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Oral presentation. 19th International Bryozoological Association conference, Dublin 2022., Ocean warming and acidification may compromise calcifying species. However, their combined and long-term effects in bryozoans remain poorly understood. Here we compare the proportion of cover, skeletal structure and the microbiome composition of Pentapora ottomuelleriana population from a volcanic CO2 vent and a population living at ambient pH with lack of venting activity. The proportion of cover decreased from 2016 to 2020 at both sites but the trend was more negative at the CO2 vent site. The increasing seawater temperature in the last decade combined with acidified conditions have accelerated mortality rates at the CO2 vent site compared to those at ambient pH site, also shifting the microbiome towards the dominance of anaerobic microbial taxa. We also observed an increase of carbonate skeleton thickness and a decrease of zooid length in colonies from the CO2 vent site. Although these changes in the calcification of bryozoan individuals could be explained by the energy reallocation to calcification in periods of stress, they are not sufficient to overcome the synergistic impacts of both warming and acidification.

The polar regions provide valuable insights into the functioning of the Earth’s regulating systems. Conducting field research in such harsh and remote environments requires strong international cooperation, extended planning horizons, sizable budgets and long-term investment. Consequently, polar research is particularly vulnerable to societal and economic pressures during periods of austerity. The global financial crisis of 2008, and the ensuing decade of economic slowdown, have already adversely affected polar research, and the current COVID-19 pandemic has added further pressure. In this article we present the outcomes of a community survey that aimed to assess the main barriers and success factors identified by academic researchers at all career stages in response to these global crises. The survey results indicate that the primary barriers faced by polar early and mid-career researchers (EMCRs) act at institutional level, while mitigating factors are developed at individual and group levels. Later career scientists report pressure toward taking early retirement as a means of institutions saving money, reducing both academic leadership and the often unrecognized but vital mentor roles that many play. Gender and social inequalities are also perceived as important barriers. Reorganization of institutional operations and more effective strategies for long-term capacity building and retaining of talent, along with reduction in non-research duties shouldered by EMCRs, would make important contributions toward ensuring continued vitality and innovation in the polar research community.

3 pages, 2 figures, [EN] Since the Industrial Revolution, the burning of fossil fuels has caused the concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere to increase progressively, from about 278 ppm (parts per million by volume) to the current 414 ppm (the average for 2020 at Mauna Loa Observatory, Hawaii). The concentration would be even higher if it were not for the oceans, which currently absorb about a quarter of the CO2 that humans emit into the atmosphere. In return, however, this absorption is causing changes in the chemistry of seawater. When CO2 passes from air to water, it is involved in a series of chemical reactions and equilibria that result in an increase in acidity and therefore a decrease in pH. […], [ES] Desde la Revolución Industrial, debido a la quema de combustibles fósiles, la concentración de dióxido de carbono (CO2) en la atmósfera está aumentando progresivamente, pasando de unas 278 ppm (partes por millón en volumen) hasta las actuales 414 ppm (media para el año 2020 en el observatorio de Mauna Loa, Hawai). Esta concentración sería aún mayor si no fuera por los océanos, que actualmente absorben aproximadamente una cuarta parte del CO2 que los humanos emitimos a la atmósfera. En contrapartida, sin embargo, esta absorción está provocando cambios en la química del agua de mar. Una vez el CO2 pasa del aire al agua, interviene en una serie de reacciones y equilibrios químicos que se traducen en un aumento de la acidez y, por tanto, en una disminución del pH. […], [CAT] Des de la Revolució Industrial, degut a la crema de combustibles fòssils, la concentració de diòxid de carboni (CO2) a l’atmosfera està augmentant progressivament, tot passant d’unes 278 ppm (parts per milió en volum) fins a les actuals 414 ppm (mitjana per l’any 2020 a l’observatori de Mauna Loa, Hawaii). Aquesta concentració seria encara més alta si no fos pels oceans, que actualment absorbeixen aproximadament una quarta part del CO2 que els humans emetem a l’atmosfera. En contrapartida, però, aquesta absorció està provocant canvis en la química de l’aigua de mar. Un cop el CO2 passa de l’aire a l’aigua, intervé en una sèrie de reaccions i equilibris químics que es tradueixen en un augment de l’acidesa i, per tant, en una disminució del pH. […], Blanca Figuerola has received funding from the postdoctoral fellowships programme Beatriu de Pinós funded by the Secretary of Universities and Research (Government of Catalonia) and by the Horizon 2020 programme of research and innovation of the European Union under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No 801370 (Incorporation grant 2019 BP 00183)

22 pages, 5 figures, 2 tables, supplementary material https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2021.584445/full#supplementary-materia, Understanding the vulnerability of marine calcifiers to ocean acidification is a critical issue, especially in the Southern Ocean (SO), which is likely to be the one of the first, and most severely affected regions. Since the industrial revolution, ~30% of anthropogenic CO2 has been absorbed by the global oceans. Average surface seawater pH levels have already decreased by 0.1 and are projected to decline by ~0.3 by the year 2100. This process, known as ocean acidification (OA), is shallowing the saturation horizon, which is the depth below which calcium carbonate (CaCO3) dissolves, likely increasing the vulnerability of many resident marine calcifiers to dissolution. The negative impact of OA may be seen first in species depositing more soluble CaCO3 mineral phases such as aragonite and high-Mg calcite (HMC). Ocean warming could further exacerbate the effects of OA in these particular species. Here we combine a review and a quantitative meta-analysis to provide an overview of the current state of knowledge about skeletal mineralogy of major taxonomic groups of SO marine calcifiers and to make projections about how OA might affect a broad range of SO taxa. We consider a species' geographic range, skeletal mineralogy, biological traits, and potential strategies to overcome OA. The meta-analysis of studies investigating the effects of the OA on a range of biological responses such as shell state, development and growth rate illustrates that the response variation is largely dependent on mineralogical composition. Species-specific responses due to mineralogical composition indicate that taxa with calcitic, aragonitic, and HMC skeletons, could be at greater risk to expected future carbonate chemistry alterations, and low-Mg calcite (LMC) species could be mostly resilient to these changes. Environmental and biological control on the calcification process and/or Mg content in calcite, biological traits, and physiological processes are also expected to influence species-specific responses, We are grateful for support to publish this paper from The Pew Charitable Trusts. We acknowledged support of the publication fee by the CSIC Open Access Publication Support Initiative through its Unit of Information Resources for Research (URICI). BF was supported by a postdoctoral contract Juan de la Cierva-Incorporación (IJCI-2017-31478) of Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades, With the funding support of the ‘Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence’ accreditation (CEX2019-000928-S), of the Spanish Research Agency (AEI)

European Marine Observation and Data Network (EMODnet) Conference, 14-18 June 2021, CorMedNet is a regional database that aims to gather information on the distribution and demography of habitat forming invertebrate species dwelling in the Mediterranean sea As an EMODnet data provider, it promotes the adoption of integrative and standardized protocols and is linked to the active online version cormednet medrecover org where users could explore, download, and upload their data to enhance interoperability and provide the most comprehensive and complete dataset It includes published scientific papers using different search strategies in the ISI Web of Knowledge and Google Scholar grey literature and technical reports We compiled data on geographic and depth distribution, demography, and mortality including both, in situ SCUBA sampling and video photo surveys We found 4656 database records from more than 230 species that occur in the Mediterranean province The records are sampled between 1882 and 2019 and mainly ranged from 0 to 60 meters depth This growing compilation effort is a unique opportunity to construct a regional map of distribution and conservation status of coralligenous species under global warming effects while identifying geographic and species gaps We are planning to include data from genetics and species traits Furthermore, we will incorporate citizen science data from the Seawatchers platform observadoresdelmar es This will translate this research beyond scientific barriers, generating new knowledge for science and enhancing divulgation and participation for citizens Thus, we will contribute to the goal of an inclusive society, affecting policy, learning, and innovation to support research and management actions, enhancing the effectiveness of conservation of Mediterranean coralligenous assemblages

2 pages, 1 figure, [EN] Oceans are an important source of food for Humanity. Oceanic production depends on primary producers, mainly phytoplankton, which are photosynthetic organisms that transform inorganic matter into organic matter and oxygen using the sunlight. These organisms are the basis of oceanic food webs and become the main source of all exploitable marine resources. The proper use of these resources by Humankind is not only based on their sustainable exploitation, but also on a fine-tuned balance among all the ecosystem components. To this end, it is essential to have an integrated knowledge of the dynamics of the oceans and of their inhabiting living organisms (Figure 1). […], [ES] Los océanos constituyen una importante fuente de alimento para la Humanidad. La producción oceánica depende de los productores primarios, principalmente fitoplancton, que son organismos fotosintéticos que convierten la materia inorgánica en materia orgánica y oxígeno utilizando la energía solar. Estos organismos constituyen la base de las redes tróficas oceánicas y son la fuente directa o indirecta de todos los recursos marinos explotables. El buen uso de estos recursos por parte del Hombre no solo se basa en una explotación sostenible de los mismos, sino también en mantener el equilibrio natural de todos los componentes del ecosistema. Para ello, es fundamental un conocimiento integrado de la dinámica de los océanos y de los organismos que los habitan (figura 1). […], [CAT] Els oceans constitueixen una important font d’aliment per a la humanitat. La producció oceànica depèn dels productors primaris, principalment fitoplàncton, que són organismes fotosintètics que converteixen la matèria inorgànica en matèria orgànica i oxigen utilitzant l’energia solar. Aquests organismes constitueixen la base de les xarxes tròfiques oceàniques i són la font directa o indirecta de tots els recursos marins explotables. El bon ús d’aquests recursos per part de l’home no sols es basa en la seva explotació sostenible, sinó també en mantenir l’equilibri natural de tots els components de l’ecosistema. Per a això, és fonamental un coneixement integrat de la dinàmica dels oceans i dels organismes que els habiten (figura 1). […]

VII International Symposium on Marine Sciences (ISMS 2020), 1-3 July 2020 (Barcelona).-- 1 page.-- This is an AntEco (SCAR) contribution, Antarctic shallow coastal marine communities were long thought to be isolated from their nearest neighbours by hundreds of kilometres of deep ocean and the Antarctic Circumpolar Current. The discovery of non–native kelp washed up on Antarctic beaches led us to question the permeability of these barriers to species dispersal. According to the literature, over 70 million kelp rafts are afloat in the Southern Ocean at any one time. These living, floating islands can play host to a range of passenger species from both their original coastal location and those picked in the open ocean. Driven by winds, currents and storms towards the coast of the continent, these rafts are often cited as theoretical vectors for the introduction of new species into Antarctica and the sub-Antarctic islands. We found non-native kelps, with a wide range of “hitchhiking” passenger organisms, on an Antarctic beach inside the flooded caldera of an active volcanic island. This is the first evidence of non-native species reaching the Antarctic continent alive on kelp rafts. One passenger species, the bryozoan Membranipora membranacea, is found to be an invasive and ecologically harmful species in some cold-water regions, and this is its first record from Antarctica. The caldera of Deception Island provides considerably milder conditions than the frigid surrounding waters and it could be an ideal location for newly introduced species to become established. These findings may help to explain many of the biogeographic patterns and connections we currently see in the Southern Ocean. However, with the impacts of climate change in the region we may see an increase in the range and number of organisms capable of surviving both the long journey and becoming successfully established, This study has been developed within the frame of the BLUEBIO project (CTM2016-78901/ANT)

Fenestrulina multiflorum n. sp. (FIg. 15; TAbLE 17) Etymology. LATIN ‘ multi- ’, MORE THAN ONE, AND ‘ flΟs ’, FLOWER, ALLUDINg TO THE LARgE FLOWER-LIKE PORES. Material examined. HΟlΟtype: CRBA-58233, STN PAT0209DR05, COLONY C. 10 MM LONg, 2 MM WIDE, ENCRUSTINg CORAL. Description. COLONY FORMINg ENCRUSTINg PATCHES; COLONY SIZE AbOUT 10 MM LONg bY 2 MM WIDE. AUTOZOOIDS ELONgATE-OVAL TO HEXAgONAL, CONVEX, SEPARATED bY DEEP, WIDE gROOVES, WITH THE VERTICAL WALLS OF EACH AUTOZOOID FORMINg A bORDER TO THE FRONTAL WALL; UNCALCIFIED WINDOW IN THE bASAL WALLS. FRONTAL SHIELD WITH NUMEROUS LARgE, CLOSELY SPACED, STELLATE PORES OVER ITS WHOLE SURFACE, AND WITH A SINgLE SERIES bETWEEN THE ORIFICE AND THE ASCOPORE. PRIMARY ORIFICE WIDER THAN LONg. FOUR OR FIVE SLENDER ORAL SPINES. ASCOPORE SEPARATED FROM THE ORIFICE bY A DISTANCE ALMOST EqUIVALENT TO THE ORIFICE LENgTH; NARROWLY OVAL, FINELY DENTICULATE. OVICELL gLObOSE, SURFACE CORRUgATED. Remarks. THIS gENUS IS DIVERSE IN ANTARCTIC AND SUbANTARCTIC SOUTH ATLANTIC WATERS bUT ONLY THE NEW SPECIES HAS AUTOZOOIDS WITH FOUR OR FIVE ORAL SPINES IN THE SAME COLONY. THE ANTARCTIC SPECIES Fenestrulina mariΟni HAYWARD & RYLAND, 1990 HAS STRICTLY FIVE ORAL SPINES, AND SIX ANTARCTIC AND SUbANTARCTIC SPECIES CONSISTENTLY HAVE FOUR ORAL SPINES: F. amplissima HAYWARD, 1980, F. cerνicΟrnis HAYWARD & RYLAND, 1990, F. dictyΟta HAYWARD & RYLAND, 1990, F. dupla HAYWARD & RYLAND, 1990, F. hΟrrida MOYANO, 1985 AND F. specca GORDON, 1989. F. mariΟni HAS A SINgLE MARgINAL SERIES OF STELLATE PORES. F. multiflΟrum n. sp. DIFFERS FROM F. amplissima, F. cerνicΟrnis AND F. dictyΟta MAINLY IN THE PRESENCE OF STOUT SPINES, bIFURCATED IN THE LATTER SPECIES. F. hΟrrida HAS A SMALLER, VERYINCONSPICUOUS ASCOPORE. F. dupla HAS PORES OVER ITS WHOLE SURFACE AND A SINgLE SERIES bETWEEN THE ORIFICE AND THE ASCOPORE INSTEAD OF TWO SERIES; THE PORES ARE ALSO EXCEPTIONALLY LARgE AND PUSTULOSE, WHICH DISTINgUISHES THEM FROM THOSE IN F. ampla CANU AND BASSLER, 1928. HAYWARD & WINSTON (2011) REPORTED THE NEW ZEALAND SPECIES Fenestrulina specca GORDON, 1989 FROM THE SOUTHWEST ATLANTIC; IT HAS THREE OR FOUR SLENDER SPINES bUT IT DIFFERS FROM THE NEW SPECIES IN THE PRESENCE OF A DOUbLE SERIES OF PSEUDOPORES bETWEEN THE ORIFICE AND THE ASCOPORE AND THE CALCIFIED ENDOOECIUM IS FINELY gRANULAR. n, number of measurements made; SD, standard deviation

Smittoidea granulosa n. sp. (FIg. 8; TAbLE 10) Etymology. LATIN ��� granul��sus ���, gRANULAR, ALLUDINg TO THE gRANULAR FRONTAL SHIELD. Material examined. H��l��type: CRBA-58262, STN PAT0209DR12 (SAMPLE COATED WITH gOLD), COLONY C. 10 MM LONg, 8 MM WIDE. Description. COLONY ENCRUSTINg, UNILAMINAR; COLONY SIZE C. 10 MM LONg, 8 MM WIDE. AUTOZOOIDS HEXAgONAL, FLAT. FRONTAL SHIELD FLAT OR CONVEX MEDIALLY, gRANULAR, bORDERED bY RAISED RIDgES, AND 14���17 MARgINAL AREOLAR PORES. PRIMARY ORIFICE WIDER THAN LONg, PROXIMAL EDgE WITH SHORT, bROAD, SLIgHTLY CURVED-EDgED LYRULA, OCCUPYINg PROXIMATELY HALF WIDTH OF ORIFICE; CONDYLES CONSPICUOUS, SHARPLY POINTED, DOWN-CURVED. NO ORAL SPINES. PERISTOME LOW, WITH MEDIO-PROXIMAL NOTCH, SOMETIMES AbOVE A SMALL OVAL SUbORAL AVICULARIUM, WITH SEMI-ELLIPTICAL MANDIbLE, PARALLEL TO FRONTAL PLANE, DIRECTED PROXIMALLY, CROSSbAR SLENDER. OVICELL RECUMbENT ON FRONTAL SHIELD OF DISTALLY SUCCEEDINg AUTOZOOID, HEMISPHERICAL; ECTOOECIUM WITH LARgE, UNCALCIFIED FRONTAL AREA; THE EXPOSED ENDOOECIUM PIERCED bY NUMEROUS, IRREgULAR PORES. Remarks. Smitt��idea granul��sa n. sp. RESEMbLES S. cancellata HAYWARD & WINSTON, 2011, IN THE OVERALL APPEARANCE, bUT DIFFERS IN HAVINg MUCH LARgER ZOOIDS, gRANULAR FRONTAL SHIELD AND OOECIUM (NOT DIMPLED), MORE NUMEROUS MARgINAL AREOLAR PORES (14���17, MOSTLY 17, COMPARED TO 10���15), AND IN THE AbSENCE OF DIMORPHIC AVICULARIA. n, number of measurements made; SD, standard deviation, Published as part of Figuerola, Blanca, Gordon, Dennis P. & Cristobo, Javier, 2018, New deep Cheilostomata (Bryozoa) species from the Southwestern Atlantic: shedding light in the dark, pp. 211-249 in Zootaxa 4375 (2) on pages 223-225, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4375.2.3, http://zenodo.org/record/1298290

Amynaskolia n. gen. Type species. Amynaskolia foramina n. sp. (SEE DESCRIPTION bELOW). Etymology. FROM GREEK ��� ����υ����ς ��� (��mynas, COLLAR) AND ��� ���������� ��� (k��li��, DEFENSIVE), ALLUDINg TO THE AVICULARIA SURROUNDINg THE PRIMARY ORIFICE. Diagnosis. COLONY ENCRUSTINg, MULTISERIAL. AUTOZOOIDS WITH EVENLY PSEUDOPOROUS FRONTAL SHIELD. PRIMARY ORIFICE WITH bROAD LYRULA. NO ORAL SPINES. PERISTOME ELEVATED, SUbTUbULAR WITH PROXIMOFRONTAL PSEUDOSPIRAMEN. AVICULARIA PAIRED, LATERO-ORAL, WITH ADDITIONAL AVICULARIA AbLE TO bE bUDDED bETWEEN THESE. ENDOZOOIDAL OVICELL CALCIFIED WITH A FEW SCATTERED PORES, COVERED bY SECONDARY CALCIFICATION. Remarks. THE NEW gENUS DIFFERS FROM Smittina AND RELATED PSEUDOPOROUS SMITTINIDS IN HAVINg PAIRED LATERO- ORAL AVICULARIA bETWEEN WHICH ADDITIONAL ADVENTITIOUS AVICULARIA MAY bE bUDDED. ADDITIONALLY, ALL ENDOZOOIDAL OVICELLS IN THE PRESENT MATERIAL ARE AT THE gROWINg MARgIN AND APPEAR COVERED bY SECONDARY CALCIFICATION., Published as part of Figuerola, Blanca, Gordon, Dennis P. & Cristobo, Javier, 2018, New deep Cheilostomata (Bryozoa) species from the Southwestern Atlantic: shedding light in the dark, pp. 211-249 in Zootaxa 4375 (2) on pages 225-226, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4375.2.3, http://zenodo.org/record/1298290

Membranicellaria balanyai n. sp. (FIg. 2A���F; TAbLE 3) Etymology. NAMED AFTER THE gENETICIST DR JOAN BALANY��, UNCLE OF THE FIRST AUTHOR, IN RECOgNITION OF HIS SCIENTIFIC CONTRIbUTIONS. Material examined. H��l��type: CRBA-58264, STN PAT0209DR04 (SAMPLE COATED WITH gOLD), FRAgMENT 10 MM LONg, 7 MM WIDE. Paratypes: CRBA-58265, STN PAT1108DR06 (SAMPLE COATED WITH gOLD), FRAgMENT 10 MM LONg, 9 MM WIDE, CRBA-58246, STN PAT1208DR05, FRAgMENT 45 MM LONg, 14 MM WIDE. CRBA-58247, STN PAT1108DR05, FRAgMENT 15 MM LONg, 8 MM WIDE. ALL TYPE SPECIMENS LACKINg DISTAL COLONY PORTIONS. Other: SEM MICROgRAPHS OF NHMUK 1887.12.9.438, LECTOTYPE OF Membranicellaria dubia (BUSK, 1884). Description. COLONY ERECT, bILAMINAR, bRANCHINg IRREgULARLY, DEVELOPINg bROAD, FLAT LObES, ATTACHED bY CUTICULAR RHIZOIDS; OVERALL SIZE NOT KNOWN. AUTOZOOIDS qUADRANgULAR TO HEXAgONAL, SEPARATED bY RAISED MARgINS; MEMbRANOUS FRONTAL WALL UNDERLAIN bY A THICKLY CALCIFIED CONCAVE CRYPTOCYST; OPESIA OVAL, SITUATED IN THE CENTRE OF THE CRYPTOCYST AND EqUIVALENT TO HALF TOTAL LENgTH OF A ZOOID OR MORE; VERTICAL WALLS WITH LARgE MULTIPOROUS SEPTULA. SMALL KENOZOOIDS WITH REDUCED OPESIAE. ELONgATE AVICULARIA WITH ELONgATED ROUNDED ROSTRUM, DISTRIbUTED ALONg COLONY EDgES; PALATE WITH AN ELONgATE OVAL OPESIA AND STOUT MANDIbULAR PIVOTS. OVICELLS AbSENT IN THE AVAILAbLE MATERIAL. n, number of measurements made; SD, standard deviation Remarks. Membranicellaria balanyai n. sp. REPRESENTS THE THIRD KNOWN SPECIES OF THE gENUS. SCANNINg ELECTRON MICROgRAPHS OF THE LECTOTYPE OF M. dubia (BUSK, 1884), PROVIDED bY MARY SPENCER JONES (NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM, LONDON, NHMUK) CLARIFIES THE DISTINCTNESS OF OUR NEW SPECIES (FIg. 2G���H, TAbLE 4). BUSK'S LECTOTYPE SPECIMEN OF M. dubia WAS COLLECTED FROM A DEEP-SEA STATION OFF THE PATAgONIAN SHELF AT 37��S. BOTH LEVINSEN (1909) AND HAYWARD & WINSTON (2011) ILLUSTRATED OVICELLATE ZOOIDS OF THE LECTOTYPE bY LINE DRAWINgS, SHOWINg THE OPENINg OF THE OVICELL TO bE ���TRIFOLIATE���. THIS SHAPE IS NOT EVIDENT IN FIg. 2G AND WE ASSUME THAT A SLIgHTLY DISTAL TILTINg MIgHT bETTER SHOW OR ENHANCE IT. M. balanyai n. sp. DIFFERS FROM M. dubia IN LACKINg THE DISTINCTLY RAISED RIMS DEFININg ZOOIDAL AND OPESIAL MARgINS, AND THE AVICULARIUM HAS A LONgER, SUbHASTATE ROSTRUM AND SHORTER MANDIbULAR PIVOTS, COMPARED TO THE LINgULATE ROSTRUM WITH LONgER PIVOTS OF M. dubia. MEAN ZOOIDAL AND OPESIAL SIZES ARE ALSO gREATER IN M. balanyai THAN IN M. dubia. M. pellucens DE BLAUWE & GORDON, 2014 FROM EASTERN WEDDELL SEA HAS HYALINE ZOOIDS THAT ARE PROPORTIONATELY LONgER THAN IN THE OTHER TWO SPECIES AND THE CRYPTOCYST OF M. dubia IS MUCH MORE DENSELY gRANULAR THAN IN M. pellucens., Published as part of Figuerola, Blanca, Gordon, Dennis P. & Cristobo, Javier, 2018, New deep Cheilostomata (Bryozoa) species from the Southwestern Atlantic: shedding light in the dark, pp. 211-249 in Zootaxa 4375 (2) on pages 214-216, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4375.2.3, http://zenodo.org/record/1298290

Amynaskolia foramina n. sp. (FIg. 9; TAbLE 11) Etymology. LATIN ��� f��ramina ��� (PL.), OPENINgS OR SHORT PASSAgES, ESPECIALLY IN THE bODY, ALLUDINg TO THE FORAMINA RESULTINg FROM THE SECONDARY CALCIFICATION AND CLUSTERINg OF THE ORIgINAL PSEUDOPORES. Material examined. H��l��type: CRBA-58228, STN PAT0209DR15 (SAMPLE COATED WITH gOLD), COLONY C. 5 MM LONg, 7 MM WIDE. Description. COLONY ENCRUSTINg, UNILAMINAR; COLONY SIZE C. 5 MM LONg, 7 MM WIDE. AUTOZOOIDS HEXAgONAL TO RECTANgULAR. FRONTAL SHIELD EVENLY PERFORATED bY CONSPICUOUS PSEUDOPORES; SECONDARY CALCIFICATION RESULTINg IN FEWER, LARgER FORAMINA, WITH CLUSTERS OF THE ORIgINAL PSEUDOPORES EVIDENT AT A LOWER LEVEL. PRIMARY ORIFICE AS WIDE AS LONg, LYRULA VERY bROAD WITH SHORT ALAE. NO ORAL SPINES. PERISTOME WELL DEVELOPED, TUbULAR WITH A LARgE ROUNDED PSEUDOSPIRAMEN MIDPROXIMALLY; SECONDARY CALCIFICATION MODIFYINg SHAPE AND POSITION OF THE PSEUDOSPIRAMEN. A PAIR OF OVAL AVICULARIA SITUATED LATERO-ORALLY, ONE ON EACH SIDE OF THE PERISTOME, ROSTRUM SHORTLY LINgULATE, CROSSbAR WITH A SHORT LIgULA ON ROSTRAL SIDE; ADDITIONAL SUCH AVICULARIA MAY DEVELOP bETWEEN THE LATERO-ORAL PAIR. OVICELL WIDER THAN LONg, SUbIMMERSED TO IMMERSED AT COLONY MARgIN, WITH ECTOOECIUM APPARENTLY MEMbRANOUS, ENDOOECIUM CALCIFIED, WITH SPARSE SMALL PORES OF VARIAbLE SIZE. ANCESTRULA NOT SEEN. Remarks. THE FINDINg OF ADDITIONAL FERTILE MATERIAL MAY HELP TO CHARACTERISE THE STRUCTURE OF THE OVICELL. n, number of measurements made; SD, standard deviation, Published as part of Figuerola, Blanca, Gordon, Dennis P. & Cristobo, Javier, 2018, New deep Cheilostomata (Bryozoa) species from the Southwestern Atlantic: shedding light in the dark, pp. 211-249 in Zootaxa 4375 (2) on page 226, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4375.2.3, http://zenodo.org/record/1298290

Mawatarius avilae n. sp. (FIg. 10; TAbLE 12) Etymology. NAMED AFTER DR CONXITA AVILA, CHEMICAL ECOLOgIST, IN APPRECIATION OF HER FUNDINg SUPPORT OF THIS AND OTHER ANTARCTIC RESEARCH PROjECTS. Material examined. H��l��type: CRBA-58242, STN PAT 1008BC24 (SAMPLE COATED WITH gOLD), COLONY bRANCHINg, C. 8 MM LONg, WITH PROXIMAL AND DISTAL PORTIONS, SOME bRANCHES bROKEN. Description. COLONY ERECT, DICHOTOMOUSLY bRANCHINg IN DIFFERENT PLANES; COLONY C. 8 MM LONg. ZOOIDS ARISINg CENTRALLY, bOUNDARIES UNDEFINED. FRONTAL SHIELD DENSELY AND MINUTELY gRANULAR. PRIMARY ORIFICE WITH A MEDIAN CUSP; SECONDARY ORIFICE COMPOSED OF A SHORT PERISTOMIAL RIM AND WITH A DISTINCT PROXIMAL PSEUDOSINUS. NO ORAL SPINES OR AVICULARIA. OVICELL NOT SEEN. AbFRONTAL (bASAL) SIDE WITH AREOLAR-SEPTULAR PORES. Remarks. Mawatarius a��ilae n. sp. IS ONLY THE THIRD SPECIES OF THE gENUS. IT DIFFERS FROM M. inexpectabilis (GORDON, 1985) AND M. secundus GORDON & D'HONDT, 1997 bY bRANCHINg IN DIVERSE PLANES, THE SECONDARY ORIFICE LACKS A DENTICULATE RIM, AND AREOLAR PORES OCCUR ONLY IN THE AbFRONTAL (bASAL) SIDE. FURTHER, M. secundus HAS AN ANVIL- SHAPED LYRULA. N RANGE MEAN SD SECONDARY ORIFICE WIDTH 16 0.205���0.260 0.229 0.016 n, number of measurements made; SD, standard deviation, Published as part of Figuerola, Blanca, Gordon, Dennis P. & Cristobo, Javier, 2018, New deep Cheilostomata (Bryozoa) species from the Southwestern Atlantic: shedding light in the dark, pp. 211-249 in Zootaxa 4375 (2) on pages 226-228, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4375.2.3, http://zenodo.org/record/1298290

Spigaleos simplex n. sp. (FIg. 18; TAbLE 20) Etymology. LATIN ‘ simplex ’, SIMPLE, ALLUDINg TO THE AbSENCE OF AN AVICULARIUM. Material examined. HΟlΟtype: CRBA-58263, STN PAT0209DR15, COLONY FRAgMENT C. 20 MM LONg, 1 MM WIDE, LACKINg PROXIMAL AND DISTAL PORTIONS. Description. COLONY ERECT, DICHOTOMOUSLY bRANCHINg, THE bRANCHES CYLINDRICAL; OVERALL SIZE NOT KNOWN. AUTOZOOIDS IN SPIRAL WHORLS OF FOUR, ELONgATE, CONVEX, SEPARATED bY FAINT gROOVES. FRONTAL WALL FINELY gRANULAR; MARgINAL PORES SMALL, SIDES LONgITUDINALLY TAPERINg. PRIMARY ORIFICE WIDER THAN LONg, PROXIMAL EDgE WITH A SHORT U- SHAPED SINUS. NO ORAL SPINES. PERISTOME DEEP, CONCEALINg ORIFICE. NO AVICULARIA. OVICELLS NOT PRESENT IN THE AVAILAbLE MATERIAL. BASAL SURFACE OF COLONY WITH SCATTERED PORES bUT NO SUTURES. Remarks. SpigaleΟs simplex n. sp. REPRESENTS THE FOURTH SPECIES OF THE gENUS AND THE FIRST RECORD IN THE PATAgONIAN REgION (PREVIOUSLY REPORTED ONLY IN ANTARCTICA). ALTHOUgH HAYWARD (1992) DESCRIbED SUbORAL AVICULARIA AS AN IMPORTANT gENERIC CHARACTER, S. simplex HAS OTHER SHARED CHARACTERS WITH SpigaleΟs: ERECT COLONY DICHOTOMOUSLY bRANCHINg, CYLINDRICAL STEMS, AUTOZOOIDS IN WHORLS OF FOUR, FRONTAL WALL WITH MARgINAL PORES, PRIMARY ORIFICE WITH A MEDIO-PROXIMAL SINUS AND NO ORAL SPINES. IT IS DISTINgUISHED FROM THE TYPE SPECIES ESPECIALLY IN THE AbSENCE OF A SUbORAL AVICULARIUM. THE CHARACTER OF THE ORIFICE RESEMbLES THAT IN S. elegans DE BLAUWE & GORDON, 2014 AND S. striatula HAYWARD & WINSTON, 2011 IN WHICH THE PRIMARY ORIFICE IS WIDER THAN LONg, AND S. hΟrnerΟides (WATERS, 1904) WITH A U-SHAPED SINUS. THE NEW SPECIES HAS A FINELY gRANULAR FRONTAL WALL AS IN S. hΟrnerΟides. n, number of measurements made; SD, standard deviation

Microporella gappai n. sp. (FIg. 13; TAbLE 15) Etymology. NAMED AFTER DR JUAN L��PEZ-GAPPA, bRYOZOAN TAXONOMIST, IN APPRECIATION OF HIS HELP WITH THE bIbLIOgRAPHY USED FOR THIS PAPER, AND FOR HIS SIgNIFICANT CONTRIbUTION TO THE KNOWLEDgE OF bRYOZOANS FROM ARgENTINA. Material examined. H��l��type: CRBA-58248, STN PAT0209DR05, COLONY C. 20 MM LONg, 15 MM WIDE, ENCRUSTINg CORAL. Description. COLONY ENCRUSTINg, UNILAMINAR; COLONY SIZE C. 20 MM LONg, 15 MM WIDE. AUTOZOOIDS LARgE, OVAL TO HEXAgONAL, SEPARATED bY DISTINCT gROOVES. FRONTAL SHIELD FINELY NODULAR, WITH NUMEROUS PSEUDOPORES. PRIMARY ORIFICE WIDER THAN LONg, THE PROXIMAL EDgE WITH A FINELY DENTICULATE RIM; CONDYLES LACKINg. NO ORAL SPINES. ASCOPORE NARROWLY RENIFORM, CLOSE TO PRIMARY ORIFICE, SEPARATED bY A DISTANCE LESS THAN ORIFICE LENgTH; OVAL WITH A FINELY DENTICULATE LUMEN. A SINgLE OR A PAIR OF AVICULARIA SITUATED PROXIMOLATERAL TO THE ASCOPORE, EITHER RIgHT OR LEFT. OVICELL SPHERICAL, FINELY NODULAR, WITH NUMEROUS PSEUDOPORES. Remarks. TWO SPECIES OF Micr��p��rella ARE KNOWN FROM ANTARCTICA, M. crustula HAYWARD & WINSTON, 2011 AND M. sten��p��rta HAYWARD & TAYLOR, 1984, bUT bOTH SPECIES HAVE ORAL SPINES (6 AND 2���4, RESPECTIVELY), AND AVICULARIA WITH SETIFORM MANDIbLES PROXIMOLATERAL TO THE ORIFICE. M. gappai n. sp. RESEMbLES TWO ATLANTIC SPECIES M. are��lata MOYANO, 1983 AND M. hyadesi (JULLIEN, 1888) IN THE AbSENCE OF ORAL SPINES AND THE PRESENCE OF A LATERODISTALLY DIRECTED AVICULARIUM WITH A SETIFORM MANDIbLE; IT DIFFERS FROM bOTH OF THESE SPECIES IN THE OCCASIONAL PRESENCE OF A PAIR OF AVICULARIA AND, SPECIFICALLY, FROM M. are��lata IN LACKINg AN UMbO ON THE FRONTAL SHIELD, AND FROM M. hyadesi IN HAVINg A PROPORTIONATELY SMALLER AVICULARIAN CYSTID AND A SUbRENIFORM (NOT C-SHAPED) ASCOPORE. n, number of measurements made; SD, standard deviation, Published as part of Figuerola, Blanca, Gordon, Dennis P. & Cristobo, Javier, 2018, New deep Cheilostomata (Bryozoa) species from the Southwestern Atlantic: shedding light in the dark, pp. 211-249 in Zootaxa 4375 (2) on pages 230-233, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4375.2.3, http://zenodo.org/record/1298290