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Abstract Fossil fuels are being replaced by clean energy sources. Lignocellulosic biomass is considered an eco-friendly alternative, as it is a renewable raw material with high energy potential. In this context, the aim of this study was to determine the biomass energy properties of three bamboo species and mate. Thus, three species of bamboo (Bambusa vulgaris Var. Vittata, Dendrocalamus asper and Phyllostachys aurea) and Ilex paraguariensis co-products (branches and sticks) were performed. The particle size, basic density, moisture content volatiles content, ashes content, fix carbon, gross and net calorific value and energy density of these biomasses were evaluated. The biomasses analyzed here were considered suitable for energy purposes, in general, these presented volatile content between 75 and 85 %, fixed carbon content between 15 and 25% and ash content close to 1%. Average fix carbon content of all analyzed biomass was 16.13%. Ash content of Phyllostachys aurea, branches of Ilex paraguariensis and Dendrocalamus asper presented lower values, average of 1.63%. Bambusa vulgaris and Ilex paraguariensis sticks presented higher values, average of 2.65%. Phyllostachys aurea presented gross calorific value higher than, average of 19.35 MJ kg− 1. Bambusa vulgaris, Dendrocalamus asper, Ilex paraguariensis branches and sticks presented statistically equal values. Bambusa vulgaris, Dendrocalamus asper, Phyllostachys aurea showed net calorific value higher to the other analyzed materials and did not present statistical difference. Basic energy density of Phyllostachys aurea was higher to bamboo species. Ilex paraguariensis showed the lowest values with no statistical difference for branches and sticks. Article highlights Knowledge of biomass properties enables the use of residues in bioenergy production as an eco-friendly alternative. Bamboo and Mate co-products have desirable characteristics and potential to produce bioenergy. The energetic performance of bamboo biomass was superior when compared to the branches and sticks of Ilex paraguariensis.

This study aimed to describe the component properties of adult stems of different species of bamboo through a literature review. The data of holocellulose (cellulose + hemicellulose), lignin, ashes content, total extractives contents, and elemental chemical composition of bamboo was compared with other lignocellulosic materials. In the final considerations, it was found that there is similarity in the average holocellulose content between the species and genera of bamboo, tree species, and other alternative materials that are used in industrial processes. The lignin content varied among tree species, bamboo, and alternative materials, wherein the bamboo presented the intermediate value. The biomasses show hydrogen/carbon ratios from 0.12 to 0.14, indicating that they are highly carbonized. The average value oxygen/carbon ratios of bamboo was 0.96, which indicates there is a higher hydrophobicity in its surface. The average oxygen value of bamboo species was 44.04%, bottom than that found for wood (47.42%); the high content of oxygen leads to a higher reactivity, wherein fast biomass volatilization occurs during the thermal degradation process. The presence of oxygen decreases the energy density as well as the miscibility in hydrocarbon fuels. The highest average values ​of extractives were found for bamboo, while the other groups of species showed similar values. The highest ash content occurred in the group of species of alternative materials, bamboo also presented high values according to specific standards.

A indústria alimentícia tem procurado alternativas para adicionar fibras e outras propriedades nutricionais em produtos. O objetivo deste artigo foi investigar o potencial de produtos formulados a partir de brotos e colmos jovens de bambu para a alimentação humana. Trata-se de um artigo de revisão integrativa, construída a partir do estudo de artigos científicos disponíveis nas bases de dados do Portal de Periódicos da CAPES, empregando os seguintes descritores ‘bamboo shoot’ (broto de bambu), ‘young bamboo culm’ (colmo jovem de bambu), ‘food industry’ (indústria alimentícia), ‘flour’ (farinha), ‘biscuits’ (biscoitos), ‘cookies’ (bolachas) e ‘nuggets’ (empanados), ambos utilizados em combinações, no período compreendido entre 2015 e 2022. Foram selecionados oito artigos científicos, um estudo para cada ano do período de interesse, que descrevem o uso de broto e colmo jovem de bambu em produtos alimentícios à base de fibras, farinhas e amido. Percebe-se que nos últimos anos o uso de brotos e colmos jovens de bambu tem despertado interesse do meio científico, principalmente devido ao seu alto valor nutricional, capacidade antioxidante, boa aceitação sensorial, reduzido teor de gordura e açúcar, estimulando o surgimento de mercado consumidor. Para o presente momento, a utilização de brotos e colmos jovens de bambu em preparações culinárias está suficientemente testada e agrega valor nutricional às formulações de panificação e pastelaria e aos produtos de origem animal, como os produtos lácteos e cárnicos.

Bamboo is a versatile, rapidly growing renewable raw material with high productivity, low handling cost, high ability to sequester atmospheric carbon and potential for energy purposes. The paper aimed to describe the potential of bamboo for energy purposes through different product alternatives. A specific literature review was carried out to tabulate data related to different energy alternatives for bamboo, considering the following questions: (i) which are the alternative bamboo products with energy potential? (ii) what are the parameters traditionally described in scientific articles? The average value of 4,396, 6,994, 4,597 and 4,530 kcal.kg-1, was found in the Gross Calorific Value (GCV) of biomass, charcoal, briquette and pellets of different bamboo species, values similar to those found for Eucalyptus grandis x Eucalyptus urophylla hybrid wood. The data prove the potential of bamboo as a source of energy and may even replace tree species traditionally used. El bambú es una materia prima renovable versátil y de rápido crecimiento con alta productividad, bajo costo de manipulación, alta capacidad de secuestrar carbono atmosférico y potencial para fines energéticos. El objetivo de este estudio es describir el potencial del bambú con fines energéticos a través de diferentes alternativas de productos. Se realizó un estudio de revisión de la literatura para tabular datos relacionados con diferentes alternativas de energía para el bambú, considerando las siguientes preguntas de investigación (i) ¿qué son los productos de bambú alternativos con potencial energético? (ii) ¿cuáles son los parámetros tradicionalmente descritos en artículos científicos? El valor promedio de 4.396, 6.994, 4.597 y 4.530 kcal.kg-1 se encontró en el poder calorífico superior (PCS) de biomasa, carbón, briquetas y pellets de diferentes especies de bambú y híbrido Eucalyptus grandis x Eucalyptus urophylla. Los datos muestran el potencial del bambú como fuente de energía e incluso pueden reemplazar las especies arbóreas utilizadas tradicionalmente. O bambu é uma matéria-prima renovável versátil e de rápido crescimento, com alta produtividade, baixo custo de manejo, alta capacidade de sequestrar carbono atmosférico e potencial para fins energéticos. O objetivo deste estudo é descrever o potencial do bambu para fins energéticos, por meio de diferentes alternativas de produtos. Foi realizado um estudo de revisão da literatura, para tabular dados relativos a diferentes alternativas energéticas para o bambu, considerando as seguintes perguntas de pesquisa (i) quais são produtos alternativos de bambu com potencial energético? (ii) quais os parâmetros tradicionalmente descritos em artigos científicos? Constatou-se o valor médio de 4.396, 6.994, 4.597 e 4.530 kcal.kg-1, no poder calorífico superior (PCS) da biomassa, carvão vegetal, briquete e pellets de diferentes espécies de bambu, valores semelhantes ao verificado para a madeira do hibrido de Eucalyptus grandis x Eucalyptus urophylla. Os dados comprovam o potencial do bambu como fonte energética, podendo inclusive substituir espécies arbóreas tradicionalmente utilizadas.

Bamboos are fast-growing plants, with outstanding physical-mechanical characteristics that may be chiefly ascribed to the features and dimensions of their main structural element: their fibers. This study aimed to perform a dimensional description (length, width, lumen diameter and wall thickness) and depict the indices and technical coefficients of fibers of bamboo species that occur in Brazil, through a bibliographical survey. The results showed that the basic density in test stem-specimens of the surveyed species varied between 0.451 g cm-3 and 0.780 g cm-3, what revealed a great variability among them. The average values observed for the fiber dimensions were 2.29 mm for length, 16.4 µm for total width, 6.4 µm for wall thickness and 3.5 µm for lumen diameter. From these data, it was possible to estimate indices and technical coefficients that support good physical-mechanical characteristics of bamboo in the several studied species.

Bamboo is a material used on a global scale in several areas. However, it needs adaptation in the processes for industrial use, in Brazil. The production of glued laminated panels has been growing in the world and this material can be a source of resources for this purpose. This study aimed to evaluate the physical-mechanical properties of laminated bamboo panels produced with two species (Phyllostachys aurea and Dendrocalamus asper) and two production processes/adhesives (glued-laminated bamboo and thermo-mechanical laminated bamboo). For the mechanical properties analysis, specimens removed from the panels were subjected to shear tests, Janka hardness and static bending. The same specimens were used to determine the apparent density, moisture content and degree of compression. The apparent density varied between 0.75 g cm-3 and 0.79 g cm-3, with equilibrium moisture contents between 7.83 % and 10.42 %. The highest values for the mechanical properties were verified in the thermo-mechanical laminated process. For D. asper, the modulus of rupture was 146.8 MPa, the shear glued line 6.36 MPa and the Janka hardness 3,852 N, while, for P. aurea, the modulus of elasticity reached 19,603 MPa. It was concluded that the production of bamboo laminated panels, especially using the thermo-mechanical process, can be a potential alternative. RESUMO O bambu é um material utilizado em escala global em diversas áreas. Contudo, necessita de aprimoramento nos processos para utilização industrial, no Brasil. A produção de painéis laminados colados está em crescimento no mundo e pode ser uma fonte de recursos para esse fim. Objetivou-se avaliar as propriedades físico-mecânicas de painéis laminados de bambu produzidos com duas espécies (Phyllostachys aurea e Dendrocalamus asper) e dois processos produtivos/adesivos (laminado colado e termomecânico). Para as análises mecânicas, corpos de prova retirados dos painéis foram submetidos a ensaios de cisalhamento, dureza Janka e flexão estática. Os mesmos corpos foram utilizados para a determinação da massa específica aparente, teor de umidade e grau de compressão. A massa específica aparente variou entre 0,75 g cm-3 e 0,79 g cm-3, com teor de umidade de equilíbrio entre 7,83 % e 10,42 %. Os maiores valores das propriedades mecânicas foram verificados no bambu laminado termomecânico. Para D. asper, o módulo de ruptura foi de 146,8 MPa, a resistência ao cisalhamento na linha de cola de 6,36 MPa e a dureza Janka atingiu 3.852 N, enquanto, para P. aurea, constatou-se 19.603 MPa no valor do módulo de elasticidade. Concluiu-se que a produção de painéis laminados de bambu, em especial no processo termomecânico, é uma potencial alternativa.