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1. Alcator C-Mod: research in support of ITER and steps beyond

Author

Candy, J., Canik, J., Churchill, R.M., Holland, C., Loarte, A., Reinke, M.L., Scott, S., Snyder, P., Theiler, C., Diallo, A., Edlund, E., LaBombard, B., Baek, Seung Gyou, Marmar, Earl S, Barnard, Harold Salvadore, Bonoli, Paul T, Brunner, Daniel Frederic, Ennever, Paul Chappell, Fiore, Catherine L, Gao, Chi, Golfinopoulos, Theodore, Greenwald, Martin J, Hartwig, Zachary Seth, Hubbard, Amanda E, Hughes Jr, Jerry, Hutchinson, Ian Horner, Irby, James Henderson, Labombard, Brian, Lin, Yijun, Mumgaard, Robert Thomas, Parker, Ronald R, Porkolab, Miklos, Rice, John E, Shiraiwa, Shunichi, Sorbom, Brandon Nils, Terry, David Rankin, Terry, James L, Vieira, Rui F, Walk Jr, John R, Wallace, Gregory Marriner, White, Anne E., Whyte, Dennis G, Wolfe, Stephen M, Wright, John C, Wright, Graham, Wukitch, Stephen James, Xu, Peng, Cziegler, Istvan, Dekow, Gary L, Delgado-Aparicio, Luis, Lipschultz, Bruce, Theiler, Christian, Diallo, Ahmed Y, Edlund, Eric Matthias, Faust, Ian Charles, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Mathematics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Hutchinson Ian, Baek, Seung Gyou, Marmar, Earl S, Barnard, Harold Salvadore, Bonoli, Paul T, Brunner, Daniel Frederic, Ennever, Paul Chappell, Fiore, Catherine L, Gao, Chi, Golfinopoulos, Theodore, Greenwald, Martin J, Hartwig, Zachary Seth, Hubbard, Amanda E, Hughes Jr, Jerry, Hutchinson, Ian Horner, Irby, James Henderson, Labombard, Brian, Lin, Yijun, Mumgaard, Robert Thomas, Parker, Ronald R, Porkolab, Miklos, Rice, John E, Shiraiwa, Shunichi, Sorbom, Brandon Nils, Terry, David Rankin, Terry, James L, Vieira, Rui F, Walk Jr, John R, Wallace, Gregory Marriner, White, Anne E., Whyte, Dennis G, Wolfe, Stephen M, Wright, John C, Wright, Graham, Wukitch, Stephen James, Xu, Peng, Cziegler, Istvan, Dekow, Gary L, Delgado-Aparicio, Luis, Lipschultz, Bruce, Theiler, Christian, Diallo, Ahmed Y, Edlund, Eric Matthias, and Faust, Ian Charles

Subjects
Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Materials science, Tokamak, Divertor, Nuclear engineering, Cyclotron, FEC 2014, chemistry.chemical_element, overview, Electron, Tungsten, Condensed Matter Physics, law.invention, Pedestal, Alcator C-Mod, chemistry, law, Dielectric heating, Atomic physics, tokamak
Abstract

This paper presents an overview of recent highlights from research on Alcator C-Mod. Significant progress has been made across all research areas over the last two years, with particular emphasis on divertor physics and power handling, plasma–material interaction studies, edge localized mode-suppressed pedestal dynamics, core transport and turbulence, and RF heating and current drive utilizing ion cyclotron and lower hybrid tools. Specific results of particular relevance to ITER include: inner wall SOL transport studies that have led, together with results from other experiments, to the change of the detailed shape of the inner wall in ITER; runaway electron studies showing that the critical electric field required for runaway generation is much higher than predicted from collisional theory; core tungsten impurity transport studies reveal that tungsten accumulation is naturally avoided in typical C-Mod conditions., United States. Department of Energy (DE-FC02-99ER54512-CMOD), United States. Department of Energy (DE-AC02-09CH11466), United States. Department of Energy (DE-FG02-96ER-54373), United States. Department of Energy (DE-FG02-94ER54235)

Published
2015

2. Alcator C-Mod: research in support of ITER and steps beyond

Author

Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Mathematics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Hutchinson Ian, Baek, Seung Gyou, Marmar, Earl S, Barnard, Harold Salvadore, Bonoli, Paul T, Brunner, Daniel Frederic, Ennever, Paul Chappell, Fiore, Catherine L, Gao, Chi, Golfinopoulos, Theodore, Greenwald, Martin J, Hartwig, Zachary Seth, Hubbard, Amanda E, Hughes Jr, Jerry, Hutchinson, Ian Horner, Irby, James Henderson, Labombard, Brian, Lin, Yijun, Mumgaard, Robert Thomas, Parker, Ronald R, Porkolab, Miklos, Rice, John E, Shiraiwa, Shunichi, Sorbom, Brandon Nils, Terry, David Rankin, Terry, James L, Vieira, Rui F, Walk Jr, John R, Wallace, Gregory Marriner, White, Anne E., Whyte, Dennis G, Wolfe, Stephen M, Wright, John C, Wright, Graham, Wukitch, Stephen James, Xu, Peng, Cziegler, Istvan, Dekow, Gary L, Delgado-Aparicio, Luis, Lipschultz, Bruce, Theiler, Christian, Diallo, Ahmed Y, Edlund, Eric Matthias, Faust, Ian Charles, Candy, J., Canik, J., Churchill, R.M., Holland, C., Loarte, A., Reinke, M.L., Scott, S., Snyder, P., Theiler, C., Diallo, A., Edlund, E., LaBombard, B., Marmar, Earl S., Bonoli, Paul T., Fiore, Catherine, Greenwald, Martin J., Parker, R., Rice, John E., Wright, John C., Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Mathematics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Hutchinson Ian, Baek, Seung Gyou, Marmar, Earl S, Barnard, Harold Salvadore, Bonoli, Paul T, Brunner, Daniel Frederic, Ennever, Paul Chappell, Fiore, Catherine L, Gao, Chi, Golfinopoulos, Theodore, Greenwald, Martin J, Hartwig, Zachary Seth, Hubbard, Amanda E, Hughes Jr, Jerry, Hutchinson, Ian Horner, Irby, James Henderson, Labombard, Brian, Lin, Yijun, Mumgaard, Robert Thomas, Parker, Ronald R, Porkolab, Miklos, Rice, John E, Shiraiwa, Shunichi, Sorbom, Brandon Nils, Terry, David Rankin, Terry, James L, Vieira, Rui F, Walk Jr, John R, Wallace, Gregory Marriner, White, Anne E., Whyte, Dennis G, Wolfe, Stephen M, Wright, John C, Wright, Graham, Wukitch, Stephen James, Xu, Peng, Cziegler, Istvan, Dekow, Gary L, Delgado-Aparicio, Luis, Lipschultz, Bruce, Theiler, Christian, Diallo, Ahmed Y, Edlund, Eric Matthias, Faust, Ian Charles, Candy, J., Canik, J., Churchill, R.M., Holland, C., Loarte, A., Reinke, M.L., Scott, S., Snyder, P., Theiler, C., Diallo, A., Edlund, E., LaBombard, B., Marmar, Earl S., Bonoli, Paul T., Fiore, Catherine, Greenwald, Martin J., Parker, R., Rice, John E., and Wright, John C.

Abstract

This paper presents an overview of recent highlights from research on Alcator C-Mod. Significant progress has been made across all research areas over the last two years, with particular emphasis on divertor physics and power handling, plasma–material interaction studies, edge localized mode-suppressed pedestal dynamics, core transport and turbulence, and RF heating and current drive utilizing ion cyclotron and lower hybrid tools. Specific results of particular relevance to ITER include: inner wall SOL transport studies that have led, together with results from other experiments, to the change of the detailed shape of the inner wall in ITER; runaway electron studies showing that the critical electric field required for runaway generation is much higher than predicted from collisional theory; core tungsten impurity transport studies reveal that tungsten accumulation is naturally avoided in typical C-Mod conditions., United States. Department of Energy (DE-FC02-99ER54512-CMOD), United States. Department of Energy (DE-AC02-09CH11466), United States. Department of Energy (DE-FG02-96ER-54373), United States. Department of Energy (DE-FG02-94ER54235)

Published
2017

3. Transport and turbulence studies in the linear ohmic confinement regime in Alcator C-Mod

Author

Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Porkolab, Miklos, Ennever, Paul Chappell, Fiore, Catherine L., Greenwald, Martin J., Hubbard, Amanda E., Dorris, James R., Ma, Y., Marmar, Earl S., Podpaly, Y., Reinke, Matthew Logan, Rice, John E., Rost, Jon C., Tsujii, Naoto, Ernst, Darin R., Candy, J., Staebler, G. M., Waltz, R. E., Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Porkolab, Miklos, Ennever, Paul Chappell, Fiore, Catherine L., Greenwald, Martin J., Hubbard, Amanda E., Dorris, James R., Ma, Y., Marmar, Earl S., Podpaly, Y., Reinke, Matthew Logan, Rice, John E., Rost, Jon C., Tsujii, Naoto, Ernst, Darin R., Candy, J., Staebler, G. M., and Waltz, R. E.

Abstract

Transport in ohmically heated plasmas in Alcator C-Mod was studied in both the linear (LOC) and saturated (SOC) ohmic L-mode confinement regimes and the importance of turbulent transport in the region r/a = 0.5–0.8 was established. After an extensive analysis with TGLF and GYRO, it is found that using an effective impurity ion species with Z[subscript i] = 8, and moderately high Z[subscript eff] (2.0–5.6), in the LOC regime electron transport becomes dominant due to TEM turbulence. The key ingredient in the present results is the observation that dilution of the main ion species (deuterium) by impurity species of moderate charge state reduces dominant ITG turbulence, in contrast to the SOC regime with little, if any dilution. The turbulent spectrum measured with the phase contrast imaging (PCI) diagnostic is in qualitative agreement with predictions of a synthetic PCI diagnostic adopted to Global GYRO. The toroidal rotation in the low-density LOC regime is in the co-current direction but as the density is raised in the SOC regime the rotation reverses to the counter current drive direction. The impurity content of the plasma was measured recently and an effective Z[subscript i] of 9 was deduced., United States. Dept. of Energy (Grant DE-FC02-99ER54512-CMOD)

Published
2013

4. Ohmic energy confinement saturation and core toroidal rotation reversal in Alcator C-Mod plasmas

Author

Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Porkolab, Miklos, Rice, John E., Greenwald, Martin J., Podpaly, Y. A., Reinke, Matthew Logan, Hughes, Jerry W., Howard, Nathaniel Thomas, Ma, Y., Cziegler, Istvan, Ennever, Paul Chappell, Ernst, Darin R., Fiore, Catherine L., Gao, Chi, Irby, James Henderson, Marmar, Earl S., Tsujii, Naoto, Wolfe, Stephen M., Diamond, P. H., Duval, B. P., Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Porkolab, Miklos, Rice, John E., Greenwald, Martin J., Podpaly, Y. A., Reinke, Matthew Logan, Hughes, Jerry W., Howard, Nathaniel Thomas, Ma, Y., Cziegler, Istvan, Ennever, Paul Chappell, Ernst, Darin R., Fiore, Catherine L., Gao, Chi, Irby, James Henderson, Marmar, Earl S., Tsujii, Naoto, Wolfe, Stephen M., Diamond, P. H., and Duval, B. P.

Abstract

Ohmic energy confinement saturation is found to be closely related to core toroidal rotation reversals in Alcator C-Mod tokamak plasmas. Rotation reversals occur at a critical density, depending on the plasma current and toroidal magnetic field, which coincides with the density separating the linear Ohmic confinement regime from the saturated Ohmic confinement regime. The rotation is directed co-current at low density and abruptly changes direction to counter-current when the energy confinement saturates as the density is increased. Since there is a bifurcation in the direction of the rotation at this critical density, toroidal rotation reversal is a very sensitive indicator in the determination of the regime change. The reversal and confinement saturation results can be unified, since these processes occur in a particular range of the collisionality., United States. Dept. of Energy (Contract DE-FC02-99ER54512)

Published
2013

5. Studies of turbulence and transport in Alcator C-Mod H-mode plasmas with phase contrast imaging and comparisons with GYRO

Author

Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Porkolab, Miklos, Lin, Liang, Edlund, Eric Matthias, Rost, Jon C., Fiore, Catherine L., Greenwald, Martin J., Mikkelsen, David, Tsujii, Naoto, Wukitch, Stephen James, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Porkolab, Miklos, Lin, Liang, Edlund, Eric Matthias, Rost, Jon C., Fiore, Catherine L., Greenwald, Martin J., Mikkelsen, David, Tsujii, Naoto, and Wukitch, Stephen James

Abstract

Recent advances in gyrokinetic simulation of core turbulence and associated transport requires an intensified experimental effort to validate these codes using state of the art synthetic diagnostics to compare simulations with experimental data. A phase contrast imaging (PCI) diagnostic [M. Porkolab, J. C. Rost, N. Basse et al., IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. 34, 229 (2006)] is used to study H-mode plasmas in Alcator C-Mod [M. Greenwald, D. Andelin, N. Basse et al., Nucl. Fusion 45, S109 (2005)]. The PCI system is capable of measuring density fluctuations with high temporal (2 kHz–5 MHz) and wavenumber (0.5–55 cm[superscript −1]) resolution. Recent upgrades have enabled PCI to localize the short wavelength turbulence in the electron temperature gradient range and resolve the direction of propagation (i.e., electron versus ion diamagnetic direction) of the longer wavelength turbulence in the ion temperature gradient (ITG) and trapped electron mode range. The studies focus on plasmas before and during internal transport barrier formation in an enhanced Dalpha H-mode plasma assisted with ion cyclotron resonance frequency heating. Nonlinear GYRO simulations have also been performed [J. Candy and R. E. Waltz, Phys. Rev. Lett. 91, 045001 (2003)] and the predicted fluctuation is compared against experimental measurements through a synthetic PCI diagnostic method. The simulated fluctuations from GYRO agree with experimental measurements in the ITG regime. GYRO also shows good agreement in transport predictions with experimental measurements after reducing the ion temperature gradient (~15%) and adding E×B shear suppression, all within the experimental uncertainty., U.S. Department of Energy

Published
2010

6. Observation of Self-Generated Flows in Tokamak Plasmas with Lower-Hybrid-Driven Current

Author

Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Hutchinson, Ian H., Rice, John E., Ince-Cushman, Alexander, Reinke, Matthew Logan, Greenwald, Martin J., Wallace, Gregory Marriner, Parker, Ronald R., Fiore, Catherine L., Hughes, Jerry W., Bonoli, Paul T., Shiraiwa, Shunichi, Hubbard, Amanda E., Wolfe, Stephen M., Marmar, Earl S., Bitter, M., Wilson, J., Hill, K., Parker, R., Fiore, Catherine, Hughes Jr, Jerry, Hubbard, Amanda E, Wolfe, Stephen M, Hutchinson, Ian Horner, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Hutchinson, Ian H., Rice, John E., Ince-Cushman, Alexander, Reinke, Matthew Logan, Greenwald, Martin J., Wallace, Gregory Marriner, Parker, Ronald R., Fiore, Catherine L., Hughes, Jerry W., Bonoli, Paul T., Shiraiwa, Shunichi, Hubbard, Amanda E., Wolfe, Stephen M., Marmar, Earl S., Bitter, M., Wilson, J., Hill, K., Parker, R., Fiore, Catherine, Hughes Jr, Jerry, Hubbard, Amanda E, Wolfe, Stephen M, and Hutchinson, Ian Horner

Abstract

In Alcator C-Mod discharges lower hybrid waves have been shown to induce a countercurrent change in toroidal rotation of up to 60 km/s in the central region of the plasma (r/a~<0.4). This modification of the toroidal rotation profile develops on a time scale comparable to the current redistribution time (~100 ms) but longer than the energy and momentum confinement times (~20 ms). A comparison of the co- and countercurrent injected waves indicates that current drive (as opposed to heating) is responsible for the rotation profile modifications. Furthermore, the changes in central rotation velocity induced by lower hybrid current drive (LHCD) are well correlated with changes in normalized internal inductance. The application of LHCD has been shown to generate sheared rotation profiles and a negative increment in the radial electric field profile consistent with a fast electron pinch., U. S. Department of Energy (Contract No. DE-FC02- 99ER54512-CMOD)

Published
2010

7. Transport and turbulence studies in the linear ohmic confinement regime in Alcator C-Mod

Author

Naoto Tsujii, Amanda Hubbard, Ye Ma, Matthew Reinke, R. E. Waltz, Earl Marmar, J.R. Dorris, Martin Greenwald, G. M. Staebler, Jeff Candy, J. E. Rice, C.L. Fiore, J.C. Rost, Y. Podpaly, Paul Ennever, D.R. Ernst, Miklos Porkolab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Porkolab, Miklos, Ennever, Paul Chappell, Fiore, Catherine L., Greenwald, Martin J., Hubbard, Amanda E., Dorris, James R., Ma, Y., Marmar, Earl S., Podpaly, Y., Reinke, Matthew Logan, Rice, John E., Rost, Jon C., Tsujii, Naoto, and Ernst, Darin R.

Subjects
Physics, Toroid, Turbulence, business.industry, Plasma, Condensed Matter Physics, Ion, Optics, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, Alcator C-Mod, Deuterium, Physics::Plasma Physics, Impurity, Physics::Space Physics, Atomic physics, business, Ohmic contact
Abstract

Transport in ohmically heated plasmas in Alcator C-Mod was studied in both the linear (LOC) and saturated (SOC) ohmic L-mode confinement regimes and the importance of turbulent transport in the region r/a = 0.5–0.8 was established. After an extensive analysis with TGLF and GYRO, it is found that using an effective impurity ion species with Z[subscript i] = 8, and moderately high Z[subscript eff] (2.0–5.6), in the LOC regime electron transport becomes dominant due to TEM turbulence. The key ingredient in the present results is the observation that dilution of the main ion species (deuterium) by impurity species of moderate charge state reduces dominant ITG turbulence, in contrast to the SOC regime with little, if any dilution. The turbulent spectrum measured with the phase contrast imaging (PCI) diagnostic is in qualitative agreement with predictions of a synthetic PCI diagnostic adopted to Global GYRO. The toroidal rotation in the low-density LOC regime is in the co-current direction but as the density is raised in the SOC regime the rotation reverses to the counter current drive direction. The impurity content of the plasma was measured recently and an effective Z[subscript i] of 9 was deduced., United States. Dept. of Energy (Grant DE-FC02-99ER54512-CMOD)

Published
2012
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