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¿Es posible que un foráneo desconocido en Chile haya sido parte de la construcción de la imagen país de esta nación? Si. Los ojos del explorador foráneo pueden revelar la nación a sí misma y devolverla gradualmente a través de las percepciones generadas afuera de sus bordes. Un ejemplo es la apropiación en Sudamérica del efecto generado por Humboldt en las audiencias europeas. Este artículo trata sobre cómo un trasmisor foráneo contribuyó en la construcción de la imagen país de Chile. El multidisciplinario y talentoso Rockwell Kent (1882-1971) presentó a los norteamericanos sus imágenes y asociaciones sobre Chile existentes en Tierra del Fuego, zona virgen sobre la cual ellos podrían construir mentalmente el paraíso que habían perdido en el cierre de la frontera Norteamericana. Est-il possible qu’un étranger inconnu du Chili puisse contribuer à la construction de l’image nationale de ce pays ? Certainement. Le regard d’un explorateur étranger a toujours joué un rôle important dans la révélation d’une nation à elle-même. En effet, les impressions étrangères se sont progressivement diffusées à l’ensemble de la nation, après leur acceptation par des publics hors de ses frontières. Ainsi en est-il des observations de Humboldt, qui avait acquis une audience européenne. Ainsi en est-il également, dans l’article suivant, du talentueux Rockwell Kent (1882-1971). Par des images et des écrits, celui‑ci a transmis à une génération d’américains du Nord, l’existence au sein du Chili, en Terre du Feu, d’une nature sauvage remémorant le Paradis qu’ils avaient eux-mêmes perdu, en raison de la fermeture de la frontière aux États‑Unis.

ObjectivesBronchial thermoplasty (BT) is a device-based treatment for subjects ≥18 years with severe asthma not well controlled with inhaled corticosteroids and long-acting beta-agonists. The Bronchial Thermoplasty Global Registry (BTGR) collected real-world data on subjects undergoing this procedure.DesignThe BTGR is an all-comer, prospective, open-label, multicentre study enrolling adult subjects indicated for and treated with BT.SettingEighteen centres in Spain, Italy, Germany, the UK, the Netherlands, the Czech Republic, South Africa and AustraliaParticipantsOne hundred fifty-seven subjects aged 18 years and older who were scheduled to undergo BT treatment for asthma. Subjects diagnosed with other medical conditions which, in the investigator’s opinion, made them inappropriate for BT treatment were excluded.Primary and secondary outcome measuresBaseline characteristics collected included demographics, Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire (AQLQ), Asthma Control Test (ACT), medication usage, forced expiratory volume in one second and forced vital capacity, medical history, comorbidities and 12-month baseline recall data (severe exacerbations (SE) and healthcare utilisation). SE incidence and healthcare utilisation were summarised at 1 and 2 years post-BT.ResultsSubjects’ baseline characteristics were representative of persons with severe asthma. A comparison of the proportion of subjects experiencing events during the 12 months prior to BT to the 2-year follow-up showed a reduction in SE (90.3% vs 56.1%, pConclusionsThe BTGR demonstrates sustained improvement in clinical outcomes and reduction in asthma medication usage 2 years after BT in a real-world population. This is consistent with results from other BT randomised controlled trials and registries and further supports improvement in asthma control after BT.Trial registration numberNCT02104856.

The past decade has seen an explosion of discoveries and new insights into the diffuse gas within galaxies, galaxy clusters, and the filaments composing the Cosmic Web. A new decade will bring fresh opportunities to further this progress towards developing a comprehensive view of the composition, thermal state, and physical processes of diffuse gas in the Universe. Ultraviolet (UV) spectroscopy, probing diffuse 10^4-10^6 K gas at high spectral resolution, is uniquely poised to (1) witness environmental galaxy quenching processes in action, such as strangulation and tidal- and ram-pressure stripping, (2) directly account for the baryon content of galaxy clusters in the cold-warm (T

Large O VI columns are observed around star-forming low-redshift ̃ {L}* galaxies, with a dependence on impact parameter indicating that most {{{O}}}5+ particles reside beyond half the halo virial radius (≳ 100 {kpc}). In order to constrain the nature of the gas traced by {{O}} {{vi}}, we analyze additional observables of the outer halo, namely {{H}} {{i}} to O VI column ratios of 1-10, an absence of low-ion absorption, a mean differential extinction of {E}B-V≈ {10}-3, and a linear relation between the O VI column and the O VI velocity width. We contrast these observations with two physical scenarios: (1) O VI traces high-pressure (̃ 30 {cm}}-3 {{K}}) collisionally ionized gas cooling from a virially shocked phase, and (2) O VI traces low-pressure (≲ 1 {cm}}-3 {{K}}) gas beyond the accretion shock, where the gas is in ionization and thermal equilibrium with the UV background. We demonstrate that the high-pressure scenario requires multiple gas phases to explain the observations and a large deposition of energy at ≳ 100 {kpc} to offset the energy radiated by the cooling gas. In contrast, the low-pressure scenario can explain all considered observations with a single gas phase in thermal equilibrium, provided that the baryon overdensity is comparable to the dark-matter overdensity and that the gas is enriched to ≳ {Z}☉ /3 with an ISM-like dust-to-metal ratio. The low-pressure scenario implies that O VI traces a cool flow with a mass flow rate of ̃ 5 {{{M}}}☉ {yr}}-1, comparable to the star formation rate of the central galaxies. The O VI line widths are consistent with the velocity shear expected within this flow. The low-pressure scenario predicts a bimodality in absorption line ratios at ̃ 100 {kpc}, due to the pressure jump across the accretion shock.

We use household survey data from Senegal to model the effects of empowerment within the home on married women?s wellbeing. The estimated effects of empowerment are at least as large as more conventional development indicators, such as household income. The size of the empowerment effect is robust to alternative estimation techniques, including an Instrumental Variables estimator.

The CFA consists several African economies adhering to one of two common currencies, and one of two central banks. The rules of the monetary union provide for the pooling of foreign assets, and the regulation of monetary expansion in each country. The French treasury guarantees the convertibility of CFA Francs into French Francs at a fixed rate. The thesis examines the impact of CFA membership on the macroeconomic performance of member states, assessing the claim that CFA institutions have influenced capital and labour markets, and have modified short run adjustment to external shocks. There are a number of reasons why CFA membership could facilitate higher investment, (i) The rules governing money creation may lead to greater monetary prudence, and so lower inflation and price variability, and less uncertainty for investors, (ii) Guaranteed convertibility means that firms will never be prevented from importing capital goods by a lack of foreign exchange, (iii) Convertibility may encourage a greater degree of integration between French and CFA capital markets, so that domestic investment is not entirely dependant on domestic saving. A model of investment is constructed to incorporate these effects, and tested using time series and cross-sectional data. Support is found for (i) and (ii), but not for (iii). If African labour markets are characterised by nominal wage inertia, the enforced low inflation may lead to excessive real wages, and CFA membership may impair efficient allocation of labour. However, evidence suggests this characterisation is usually inappropriate. The pegged exchange rate may lead to persistent external imbalances: devaluation is not an option in response to a negative trade shock. This will not be a problem as long as an effective substitute for devaluation is found. A CGE model is constructed to examine the viability of various devaluation substitutes, none of which are found to be adequate.