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Objective: The bladder normally shows no contractility or activity during the filling phase. In the overactive urinary bladder, spontaneous contractions and detrusor instability are seen in the filling phase and urinary incontinence occurs. This study aims to demonstrate the effects of first-generation antipsychotic haloperidol and second-generation antipsychotics olanzapine, risperidone, and clozapine on mice isolated bladder using the organ bath system. Materials and Methods: 63 male inbred mice were divided as saline, haloperidol 0.125 mg/kg, haloperidol 0.25 mg/kg, olanzapine 1 mg/kg, olanzapine 2 mg/kg, risperidone 0.25 mg/kg, risperidone 0.5 mg/kg, clozapine 1.25 mg/kg and clozapine 2.5 mg/kg groups. Mice were treated with drugs for 21 days. Then, the effects of drugs were investigated on isoproterenol-induced relaxation responses of carbachol-induced contractions in isolated detrusor strips. Results: We showed that carbachol-induced contractions relaxed by isoproterenol and papaverine in mice detrusor strips obtained from olanzapine, risperidone, and clozapine treated groups. There were no significant differences in KCl-induced contractile responses among the groups.Conclusion: Olanzapine, risperidone, and clozapine increased the isoproterenol-induced relaxations of the detrusor muscle that increased the bladder capacity. These drugs might be clinically useful for the treatment of overactive urinary bladder in patients that should use antipsychotic drugs.

Objective: Ziprasidone, aripiprazole, blonanserin, cyamemazine, and nemonapride are atypical antipsychotic drugs used for the treatment of schizophrenia. This study aimed to identify the effects of these atypical antipsychotic drugs in mice isolated bladder using the organ bath systemMaterials and Methods: The mice were injected intraperitoneally with drugs for 21 days. The effects of drugs were investigated on isoproterenol-induced relaxation responses of carbachol-induced contractions in isolated detrusor strips. The detrusor strips were stimulated with KCl, then tissues were washed for a further 30 min and precontracted with a submaximal concentration of carbachol. After the contraction reached a plateau, cumulative concentration-response curves to isoproterenol were obtained.Results: We showed that carbachol-induced contractions dose-dependently relaxed by isoproterenol in mice detrusor strips obtained from ziprasidone, aripiprazole, blonanserin, and cyamemazine but not nemonapride treated group. However, none of the drug treatments had any effect KCl responses of mice's bladder.Conclusion: Ziprasidone, aripiprazole, blonanserin, and cyamemazine but not nemonapride increased the isoproterenol-induced relaxations of the detrusor smooth muscle indicates that it can increase the bladder capacity. We demonstrate that four drugs may represent a potential treatment for overactive bladder. They might be clinically useful for the treatment of overactive bladder in patients that should use antipsychotics.

Objective: Erectile dysfunction is a usual side effect of antipsychotic medications; this causes patients to avoid using drugs. The aim of this study to investigate the effects of iloperidone, paliperidone and loxapine on serotonin (5-HT), noradrenaline (NA), adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and potassium chloride (KCl)-induced contractions of the vas deferens in mice.Materials and Methods: The mice were randomly divided into experimental groups and treated by ip injection of drugs for 21 days. After the treatment, the effects of drugs were investigated on 5-HT, ATP, NA and KCl-induced contractile responses in the epididymal and prostatic portions of mice vas deferens strips. Results: 5-HT-induced contractile responses were significantly increased while ATP-induced contractile responses were significantly decreased in the both portions of the vas deferens obtained from the iloperidone, paliperidone and loxapine-treated groups. However, these drugs had no significant effect on NA- and KCl-induced contractions of mice vas deferens. Conclusion: These results showed that serotonin and ATP-induced contractions of vas deferens were affected by the chronic treatments of iloperidone, paliperidone, and loxapine. In mice chronically treated with these drugs, serotonergic and purinergic receptors may contribute to changes in vas deferens contractions that cause erectile dysfunction., Amaç: Erektil disfonksiyon, antipsikotiklerin olağan bir yan etkisidir; bu da hastaların ilaç kullanmaktan kaçınmasına neden olur. Bu çalışmanın amacı iloperidon, paliperidon ve loksapin'in farelerde serotonin (5-HT), noradrenalin (NA), adenozin trifosfat (ATP) ve potasyum klorür (KCl) ile indüklenen vas deferens kasılmaları üzerine etkilerini araştırmaktır.Materyal ve Metot: Fareler rastgele deney gruplarına ayrıldı ve 21 gün boyunca ip enjeksiyonu ile tedavi edildi. Tedaviden sonra, ilaçların farelerin vas deferens şeritlerinin epididimal ve prostatik bölümlerinde 5-HT, ATP, NA ve KCl ile indüklenen kasılma tepkileri üzerindeki etkileri araştırıldı.Bulgular: İloperidon, paliperidon ve loksapin ile tedavi edilen gruplardan elde edilen vas deferensin her iki bölümünde 5-HT ile indüklenen kasılma tepkileri önemli ölçüde artarken ATP ile indüklenen kasılma tepkileri önemli ölçüde azaldı. Bununla birlikte, bu ilaçların, fare vas deferens'in NA ve KCl ile indüklenen kasılmaları üzerinde önemli bir etkisi olmamıştır. Sonuç: Bu sonuçlar, iloperidon, paliperidon ve loxapin'in kronik tedavilerinden serotonin ve ATP kaynaklı vas deferens kasılmalarının etkilendiğini göstermiştir. Bu ilaçlarla kronik olarak tedavi edilen farelerde, serotonerjik ve purinerjik reseptörler, erektil disfonksiyona neden olan vas deferens kasılmalarındaki değişikliklere katkıda bulunabilir.

Recent studies have shown that learning and memory capacity is disturbed in depressive patients, and it is important to reveal the effects of antidepressant drugs on cognitive function in depressive patients with memory problems. Citalopram, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), is one of the most widely used drugs for the treatment of disorders related to serotonergic dysfunction like depression and anxiety. Contradictory findings exist regarding the effects of SSRIs on memory. The aim of this study is to investigate whether citalopram affects memory in various models of learning and memory tasks in rats. Citalopram (at 20 and 50 mg/kg) significantly shortened the retention latency in the passive avoidance test and prolonged the transfer latency on the second day at 10 and 50 mg/kg doses in the elevated plus-maze test. Citalopram also significantly increased the number of errors (at the 10 mg/kg dose) and prolonged the latency values compared to the control group in both reference and working memory trials in the three-panel runway test. Citalopram also impaired reference memory trials of animals at the 20 mg/kg dose. In conclusion, citalopram impaired cognitive performance in passive avoidance, elevated plus-maze and three-panel runway tasks in naive rats. These effects might be related to serotonergic and nitrergic mechanisms, which need to be investigated in further studies.

The aim of this study was to investigate the locomotor activity and anxiety changes in acute and chronic exposure to cigarette smoke in mice. In the chronic exposure group, mice were exposed to the smoke of 10 cigarettes for 5 days a week, over 5 consecutiveweeks. In the acute group, the mice were exposed to the smoke of 10 cigarettes in one day. Locomotor activity tests and plus-maze tests were performed to determine the locomotor activity and anxiety levels of these mice. In the chronic exposure group, comparing with the both acute exposure and the control groups all parameters tested including distance travelled ( p

Aim: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is an inflammatory lung disease mainly caused by tobacco smoke inhalation. We aimed to evaluate antiinflamatory and antioxidant effect of mepenzolate bromide which is a muscarinic antagonist in subacute cigarette exposure mice model. Method: Forty seven healthy 25-40 gram male mices were categorized into 4 groups: (A) control group (n=7), (B) exposed to cigarette smoke (CS) (n=18), and (C) exposed to CS treated with 400 mikrogram/kg/ day mepenzolate group(n=14),( D) treated with 400 mikrogram/kg/ day mepenzolate group (n=8). After 5 weeks, mepenzolate or saline was given to mices during two weeks by inhalation. Mices were anesthetized, broncoalveolar lavage (BAL) was performed, lung tissues was removed. Interleukin-1β (IL1β), macrophage inflammatory protein-1 (MIP 1), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF α) measurements were evaluated in BAL fluid and total oxidant and antioxsidant status (TAS-TOS) were measured in lung tissues. Results: We found that cigarettes exposure significantly decreased TAS and increased TOS (p Conclusions: Mepenzolate may be a promising therapeutic choice to reduce oxidative effect and to control inflammation due to cigarette exposure.

Aim: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is an inflammatory lung disease mainly caused by tobacco smoke inhalation. We aimed to evaluate antiinflamatory and antioxidant effect of tiotropium bromide which is an anticholinergic bronchodilator in subacute cigarette exposure mice model. Method: Thirtyfive healthy 25-40 gram male balb-c mices were categorized into 3 groups: (A) control group (n=7), (B) exposed to cigarette smoke (CS) (n=18), and (C) exposed to CS treated with tiotropium group(n=10. After 5 weeks, tiotropium or saline was given to mices during two weeks by inhalation. Mices were anestetized, broncoalveolar lavage was performed and lung tissues removed. Interleukin-1β (IL1β), macrophage inflammatory protein-1 (MIP 1), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF α) measurements were evaluated in BAL fluid. Total oxidant and antioxsidant status (TAS-TOS) measurements were evaluated in lung tissue. Results: We found that cigarette exposure significantly decreased TAS and increased TOS (p