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The Civil War and the postwar period were key events that marked the existence of millions of people. In this article, we collect the life experience of two of them, as an example of what those millions experienced. The Buitrago, Victoriano and Amor, were two CNT militants who fought for their ideals and who, with the defeat of 1939, wanted to be erased. The objective is the reconstruction and analysis of two life stories crossed by the civil war and Franco’s detention centers as a sample of the succession of events experienced by thousands of people who fought in the Republican rearguard in those years.

PURPOSETo better understand immigration disparities among a Spanish Early-Onset Colorectal Cancer (SECOC) subset, according to the country of origin.PATIENTS AND METHODSWe selected 250 consecutive participants from the SECOC consortium. Data on baseline patient and tumor characteristics, family history of colorectal cancer (CRC), and follow-up were collected. The presence of mismatch repair deficiency was also assessed. Special data regarding country of origin, time of stay in Spain in case of other different country, and a 10-year cutoff that specifies the obtaining of Spanish nationality defined the variables of interest for comparison.RESULTSSeventy-five percent of patients with early-onset CRC (EOCRC) (188) were born in Spain, whereas the other 25% were born outside of Spain. The mean time of living in Spain until the EOCRC diagnosis was 16.5 years. Comparatively, most of the analyzed features showed equivalent proportions between cohorts. Only Spanish patients appeared to have more familial cancer component in first degree in general (32.3%; P = .01), compared with non-Spaniards, which showed a predominant sporadic component (56.4%; P < .001). Among immigrants, those patients living in Spain before CRC diagnosis ≤10 years were younger at diagnosis (39.1 v 42.5), more frequently male (77.8 v 47.7), were in more advanced stages (88.8% diagnosed at stage III and IV [P = .01]), and had a worse prognosis regarding recurrence rates (29.4% v 6.3%).CONCLUSIONAlthough there were few differences between Spanish and non-Spanish EOCRC, the most remarkable difference was that linked with the situation of those immigrants who have recently arrived in Spain, in relation to their lower health coverage, which could be associated with the delay in the diagnosis and their subsequent worse prognosis.

Reseña del libro de Cristina Arribas y Juan José Lahuerta realizado a partir de la tesis doctoral de la primera. Se plantea un recorrido epistolar mediante sesenta parejas de postales de Estados Unidos y España de los años sesenta y setenta con paralelismos gráficos, estilísticos, formales, conceptuales o de contenido.

This article mainly analyzes the correlation between the carrier energy in robotic arms, according to enhance its performance. This task is achieved because of the sensors/actuators based on nanostructures properties: short response time and high robustness, which proportionated the possibility to execute intricate instructions by the control subsystem of the robotic arm. Therefore, the instructions executed by the controller are supported by a polynomial design, this algorithm helped to evaluate every response signal as a consequence of the main control system, which was consequently by the short response time from the main sensors “flow (carrier energy) and speed of the robotic arm”, moreover, the advantage of the proposed system is given by the extra time obtained also to verify the stability of the robotic arm based in Lyapunov models correlated with Lagrange, as well as every equations were solved and organized by neural network.

ABSTRACTThis paper presents the building process of an interactive instrument called the Colombian Solar Atlas able to easily visualize meteorological data but also assess the current and future potentials of solar photovoltaic generation throughout the whole territory of Colombia, South America. This new tool is based on two different meteorological databases. The first one is done with historical data extracted from satellite imagery information, and the other one corresponds to data issues from regional-scale climate change projection models. The satellite database was validated with different in-situ measurements. The Colombian Solar Atlas uses basic and advanced photovoltaic generation models to estimate the generation of a custom solar installation. With this tool, a user selects a point on the map and can have directly pertinent information to search for an optimal location with a spatial resolution of 4 km2. This tool is the first open interactive online tool particularly adapted to study the photovoltaic power potential in Colombia, considering the country’s needs and native language.

Economists establish a clear-cut distinction among the ideas of Economic Growth (EG) and Economic Development (ED) and Sustainable Development (SD). However, the definition of the second and third ones tends to be fuzzier than it is for the first one, giving room to misunderstandings and a wrong use and manipulation of ED and SD concepts. In this article, the authors propose an analysis of a territory's evolution on the basis of a composite indicator that combines both streams of thought aligned with environmental and sustainability aspects as well as economic and society factors. To reach this goal a composite indicator with a more comprehensive architecture is designed. It includes concepts of EG and ED, as well as terms of sustainable development and social welfare. The essence of the application of this indicator is to gauge the quality of a country's evolution beyond economic or development terms solely.With this aim, economic, environmental, sustainability and social fields are considered to account in the country's economic evolution computation. To obtain results, a framework to assess key relationships among society fields, a methodology which includes entropy to select best indicators and also a MCDM method to compute the Composite Indicator to Measure a Country Evolution (CIMCE) are provided.The results show that this composite index based on a robust methodology supported by the application of a MCDM method is suitable for the holistic assessment and sustainable management of the evolution of a country as a way for contributing to several Sustainable Development Goals.

Abstract The development of tools that provide early triage of COVID-19 patients with minimal use of diagnostic tests, based on easily accessible data, can be of vital importance in reducing COVID-19 mortality rates during high-incidence scenarios. This work proposes a machine learning model to predict mortality and risk of hospitalization using both 2 simple demographic features and 19 comorbidities obtained from 86,867 electronic medical records of COVID-19 patients, and a new method (LR-IPIP) designed to deal with data imbalance problems. The model was able to predict with high accuracy (90–93%, ROC-AUC = 0.94) the patient's final status (deceased or discharged), while its accuracy was medium (71–73%, ROC-AUC = 0.75) with respect to the risk of hospitalization. The most relevant characteristics for these models were age, sex, number of comorbidities, osteoarthritis, obesity, depression, and renal failure. Finally, to facilitate its use by clinicians, a user-friendly website has been developed ( https://alejandrocisterna.shinyapps.io/PROVIA ).

El Instituto Nacional de Colonización construyó entre 1939 y 1972 más de trescientos pueblos de nueva planta distribuidos por el territorio español principalmente en torno a las cuencas hidrográficas. Estos núcleos incluían, además de las viviendas de los colonos, los equipamientos necesarios para una vida social digna. Entre ellos, el más representativo era la iglesia, cuya torre solía tener un significativo papel simbólico al actuar como hito y reclamo visual en el paisaje. Entre la variada tipología de formas, posiciones, materiales y sistemas constructivos empleados, este artículo estudia cinco torres construidas con hormigón armado, la de Llanos de Sotillo (Jaén, Corrales, 1956), El Batán (Cáceres, Álvarez Pardo, 1957), Puntalón (Granada, Delgado de Robles, 1960), Valdehornillo (Badajoz, Jiménez Varea, 1962) y Vivares (Badajoz, Gómez Álvarez, 1962). Diversas estrategias proyectuales y constructivas permitieron la formalización de estos esbeltos elementos que facilitaron una renovación de imagen y acercaron el hormigón al cielo.

A Lie system is a nonautonomous system of first-order ordinary differential equations whose general solution can be written via an autonomous function, the so-called (nonlinear) superposition rule of a finite number of particular solutions and some parameters to be related to initial conditions. This superposition rule can be obtained using the geometric features of the Lie system, its symmetries, and the symmetric properties of certain morphisms involved. Even if a superposition rule for a Lie system is known, the explicit analytic expression of its solutions frequently is not. This is why this article focuses on a novel geometric attempt to integrate Lie systems analytically and numerically. We focus on two families of methods based on Magnus expansions and on Runge–Kutta–Munthe–Kaas methods, which are here adapted, in a geometric manner, to Lie systems. To illustrate the accuracy of our techniques we analyze Lie systems related to Lie groups of the form SL(n,R), which play a very relevant role in mechanics. In particular, we depict an optimal control problem for a vehicle with quadratic cost function. Particular numerical solutions of the studied examples are given.

El fracaso del golpe de Estado del 17 de julio de 1936 y las suspicacias hacia las fuerzas de orden, unido a la pérdida de poder efectivo en las calles, dio origen a los comités que iniciaron una serie de procesos revolucionarios. Dentro de dichos procesos, estos nuevos espacios ejercieron toda una serie de nuevas funciones entre las que destacó la violencia. En el presente artículo se va a proceder a estudiar la violencia revolucionaria en el municipio madrileño de Vallecas a través de los levantamientos de cadáveres realizados por los juzgados del término municipal. El objetivo es analizar este acontecimiento y contraponerlo con el relato general para apreciar diferencias y similitudes.

El Centro José Guerrero de Granada, con sede en un edificio rehabilitado por Antonio Jiménez Torrecillas en el año 2000, transformó en 2019 sus espacios en las páginas de un cómic, obra de los dibujantes Max y Sergio García, con la compañía de la escritora Ana Merino. La exposición “Todos los museos son novelas de ciencia ficción” supuso a finales de 2021 un nuevo paso en su vocación por tensar los conceptos expositivos.

Background & Aims: Direct-acting antiviral (DAA) regimens provide a cure in >95% of patients with chronic HCV infection. However, in some patients in whom therapy fails, resistance-associated substitutions (RASs) can develop, limiting retreatment options and risking onward resistant virus transmission. In this study, we evaluated RAS prevalence and distribution, including novel NS5A RASs and clinical factors associated with RAS selection, among patients who experienced DAA treatment failure. Methods: SHARED is an international consortium of clinicians and scientists studying HCV drug resistance. HCV sequence linked metadata from 3,355 patients were collected from 22 countries. NS3, NS5A, and NS5B RASs in virologic failures, including novel NS5A substitutions, were examined. Associations of clinical and demographic characteristics with RAS selection were investigated. Results: The frequency of RASs increased from its natural prevalence following DAA exposure: 37% to 60% in NS3, 29% to 80% in NS5A, 15% to 22% in NS5B for sofosbuvir, and 24% to 37% in NS5B for dasabuvir. Among 730 virologic failures, most were treated with first-generation DAAs, 94% had drug resistance in ≥1 DAA class: 31% single-class resistance, 42% dual-class resistance (predominantly against protease and NS5A inhibitors), and 21% triple-class resistance. Distinct patterns containing ≥2 highly resistant RASs were common. New potential NS5A RASs and adaptive changes were identified in genotypes 1a, 3, and 4. Following DAA failure, RAS selection was more frequent in older people with cirrhosis and those infected with genotypes 1b and 4. Conclusions: Drug resistance in HCV is frequent after DAA treatment failure. Previously unrecognized substitutions continue to emerge and remain uncharacterized. Lay summary: Although direct-acting antiviral medications effectively cure hepatitis C in most patients, sometimes treatment selects for resistant viruses, causing antiviral drugs to be either ineffective or only partially effective. Multidrug resistance is common in patients for whom DAA treatment fails. Older patients and patients with advanced liver diseases are more likely to select drug-resistant viruses. Collective efforts from international communities and governments are needed to develop an optimal approach to managing drug resistance and preventing the transmission of resistant viruses.

Purpose The Spanish Early-onset Colorectal Cancer (SECOC) study is a multicentre prospective cohort established in Spain to investigate the molecular basis of early-onset colorectal cancer (EOCRC), including metabolic alterations.Participants 220 patients with EOCRC have been enrolled since January 2019 through 18 centres across Spain. Individual-level data were collected by questionnaire, including lifestyle and other colorectal cancer-related factors. Medical record review was performed to capture clinical, histopathological and familial cancer history data. Biospecimen collection (blood, stool, tissue) at diagnosis and at various time points across treatment, as applicable, is also completed.Findings to date Participants had a median age of 44 years (range 14–49), and the majority are men (60%), with individuals age 40–49 years at EOCRC diagnosis being over-represented. Forty-three per cent of participants were diagnosed with a tumour in the rectosigmoid junction/rectum. Nearly two-thirds of EOCRC cases (64%) were diagnosed with advanced stage (III–IV) disease, and 28% of cases had no reported familial history of cancer.Future plans We are actively recruiting and observing participants; we plan to administer follow-up questionnaires and perform additional biospecimen collection. This prospective cohort offers a unique, rich resource for research on EOCRC aetiologies and will contribute to larger international efforts to disentangle the rising disease burden.

Existe un interés por el desarrollo de proyectos de formación a víctimas para la creación de competencias que les permitan recuperar su modelo de vida como medida de reparación en el posacuerdo colombiano. Este estudio pretende analizar la relación entre emprendimiento social, saberes tradicionales y mediación de la educación e-learning como herramienta tecnológica de formación y apropiación del conocimiento. La investigación involucra expertos en atención y formación de víctimas y jóvenes víctimas del conflicto a través de una metodología etnográfica que incluye entrevistas y grupos focales. Los hallazgos evidencian un interés por procesos de formación en emprendimiento y transferencia de conocimiento bajo la modalidad e-learning; estos consideran los contextos sociales y económicos de los estudiantes, de manera tal que la pedagogía y la didáctica reflejen procesos incluyentes, flexibles y no-estandarizados. A modo de conclusión, se plantean grandes desafíos en el uso del e-learning por parte de la población, como la brecha de los resultados de aprendizaje creada por las externalidades sociales y económicas, el alcance de la igualdad digital en todos los territorios del país y la gestión de las habilidades y competencias suaves y duras que permitan a los estudiantes hacer parte de espacios de emprendimiento y empleabilidad en sus comunidades.

García Funes, Juan Carlos: A recoger bombas. Batallones de trabajo forzado en Castilla y León (1937-1942). Segovia, Foro por la Memoria (Segovia) y Atrapasueños, 2016, 380 pp., ISBN: 978-84-156-747-26.

Reseña del libro publicado en 2017 Geografía Humana de la represión franquista. Del golpe a la guerra de ocupación de Gutmaro Gómez Bravo

The aim of the study was to describe the applicability of shear wave elastography to assess muscular and tendinous stiffness of the lower limbs during an incremental isometric strength test and to differentiate the stiffness evolution between superficial and deep muscle regions. Dominant rectus femoris and patellar tendons of 30 physically active people (28.3 ± 9.2 years, 173.2 ± 7.7 cm, 76.2 ± 12.6 kg) were measured in different isometric strength conditions (relaxed muscle, and at 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50% and 60% of maximal voluntary contraction (MVC)). The percentage of success was >85% at all muscle contraction intensities for rectus femoris muscles but only in a relaxed condition for patellar tendons. Rectus femoris stiffness significantly increased compared to the relaxed condition from 30% to 60% MVC (p ≤ 0.011) in superficial muscle regions, and from 10% to 60% MVC (p ≤ 0.002) in deep muscle regions. Deep muscle regions showed higher stiffness values than superficial muscle regions at 30% MVC (51.46 ± 38.17 vs. 31.83 ± 17.05 kPa; p = 0.019), 40% MVC (75.21 ± 42.27 vs. 51.25 ± 28.90 kPa; p = 0.018), 50% MCV (85.34 ± 45.05 vs. 61.16 ± 37.03 kPa; p = 0.034) and 60% MVC (109.29 ± 40.04 vs. 76.67 ± 36.07 kPa; p = 0.002). Rectus femoris stiffness increased during the incremental isometric contraction test, and inter-region differences were found at 30% MVC.

Three conjectures on the standard deviation, skewness and kurtosis of the shifted Gompertz distribution, as the shape parameter increases to +∞, are proved. In this regard, the exponential integral function and polygamma functions are used in the proofs. In addition, an explicit expression for the ith moment of this probabilistic model is obtained. These results allow to place the shifted Gompertz distribution in the Skewness–Kurtosis diagram, providing a valuable help in the decision to choose the shifted Gompertz distribution among the models to fit data. Their usefulness is illustrated by fitting a real malaria data set using the maximum likelihood method for estimating the parameters of the shifted Gompertz distribution and some classical models. Goodness-of-fit measures are used to compare their performance.

Los resultados de las excavaciones realizadas entre 1968 y 1984 en la Cova de Hort de Cortés- Volcán del Faro quedaron limitados a identificar materiales solutrenses, magdalenienses y neolíticos-calcolíticos. Una lectura crítica de la Memoria de excavaciones, publicada en 2003, permitió plantear la posibilidad de la presencia de ocupaciones anteriores, posiblemente gravetienses. En 2018 se iniciaron nuevos trabajos en el yacimiento, dentro de un proyecto que pretende recuperar información a partir de los cortes de las antiguas excavaciones. Los datos obtenidos en el área más externa (corte frontal posterior, cuadrícula O4) han permitido retomar la discusión sobre la existencia de los niveles presolutrenses. Los primeros resultados, sobre los trabajos realizados en el perímetro del sector A de las antiguas excavaciones, así como los datos geoaqueológicos, radiocarbónicos e industriales plantean una serie de alternativas sobre la formación y conservación del depósito que supone un punto de partida para la comprensión de un yacimiento complejo. _______________________________________________________________________________ The excavation of the Volcán del Faro site (Cullera, Valencia) did not live up to the expectations created after the discovery of the perforated staff. The prospect of a new Palaeolithic sequence, close to that of Parpalló (Gandia, Valencia), brought with it the possibility of obtaining new palaeoenvironmental, chronostratigraphic and archaeological data. However, the results of excavations carried out between 1968 and 1984 only identified Solutrean, Magdalenian and Neolithic - Chalcolithic materials. No chronostratigraphic data were obtained and the description of lithic and osseous industries was based on subjective considerations. Therefore, the repeated mention of Solutrean morphotypes, which were of Magdalenian chronology according to their excavator, could not be compared with any other site. Likewise, it was not possible to obtain any radiocarbon dates, largely due to poor collagen conservation, or lithostratigraphic data or a description of lithic and osseous industries that could be compared at a regional level. The only palaeoenvironmental and palaeoeconomic data were incorporated into the study of mammalian fauna carried out by I. Davidson, a reference work in studies of the Palaeolithic economy in the Spanish Mediterranean region. Solutrean, Badegoulian and Magdalenian materials were identified from a critical reading of the excavation report, which was published in 2003, suggesting the possibility of earlier, possibly Gravettian occupations. However, this hypothesis was not based on lithostratigraphic or radiocarbon data. In 2018, further work was undertaken at the site as part of a project seeking to gain information from the stratigraphic sections of the old excavations. The data obtained from the outermost area (posterior frontal cross-section, O4 square) provide some initial points for discussion regarding the existence of pre-Solutrean levels at HC-VF, but this time based on geoarchaeological, chronological and archaeological data. At the same time, the topographic position of the data obtained in relation to the old excavations presents a number of alternatives regarding the formation and preservation of the remains, representing a starting point for understanding this complex site.

The conceptual framework for our analysis is the approach to environmental psychology first introduced by different authors in 1974. Subsequently in 1982 this concept was applied to retail outlets so as to better understand the effect on consumers of atmospheric stimuli experienced in a physical store. Following the developing trend from traditional marketing to new online sales channels, various authors have sought to transfer and validate these theories with virtual outlets or e-stores, so as to validate them in a context of e-commerce. Our study thoroughly analyses and reviews the most widely accepted models in the study of the influence of sales atmospherics on consumer behavior in physical store environments, and the adaptation and application of such models to today’s omnichannel shopper behavior, where shopping environments combine physical sales settings with new digital sales atmospheres.

El artículo presenta un estudio empírico con pequeñas y medianas empresas peruanas en el sector de la salud y la hostelería con el objetivo de desarrollar productos y servicios innovadores incrementales explorados en la vista, la generación de ideas y la validación de soluciones en la estrategia de innovación abierta front-end. Tanto la investigación indirecta de tendencias, el mapeo del viaje del cliente, la etnografía y la interacción directa con los usuarios, con entrevistas en profundidad y sesiones dinámicas iterativas, generaron creación de valor. Las pequeñas empresas pueden desarrollar el diseño de servicios de acuerdo con sus limitaciones humanas y financieras, utilizando el proceso de gestión del conocimiento basado en cuatro ejes: escaneo del entorno, observación, entrevistas en profundidad y pensamiento de diseño esbelto (lean design). Hay caminos alternativos que tienen en cuenta e implican una mayor colaboración de los usuarios que las pequeñas empresas pueden explorar y explotar en un proceso dirigido al usuario. El estudio de caso permite concluir que los procesos de innovación incremental no tienen que ser largos, inciertos ni costosos para las pequeñas y medianas empresas.

El presente estudio analiza la contribución del MMPI-2 en la predicción del riesgo de violencia. Un total de 574 participantes componen los dos grupos ya establecidos: el grupo “Homicida”, integrado por 287 reclusos condenados por homicidio que están cumpliendo condena en diversas cárceles del Distrito Federal y del Estado de México, y el grupo “Nodelictivo”, formado por 287 participantes que no cometieron delito alguno, siendo un total de 215 varones y 72 mujeres en cada grupo. Se analizaron sus diferencias de medias, su tamaño del efecto (d de Cohen) y la precisión diagnóstica aportada por la curva ROC en el conjunto de escalas del MMPI-2. Los resultados muestran las escalas con mayor incidencia potencial del riesgo de violencia.

The objective of this study is to assess the diagnostic accuracy of the personality of the Mexican criminal with the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2). The inventory was administered to 1,740 Mexican participants of which 870 (728 male and 142 female) are prison inmates, processed and/or sentenced for various crimes from various prisons in Mexico City, and the other 870 participants (728 male and 142 female) are not prison inmates. The ROC (Receiver Operating Characteristic) curve analysis was used to assess the level of diagnostic accuracy through indexes of the Area below the curve (ABC), sensitivity (S) and specificity (E). The analysis was differentiated by gender and showed significant differences

The acceptance and respect of the rules governing society and the family unit are essential pillars for the development of a therapeutic program for people with substance dependence disorders. This study proposes a double objective using the scales of the MMPI-2 detectors of mismatches emphasising: what information can provide and what the diagnostic accuracy of the MMPI-2 is to assess these mismatches. As a reference, psychopathic deviation (Pd), social introversion (Si), antisocial practices (ASP), social responsibility (Re), social unrest (SOD), introversion/low positive emotion (PSY-INTR), family problems (FAM), and conjugal stress (MDS) were taken. Of the 226 participants, 113 are people with substance dependence and 113 have no dependence or any pathology. Their differences and diagnostic accuracy through the ROC curve were analysed. The results showed different contribution and diagnostic accuracy of the scales.

Ramón Pajares Pardo, arquitecto cántabro afincado en Jaén, proyectó en 1956, vinculado a su aún inacabada iglesia de Cristo Rey, un pequeño quiosco de prensa situado en el Parque de la Victoria de Jaén, en una privilegiada situación urbana en relación con el entorno arquitectónico en desarrollo. De líneas sencillas y modernas, empleaba un mínimo de elementos para acotar y jerarquizar el espacio: sobre un muro de piedra y otro de ladrillo dispuestos ortogonalmente se apoyaba una delgada visera en continuidad formal con el segundo, de menor altura. La ubicación de un pilar de apoyo delimitaba el espacio cerrado así como el ámbito público, abierto y protegido bajo la visera. La recreación de estos elementos (muro de piedra, muro de ladrillo, visera, ámbito cerrado) mediante el mecanismo del recortable de papel sirvió de campo de experimentación sobre el que sentar las bases, a modo de episodio piloto, para una serie de recortables dedicados a la arquitectura: el recortable del quiosco de prensa reproduce este triedro espacial explorando las posibilidades de transformación del plano papel (dos dimensiones) en volumen (tres dimensiones).

The objective of this study was to evaluate the reliability of four methods of assessing vastus lateralis (VL) stiffness, and to describe the influence of structural characteristics on them. The stiffness of the dominant lower-limb’s VL was evaluated in 53 healthy participants (28.4 ± 9.1 years) with shear wave elastography (SWE), strain elastography (SE), myotonometry and tensiomyography (TMG). The SWE, SE and myotonometry were performed at 50%, and TMG was assessed at 30%, of the length from the upper pole of the patella to the greater trochanter. The thickness of the VL, adipose tissue and superficial connective tissue was also measured with ultrasound. Three repeated measurements were acquired to assess reliability, using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC). Pearson’s correlation coefficients were calculated to determine the relationships between methodologic assessments and between structural characteristics and stiffness assessments of the VL. Myotonometry (ICC = 0.93; 95%-CI = 0.89,0.96) and TMG (ICC = 0.89; 95%-CI = 0.82,0.94) showed excellent inter-day reliability whereas with SWE (ICC = 0.62; 95%-CI = 0.41,0.77) and SE (ICC = 0.71; 95%-CI = 0.57,0.81) reliability was moderate. Significant correlations were found between myotonometry and VL thickness (r = 0.361; p = 0.008), adipose tissue thickness (r = −0.459; p = 0.001) and superficial connective tissue thickness (r = 0.340; p = 0.013). Myotonometry and TMG showed the best reliability values, although myotonometry stiffness values were influenced by the structural variables of the supra-adjacent tissue.

Due to the unwavering interest of both residents and authorities in the air quality of urban agglomerations, we pose the following question in this paper: What impact do current and past meteorological factors and traffic flow intensity have on air quality? What is the impact of lagged variables on the fit of an explanation model, and how do they affect its ability to predict? We focused on NO2 and NOx concentrations, and conducted this research using hourly data from the city of Wrocław (western Poland) from 2015 to 2017; we used multi-objective optimization to determine the optimal delays. It turned out that for both NO2 and NOx, the past values for traffic flow, wind speed, and sunshine duration are more important than the current ones. We built random forest models on each of the pollutants for both the current and past values and discovered that including a lagged variable increases the resulting R2 from 0.51 to 0.56 for NO2 and from 0.46 to 0.52 for NOx. We also analyzed the feature importance in each model, and found that for NO2, a wind speed delay of more than three hours causes a significant decrease, while the importance of relative humidity increases with a seven-hour delay; likewise, wind speed increases the importance for NOx prediction with a two-hour delay. We concluded that, in pollutant concentration modeling, the possibility of a delayed effect of the independent variables should always be considered, because it can significantly increase the performance of the model and suggest unexpected relationships or dependencies.

In order to refine the research on the impact of environmental factors on the concentration of pollutants in the air, in this paper, we present a mathematical model that allows the possibility of taking into account the past values of factors (explanatory variables) when modeling the current concentration of pollution. We conducted numerical analyzes based on hourly data from meteorological, traffic and air quality monitoring stations in Wrocław (Poland, Central Europe) from 2015–2017. In order to determine the optimal delay of each explanatory variable, we used a multi-objective optimization model (MO). It turned out that for the concentration of nitrogen oxides, delayed traffic flow, wind speed and sunshine duration time are more important than current ones. Then we built two random forest models: an actual model of current values of explanatory variables and a lag model with delayed variables determined by the MO method. Taking into account variables with an optimal delay (lag model) results in an increase in model accuracy for NO2 with R2 = 0.51 to 0.56 and for NOx from 0.46 to 0.52. We deduced that in pollutant concentrations modeling, the possibility of greater influence of variables with delay should always be considered because it can significantly increase the accuracy of the model and indicate additional relationships or dependencies.

BackgroundThe continued practice of a sport linked to the unilateral predominance of the dominant side can provoke chronic asymmetric adaptations in the myotendinous structure and mechanical properties. Objectives: The main purpose was to determine whether asymmetry between the preferred and non-preferred lower limb is present in the lower limb tendon structure, muscle architecture and stiffness values of professional badminton players.MethodsSixteen male professional badminton players (age = 24.1 ± 6.7 years; body height = 177.90 ± 7.53 cm) participated in this study. The muscle architecture of the vastus lateralis (VL), medial gastrocnemius (MG) and lateral gastrocnemius (LG) and the structure of patellar and Achilles tendons were measured in the dominant and non-dominant lower limb with ultrasonography. Stiffness was also measured at the same points with a hand-held MyotonPro. Significant differences between the dominant and non-dominant lower limb were determined using Student's t test for related samples.ResultsBilateral differences were observed for thickness, width and cross-sectional area (CSA) in both tendons showing higher values for the dominant side: patellar tendon CSA (2.02 ± 0.64 vs. 1.51 ± 0.42 cm2; p < 0.05) and Achilles tendon CSA (1.12 ± 0.18 vs. 0.92 ± 0.28 cm2; p < 0.05). No significant differences were observed in muscle architecture and myotonic variables between the dominant and non-dominant lower limb.ConclusionsThe prolonged practice of badminton caused asymmetries in the CSA, width and thickness of the patellar and Achilles tendon between the dominant and non-dominant lower limbs. No bilateral differences were found in the muscle architecture of VL, MG and LG or in the stiffness of any muscle or tendon analyzed.

Background: Tendinopathy is an overuse tendon injury that occurs in loaded tendons and results in pain and functional impairment. Although many treatments for painful tendons are described, the scientific evidence for most of the conservative and surgical treatments is not always conclusive. Objectives: This study was designed to evaluate the efficacy of 3 different interventions in patients with Achilles tendinopathy. The interventions include the combination of 2 physical therapy programs (eccentric training [EC] or passive stretching [PS]) with a supplement containing mucopolisaccharides. The efficacy of the interventions was evaluated depending on the stage of the disease. Methods: Fifty-nine patients were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 treatment groups, and classified according to the disease stage: reactive versus degenerative tendinopathy. Treatment groups were EC; EC + a dietary supplement containing mucopolisaccharides, type I collagen, and vitamin C (MCVC); and a passive stretching program + MCVC. Patients were evaluated at baseline, 6 weeks, and 12 weeks with the Victorian Institute of Sports Assessment-Achilles questionnaire for function, a visual analog scale for pain, and ultrasound characterization for the evolution of tendon structure. Results: A significant improvement in Victorian Institute of Sports Assessment-Achilles questionnaire score, pain at rest, and pain during activity were detected in all 3 treatment groups at 6 and 12 weeks’ follow-up when compared with baseline. In patients with reactive tendinopathy, the reduction in pain at rest was greater in the groups who took the supplemental MCVC than in the EC alone group (P < 0.05). Conclusions: MCVC seems to be therapeutically useful for management of tendinopathies, providing some additional benefit to physical therapy. This is especially evident in early stages of the disease, when the tendon does not present severe matrix and vascular changes. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01691716.

Objetivo: Determinar la proporción de pacientes con diabetes tipo 2 con y sin enfermedad cardiovascular que tienen controlada la glucemia y los factores de riesgo cardiovascular. Métodos: Estudio transversal realizado en 40 centros de salud de atención primaria de Madrid en el año 2013, con 49.658 pacientes adultos con diabetes tipo 2 diagnosticada con y sin enfermedad cardiovascular. Se obtuvieron datos secundarios de registros electrónicos de la historia clínica de atención primaria: hemoglobina glucosilada (HbA1c), presión arterial, colesterol ligado a lipoproteínas de baja densidad (C-LDL), tabaquismo y medicamentos Resultados: De los pacientes que tenían una medición en los últimos 2 años (5 años para el tabaco), el 68,8% (intervalo de confianza del 95% [IC95%]: 68,2%-69,4%) tenía la HbA1c controlada, el 74,3% (IC95%: 73,9%-74,7%) tenía la presión arterial controlada, el 59,8% (IC95%: 59,0%-60,6%) tenía el C-LDL controlado, y el 80,2% (IC95%: 79,6%-80,8%) tenía el último registro de tabaco como «no fumador». Únicamente el 40-67% de los pacientes tenía una medición reciente. Sólo el 48,0% (IC95%: 46,6%-49,4%) de los pacientes que necesitaban estatinas las recibían. Los pacientes con enfermedad cardiovascular estaban mejor controlados. En general las diferencias fueron pequeñas, pero significativas. Conclusiones: En torno a la mitad de los pacientes con diabetes tipo 2 tienen medido cada factor de riesgo cardiovascular. El porcentaje de pacientes con factores controlados es similar a lo publicado y es mayor en los pacientes con enfermedad cardiovascular, pero mejorable. Esto sugiere priorizar las intervenciones en este grupo de pacientes de muy alto riesgo, mejorando la implementación de guías y la adherencia de los pacientes.

The south of Iberia conserves an important group of Palaeolithic rock art sites. The graphisms have been mostly attributed to the Solutrean and Magdalenian periods, while the possibility that older remains exist has provoked extensive debate. This circumstance has been linked to both the cited periods, until recently, due to the transition from the Middle to Upper Palaeolithic in the extreme southwest of Europe as well as the non-existence of some of the early periods of Palaeolithic art documented in northern Iberia. This study presents the results of interdisciplinary research conducted in Las Ventanas Cave. These results enabled us to identify a new Palaeolithic rock art site. The technical, stylistic and temporal traits point to certain similarities with the range of exterior deep engravings in Cantabrian Palaeolithic rock art. Ventanas appears to corroborate the age attributed to those kinds of graphic expression and points to the early arrival of the Upper Palaeolithic in the south of Iberia. Importantly, the results provide information on the pre-Solutrean date attributed to trilinear hind figures. These findings challenge the supposed Neanderthal survival idea at one of the main late Middle Palaeolithic southern Iberian sites (Carigüela) and, due to the parallels between them and an engraving attributed to this period in Gibraltar, it raises the possibility of interaction between modern humans and Neanderthals in the extreme southwest of Europe.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0204651.].

Existen algunos instrumentos en el derecho de los contratos para prohibir cláusulas abusivas en los acuerdos. Estos instrumentos provienen de la doctrina del abuso del derecho en el derecho continental europeo y recientemente de la doctrina de las cláusulas abusivas en los contratos. El derecho de la Unión Europea (Directiva del Consejo 93/13/ECC del 5 de abril de 1993 sobre cláusulas abusivas en los contratos de consumo) permite la armonización de legislaciones nacionales en esta materia. Buena fe, desequilibrio significativo entre las partes, detrimento del consumidor, daños económicos al consumidor, equilibrio económico en el contrato son expresiones usadas para describir cuando una cláusula es abusiva y debe ser prohibida.

El ámbito del transporte marítimo fue muy importante en la antigua Roma. La “civitas” necesitaba proveerse de productos que venían de todo el mar Mediterráneo usando el transporte por mar. Las instituciones jurídicas romanas utilizaron costumbres creadas por otros pueblos expertos en navegación. En el derecho romano, el contrato denominado “locatio-conductio” se usó para regular el transporte marítimo. Algunos de estos contratos se usaron en el comercio y tienen un estrecho vínculo con los actuales contratos de transporte marítimo de mercancías tanto del Common Law como del derecho continental europeo. Adicionalmente a la responsabilidad que surge de la aplicación de estos contratos, el derecho romano estableció una responsabilidad basada en la recepción de las mercancías llamada responsabilidad ex-recepto. Las soluciones jurídicas del Mediterráneo antiguo constituyeron una base sólida para construir el derecho romano. Las reglas marítimas del derecho romano explican algunas instituciones legales vigentes en materia de transporte marítimo y están aún vigentes a través de nuestro derecho.

Partiendo de la literatura empírica sobre las consecuencias electorales de los escándalospolíticos, nuestro trabajo tiene dos objetivos: por un lado, se proporciona una panorámicade las evidencias disponibles sobre la magnitud de los efectos de los escándalos sobreel voto. Encontramos que los escándalos tienen un efecto no despreciable sobre el voto,aunque tal impacto no suele dar lugar a un fuerte descenso del apoyo electoral al candidatoafectado por el caso y, en muchas ocasiones, no supone su derrota. Por otro lado, y másimportante aún, identificamos los factores que condicionan el impacto de un escándalosobre el comportamiento electoral de los ciudadanos.

El 1937, a Barcelona i en plena guerra, va néixer l’Escola Freinet de Barcelona. L’esdeveniment va ser impulsat per l’inspector escolar Herminio Almendros. Ja havien passat els temps de la Cooperativa Espanyola de la Tècnica Freinet. Els nens d’aquesta escola van fer textos lliures amb llur impremta, els van il·lustrar, els van imprimir, van fer-ne quaderns i van tenir intercanvi amb altres escoles; principalment amb l’escola regentada per Freinet a Vença, França. Aquests textos van quedar agrupats en els quaderns «tibidabo» i «Petits», dels nois de primària i els de parvulari. Amb aquests textos lliures els nens, sense proposar-s’ho ells ni els seus mestres, es van convertir en veritables historiadors que permeten conèixer els successos d’una escola en temps de guerra. Aquest text recull informació sobre aquesta escola, els seus mestres i nens. També parla de la presència de l’inspector Almendros. Recupera, a més, l’assumpte de l’intercanvi amb escolars de França. El text es basa en els textos d’aquests quaderns i en l’entrevista que l’autor va fer a un dels directors de l’escola. Paraules clau: educació Freinet; Barcelona; Tibidabo; impremta escolar; text lliure, Guerra Civil.

Although the Iberian Peninsula is a key area for understanding the Middle to Upper Paleolithic transition and the demise of the Neandertals, valuable evidence for these debates remains scarce and problematic in its interior regions. Sparse data supporting a late Neandertal persistence in the Iberian interior have been recently refuted and hence new evidence is needed to build new models on the timing and causes of Neandertal disappearance in inland Iberia and the whole peninsula. In this study we provide new evidence from Los Casares, a cave located in the highlands of the Spanish Meseta, where a Neandertal-associated Middle Paleolithic site was discovered and first excavated in the 1960's. Our main objective is twofold: (1) provide an updated geoarcheological, paleoenvironmental and chronological framework for this site, and (2) discuss obtained results in the context of the time and nature of the last Neandertal presence in Iberia.We conducted new fieldwork in an interior chamber of Los Casares cave named 'Seno A'. Our methods included micromorphology, sedimentology, radiocarbon dating, Uranium/Thorium dating, palinology, microfaunal analysis, anthracology, phytolith analysis, archeozoology and lithic technology. Here we present results on site formation processes, paleoenvironment and the chronological setting of the Neandertal occupation at Los Casares cave-Seno A.The sediment sequence reveals a mostly in situ archeological deposit containing evidence of both Neandertal activity and carnivore action in level c, dated to 44,899-42,175 calendar years ago. This occupation occurred during a warm and humid interval of Marine Isotopic Stage 3, probably correlating with Greenland Interstadial 11, representing one of the latest occurrences of Neandertals in the Iberian interior. However, overlying layer b records a deterioration of local environments, thus providing a plausible explanation for the abandonment of the site, and perhaps for the total disappearance of Neandertals of the highlands of inland Iberia during subsequent Greenland Stadials 11 or 10, or even Heinrich Stadial 4. Since layer b provided very few signs of human activity and no reliable chronometric results, and given the scarce chronostratigrapic evidence recorded so far for this period in interior Iberia, this can only be taken as a working hypothesis to be tested with future research. Meanwhile, 42,000 calendar years ago remains the most plausible date for the abandonment of interior Iberia by Neandertals, possibly due to climate deterioration. Currently, a later survival of this human species in Iberia is limited to the southern coasts.

El objetivo del presente estudio es buscar una escala de validez que detecte la deseabilidad social en el MMPI-2-RF. Para ello se analizaron comparativamente los datos ofrecidos por las escalas de Deseabilidad Social de Edwards (Esd), de Wiggins (Wsd), la escala de Engaño de Nichols & Greene (ODecp), la Superlativa de Butcher y Han (S) y las de Virtudes Inusuales (L-r) y Validez del Ajuste (K-r), propuestas como minimización de síntomas en el MMMPI-2-RF. La muestra fue obtenida de la base de datos del MMPI-2 para la adaptación castellana con la correspondiente selección de los ítems realizada con la forma reestructurada del MMPI-2-RF. Se establecieron dos grupos de participantes: sinceros y disimuladores, siendo éstos últimos instruidos para contestar al cuestionario de forma socialmente deseable. Se utilizó la metodología Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) para proponer la escala que presentara mejor precisión diagnóstica.

Este artículo tiene por objetivo estudiar la relación entre la disponibilidad, los precios de los medicamentos y los intereses de salud pública. Para ello hemos utilizado una metodología de análisis de los intereses económicos implicados y también un método sistemático de tratamiento de la legislación nacional, comunitaria andina e internacional vigente. Igualmente hemos acudido a metodologías de derecho comparado entre nuestro ordenamiento jurídico nacional con los de otros países de mundo occidental. Existe un estrecho vínculo entre la disponibilidad y los precios de los medicamentos y los intereses de salud pública. Nuestro actual sistema legal reconoce a los inventores de nuevos medicamentos como un “monopolio” para negociar en el mercado farmacéutico. Para proteger los intereses públicos nuestra regulación establece algunos límites a los derechos de los inventores. Los derechos de propiedad se limitan en el tiempo y bajo algunas circunstancias es obligatorio autorizar a otros a usar la patente bajo un contrato de licenciamiento. La Organización Mundial del Comercio ha establecido (Decisión del Consejo de la OMC, Ronda Doha 2003) otros límites a estos derechos en caso de condiciones excepcionales. Nuestra Constitución Nacional otorga prevalencia a los intereses públicos sobre los privados. Es un deber de los gobiernos establecer un sistema justo en el cual los inventores puedan obtener una recompensa económica por sus creaciones y la sociedad pueda satisfacer sus necesidades de salud.

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Due to the significant increase in the percentage of older adults, as well as degenerative diseases, there is growing interest in the determination of effective psychosocial approaches aimed to subjects with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Recent experimental studies indicate positive effects of cognitive interventions in population with DCL in both, traditional methods and computer based interventions. The present review provides a systematic analysis of the literature in order to assess the effect and scope of actual non-pharmacological cognitive interventions, aimed to older adults with mild cognitive impairment.

Forensic settings demand expedient and conclusive forensic psychological assessment. The aim of this study was to design a simple and fast, but reliable psychometric instrument for detecting the malingering of cognitive impairment. In a quasi-experimental design, 156 individuals were divided into three groups: a normal group with no cognitive impairment; a Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) group; and a group of informed malingerers with no MCI who feigned cognitive impairment. Receiver Operating Curve (ROC) analysis of the Test of Memory Malingering (TOMM), and of several subtests of the Wechsler Memory Scale (WMS-III) revealed that the WMS-III was as reliable and accurate as the TOMM in discriminating malingerers from the honest. The results revealed that the diagnostic accuracy, sensitivity and specificity of the WMS-III Auditory Recognition Delayed of Verbal Paired Associates subtest was similar to the TOMM in discriminating malingering from genuine memory impairment. In conclusion, the WMS-III Recognition of Verbal Paired Associates subtest and the TOMM provide a fast, valid and reliable screening method for detecting the malingering of cognitive impairment.