin in combination therapy administered over 24-48 weeks as a function of the infective virus genotype. The results of the trial indicated sustained viral response (SVR) of 42% in patients infected with HCV-1 and 54% in the sample overall.12 Experience gained from clinical trials indicates that HCV genotypes 2 and 3 are highly susceptible to current combination therapy regimens, whereas genotype 1 has a lower response rate to interferon-based therapies. The recommended length of treatment for HCV-1 is 48 weeks.13 Because genotype 1 is both the most prevalent type and is associated with a lower viral response rate and greater potential liver-related morbidity and mortality,7 it is important to know the outcome of treatment of HCV-1 in studies conducted in routine clinical practice.14 Although HCV genotype is the main determinant of response of therapy, additional factors, such as adherence to recommended dose and duration of treatment, significantly influence the probability of achieving SVR. A retrospective analysis documented that patients who receive more than 80% of their interferon doses and more than 80% of their ribavirin doses for more than 80% of the duration of therapy (the 80/80/80 rule) had significantly higher SVR, compared with patients with worse adherence. This effect was more apparent in patients infected with HCV-1 than in those infected with Pharmacist Intervention in Treatment of Patients With Genotype 1 Chronic Hepatitis C