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Feeding very-long-chain omega-3 (VLC n-3) fatty acids (FA), which are found in fish oil, may have beneficial effects on health, fertility, and milk production in the dairy cow. Rumen-protected technologies aim to prevent the ruminal biohydrogenation of VLC n-3 FA. To test the effects of these technologies on circulating FA and phospholipid concentrations, and milk FA concentrations, six mid-lactation, multiparous, pregnant Holstein dairy cows (mean ± SD: 155 ± 19 days in milk; 3.0 ± 0.5 body condition score; 3.2 ± 1.1 lactations; 644 ± 23 kg BW) were randomly assigned to treatments in a study with a replicated 3 × 3 Latin Square design. Cows were unsupplemented (control) or supplemented with a single esophageal bolus of a gelatin capsule containing a fish oil product coated in palm oil triglycerides or modified starch (TAG and STR, respectively). The provision of either fish oil product provided 10 g equivalent of VLC n-3 FA including 20:5 n-3 and 22:6 n-3. Cows were fed a total mixed ration to meet or exceed nutrient requirements and were milked thrice daily. Blood was sampled at 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 16, 18, 20, 24, and 36 h, relative to bolus administration. A 7-d washout period was utilized between each bolus delivery. Extracted plasma was analyzed for individual FA and phospholipid concentrations using gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. Separated milk fat was analyzed for individual milk FA using gas-liquid chromatography and a flame-ionization detector. Data were analyzed under a mixed model with the random effect of cow, and the fixed effects of treatment, hour, and period. Plasma concentrations of 20:5 n-3 and 22:6 n-3 increased over time by TAG and STR, relative to control. Plasma concentrations of lysophophatidylcholine-20:5, -22:5 and -22:6, and phosphatidylcholine (PC)-38:5 and -38:6 were higher in TAG and STR by h 10, relative to control. Plasma PC-40:5 and -40:6 concentrations were greater in cows administered STR by h 10, relative to TAG. Total milk n-3 increased over time in treated cows compared to control. We conclude that triglyceride- or starch-encapsulated fish oil increases the plasma and milk concentrations of VLC n-3 FA and phospholipids containing these acyl chains in lactating cows., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

Diabetic cognitive dysfunction (DCD) refers to the cognitive impairment observed in individuals with diabetes. Epidemiological studies have suggested that supplementation with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) or B vitamins may prevent the development of diabetic complications. Post hoc studies indicate a potential synergistic effect of n-3 PUFA and B vitamins in preventing cognitive impairment. However, the precise effect and underlying mechanism of this combination on DCD remain unclear. In case-control study, we compared fatty acid composition of erythrocyte membrane and serum homocysteine levels between diabetic individuals with and without DCD. We found that insufficient levels of n-3 PUFA, along with elevated serum homocysteine, significantly increase the risk of developing DCD. Treatment with a combination of fish oil, folate, and vitamin B 12 improved cognitive impairment and aberrant neuronal morphology in streptozotocin-induced DCD mice. Folic acid and vitamin B 12 enhanced the efficiency of exogenous docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) transportation to the brain by preventing the accumulation of homocysteine and S-adenosylhomocysteine, thereby inhibiting neuronal apoptosis in diabetic brains. Furthermore, folic acid and vitamin B 12 supplementation can provide sufficient 5-methylcytosine for diabetic brains by promoting DNA methylation, while increased DHA levels maintain TET-mediated active DNA demethylation in diabetic brains through enhancing TET2 function. Overall, our study provides novel insights into molecular mechanisms underlying the synergistic preventive effects of the combined supplementation with fish oil, folic acid and vitamin B 12 on DCD, suggests that combining n-3 PUFA and B vitamins could be a promising strategy for preventing DCD among individuals with diabetes., Competing Interests: Conflict of interest The authors declare no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2025 Elsevier Ltd and European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism. All rights reserved.)

Objectives: Evidence indicates that, in pediatric patients with parenteral nutrition-associated cholestasis (PNAC), the use of a 100% fish oil lipid emulsion (FOLE) increased the likelihood of PNAC resolution and reduced the likelihood of liver transplantation compared with a 100% soybean oil lipid emulsion (SOLE). To evaluate the potential economic benefit, we conducted a cost-effectiveness analysis comparing FOLE with SOLE., Study Design: A discrete event simulation model evaluated cost-effectiveness by simulating clinical outcomes and estimating associated healthcare costs in pediatric patients with PNAC receiving parenteral nutrition (PN) with FOLE (1 g/kg) or SOLE (1.9 g/kg) over a time horizon of 6 years. Model inputs for clinical outcomes were derived from the integrated analysis of two US Phase 3 trials (NCT00910104 and NCT00738101). Cost estimates were estimated from the perspective of the US payer including the cost of PN, transplantation, and adverse events., Results: The total cost associated with FOLE was $69,847 USD vs $141,605 USD for SOLE. The cost reduction of $71,757 USD was attributable to the avoidance of liver transplantation (-15.7%) and reduction in adverse events (-4.8%). Life-years and the quality-adjusted life-years were increased with FOLE compared with SOLE (by 0.248 and 0.295, respectively)., Conclusion: By reducing the need for liver transplant and providing time to transition to full enteral nutrition, FOLE leads to cost-savings, compared with SOLE, in pediatric patients with PNAC in the perspective of the US payer. These findings support the use of FOLE in pediatric patients with PNAC who require PN., (© 2024 American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition.)

The extent of de - novo biosynthesis of non-essential fatty acids (FA) and the endogenous biosynthesis of long chain PUFA in human fetuses remain largely unknown. We used natural variations in the 13 C: 12 C (δ 13 C) of plasma phospholipids of the woman at delivery and of cord blood to infer fetal biosynthesis of FA. We studied thirty-nine mother-fetus pairs with uncomplicated pregnancies and term delivery. Eighteen women were supplemented with DHA, from pregnancy week 20 until delivery, sourced from an algae ( n 13) or fish oil ( n 5), each with slightly different 13 C content. Twenty-one women did not receive DHA supplementation. We measured the δ 13 C value of selected phospholipid FA (C16:0, C18:0, C18:1 n -9, C18:2 n -6, C20:4 n -6 and C22:6 n -3) in maternal and cord plasma samples at delivery using isotope ratio MS. We found significant linear correlations for δ 13 C values of FA between mothers and their fetuses (C16:0, r = 0·8535; C18:0, r = 0·9099; C18:1 n -9, r = 0·8079; C18:2 n -6, r = 0·9466; C20:4 n -6, r = 0·9257 and C22:6 n -3, r = 0·9706). Women supplemented with algal DHA had significantly lower DHA δ 13 C values in their plasma phospholipids than those supplemented with fish DHA or those who did not receive DHA supplementation ( P < 0·001). There was no significant difference in δ 13 C values of FA between women at delivery and their fetuses. These findings strongly suggest that the human fetus is highly dependent on the placental transport of maternal plasma FA, particularly DHA. The limited fetal biosynthesis of major FA emphasises the crucial role of maternal nutrition and placental well-being in fetal development.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a prevalent autoimmune disease, and there is growing evidence suggesting a potential correlation between dietary factors and the pathogenesis of this condition. In order to investigate the causal relationship between diet and RA, we conducted a two-sample Mendelian randomisation (MR) analysis to examine the causal associations between twenty-two dietary factors and RA. Summary data from genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of RA were obtained from large GWAS meta-analyses. GWAS summary data for twenty-two dietary factors were obtained from UK Biobank. Random-effects inverse variance weighted was used as the primary method for assessing causality, and analyses of heterogeneity and horizontal pleiotropy were performed to ensure the accuracy of the results. Research indicates a negative genetic causal relationship between cereal intake (OR = 0·64, 95 % CI: 0·41, 0·99, P = 0·048) and oily fish intake (OR = 0·70, 95 % CI: 0·52, 0·95, P = 0·020) with the risk of RA. Other dietary factors were not causally related to RA. Sensitivity analysis shows that our results are reliable. This study provides genetic evidence suggesting that cereal intake and oily fish intake are protective factors for RA, indicating that RA patients and individuals at high risk should make appropriate dietary adjustments.

Background: Fish oil (FO), a mixture of omega-3 fatty acids mainly comprising docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), has been recommended for patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) and hypertriglyceridemia. However, its effects on lipidomic profiles and gut microbiota and the factors influencing triglyceride (TG) reduction remain unclear., Methods: We conducted a 12-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in 309 Chinese patients with T2D with hypertriglyceridemia (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT03120299). Participants were randomly assigned (1:1) to receive either 4 g FO or corn oil for 12 weeks. The primary outcome was changes in serum TGs and the lipidomic profile, and the secondary outcome included changes in the gut microbiome and other metabolic variables., Findings: The FO group had significantly better TG reduction (mean [95% confidence interval (CI)]: -1.51 [-2.01, -1.01] mmol/L) compared to the corn oil group (-0.66 [-1.15, -0.16] mmol/L, p = 0.02). FO significantly altered the serum lipid profile by reducing low-unsaturated TG species and increasing those containing DHA or EPA. FO had minor effects on gut microbiota, while baseline microbial features predicted the TG response to FO better than phenotypic or lipidomic features, potentially mediated by specific lipid metabolites. A total of 9 lipid metabolites significantly mediated the link between 4 baseline microbial variables and the TG response to FO supplementation., Conclusions: Our findings demonstrate differential impacts of omega-3 fatty acids on lipidomic and microbial profiles in T2D and highlight the importance of baseline gut microbiota characteristics in predicting the TG-lowering efficacy of FO., Funding: This study was funded by the National Nature Science Foundation., Competing Interests: Declaration of interests The authors declare no competing interests., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

The use of dietary supplements by cancer patients is common but contentious, particularly during chemotherapy. Few studies have investigated this for ovarian cancer. In a prospective study of women with ovarian cancer, dietary supplement use was collected through questionnaires. Data on the use of supplements were available for 421 women before diagnosis, during chemotherapy, and after chemotherapy completion. Predictors of changes in supplement use were investigated using logistic regression. The use of ≥1 supplement pre-diagnosis, during, and after chemotherapy completion was reported by 72%, 57%, and 68% of women, respectively. Multivitamins, vitamin D, and fish oils were the most commonly used supplements at all time points. The supplements most commonly discontinued during treatment were fish oils (69% of pre-diagnosis users) and multivitamins (53% of users); while 9%-10% of pre-diagnosis non-users initiated vitamin D and multivitamins. Predictors of supplement initiation during chemotherapy included pre-diagnosis use of medications, such as statins (Odds Ratio, OR = 4.12, 95% confidence interval, CI = 1.28-13.3), antidepressants (5.39, 1.18-24.7), acetaminophen (3.13, 1.05-9.33), and NSAIDs (2.15, 0.81-5.72). Other factors included younger age, university education, neoadjuvant chemotherapy, and/or experiencing fatigue during treatment, although not statistically significant. In conclusion, a high proportion of women with ovarian cancer reported using supplements at all time points.

Background: To date, to our knowledge, no studies have investigated the effects of cardiovascular health on the cardioprotective benefits of fish oil supplementation in people with type 2 diabetes (T2D). The utility of fish oil in reducing risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD)-related mortality in people with diabetes remains unclear and inconsistent., Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the potential modifying effect of cardiovascular health (CVH) level, as assessed using the Life's Essential 8 (LE8) score, on the association between regular fish oil supplement use and CVD-relates mortality in middle-aged and older people with T2D., Methods: Participants with T2D in the UK Biobank were included. CVH level was categorized by the mean LE8 score (55 points). Multivariable-adjusted Cox models were used to evaluate the longitudinal association between regular use of fish oil supplements and CVD Mortality. We performed stratified analysis across different CVH levels and tested for potential interaction between fish oil supplement use and CVH level., Results: The analysis included 19,003 participants (mean age: 59.9 ± 6.9 y, 36.1% women), of whom 39.6% were regular users of fish oil supplements. During a median follow-up of 13.7 y, regular use of fish oil supplements was significantly associated with lower risk of CVD Mortality among participants with better CVH [ie, LE8 score of ≥55 points; hazard ratio (HR): 0.65; 95% CI: 0.51, 0.84; P = 0.001)], but not among those with poorer CVH (i.e. LE8 score <55 points; HR: 1.02; 95% CI: 0.83, 1.25; P = 0.867). The interaction between the use of fish oil supplements and CVH level on CVD Mortality was significant (P = 0.018)., Conclusions: Middle-aged and older T2D individuals with a relatively low baseline CVH level may not obtain cardiovascular benefits from fish oil supplements. Our findings highlight the importance of promoting multimodal lifestyle interventions to improve survival outcomes of people with T2D., Competing Interests: Conflict of interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 American Society for Nutrition. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: To compare the impact of two different lipid emulsions, specifically a soybean oil-based emulsion and a multiple oil emulsion (soybean oil, medium-chain triglycerides, olive oil, and fish oil, SMOF), on serum metabolites of very low birth weight (VLBW) infants using untargeted metabolomics analysis., Methods: A comparative study was conducted on 25 VLBW infants hospitalized in neonatal intensive care units (NICU) of Hangzhou Women's Hospital in 2023. The infants were divided into the SMOF group (13 cases) and the soybean oil group (12 cases) based on the type of lipid emulsion used during parenteral nutrition. Serum samples were collected at birth and 14 days later from both groups. An untargeted metabolomics analysis was conducted on serum samples using Ultra-high Performance Liquid Chromatography - Tandem Mass Spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). Differential metabolites were identified using Orthogonal Partial Least Squares Discriminant Analysis (OPLS-DA) modeling, with criteria of variable importance in the projection (VIP) > 1 and false discovery rate (FDR) < 0.05. Functional annotation of the top 30 differential metabolites, ranked by VIP value, was conducted using the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) database. Subsequently, enrichment and topological analyses were conducted with MetaboAnalyst software to identify key metabolic pathways. Finally, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was performed on metabolites associated with the identified key metabolic pathways., Results: The metabolomic analysis revealed that, in the OPLS-DA model, no significant metabolite differences were found in umbilical cord blood between the two groups. However, 84 differential metabolites were identified in the 14-day samples from the SMOF group compared to the soybean oil group. According to MetaboAnalyst analysis, glycerophospholipid metabolism emerged as the most significantly altered metabolic pathway following the administration of SMOF lipid emulsion. Additionally, ROC curve analysis confirmed a significant increase in LysoPC(20:5), PE(16:0/20:5), and PE-NMe(22:5/16:0) metabolites in the SMOF group., Conclusion: The administration of SMOF lipid emulsion in VLBW infants resulted in significant modifications of serum metabolites compared to traditional soybean oil-based lipid emulsions. Notably, glycerophospholipid metabolism was identified as the most prominently altered metabolic pathway. Metabolites, including LysoPC(20:5), PE(16:0/20:5), and PE-NMe(22:5/16:0), emerged as potential biomarkers., Clinical Trial Number: Not applicable., Competing Interests: Declarations. Ethics approval and consent to participate: All procedures were performed in accordance with the ethical standards laid down in the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments. This study was reviewed and approved by the Ethics Review Committee of Hangzhou Women’s Hospital (Approval No.: [2022]YLSA No. (6)-07). Samples and clinical information were collected after obtaining informed consent from the infants’ families. The study was carried out in accordance with the applicable guidelines and regulations. Consent for publication: Not Applicable. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Introduction: Previous randomised controlled trials (RCTs) have indicated a protective role of pregnancy supplementation with fish oil and high-dose vitamin D, respectively, on offspring asthma, infections and several other disorders in early childhood. However, current evidence is not considered sufficient for recommending these supplements in pregnancy. In two RCTs, we aim to investigate whether these protective effects can be confirmed in larger trials with the goal of changing clinical practice and improving child health., Methods and Analysis: Randomisation of 4000 pregnant women to either (1) (n=2000) the fish oil trial of 2.4 g/day (55% eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and 37% docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)) in triacylglycerol form versus placebo or (2) (n=2000) the vitamin D trial of high-dose (3200 IU/day) vitamin D versus placebo on top of the recommended 400 IU/day. Supplementation begins in gestational week 24 (22-26) until 1 week after delivery. Allocation to the trials will be determined based on the preinterventional maternal blood levels of EPA+DHA with a dried blood screening test. Women with low levels (below 4.7% of total fatty acids) will be assigned to the fish oil RCT, and women with high levels will be assigned to the vitamin D RCT. Maternal blood will be used for genetic, metabolomic and proteomic profiling. A 3-year follow-up of the children with longitudinal registration of parent-reported symptoms, diagnoses, medication use and hospitalisations will be performed. The primary outcome is persistent wheeze or asthma until age 3 years, with predefined analyses of effect modification by maternal genotypes. Secondary outcomes are lower respiratory tract infections, gastrointestinal infections, croup, troublesome lung symptoms, eczema, allergy, bone fractures, developmental milestones, mental health, cognition and growth until age 3 years. A follow-up on both primary and secondary outcomes is planned after unblinding, from age 3-6 years., Ethics and Dissemination: The RCTs are approved by the Danish local ethics committee (H-23055833). The studies are registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT06560255 and NCT06570889). Study results will be communicated to the medical community, including publications in peer-reviewed journals. All results will be published and available on www.copsac.com., Trial Registration Number: NCT06560255 and NCT06570889., Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared., (© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2024. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ Group.)

Background: Intravenous lipid emulsions are an essential component of nutritional support for very preterm infants. Many neonatal intensive care units have transitioned from traditional soybean oil-only to fish oil-containing multicomponent lipid emulsions, but the neurodevelopmental implications have not been well-explored. The primary aim of this study was to assess extrauterine third trimester brain growth in very preterm infants supported with soybean oil-only compared to fish-oil containing multicomponent lipid emulsions; white matter development and neurobehavioral regulation at term were also investigated., Methods: Human milk-fed very preterm infants (born less than or equal to 32 weeks' gestation) receiving either soybean oil-only (before 2019) or multicomponent (after 2019) lipid emulsions underwent quantitative brain MRI (volumetric growth and white matter development) and neurodevelopmental assessment (Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Network Neurobehavioral Scale) at term-equivalent age. Analyses were adjusted for age at birth and term assessments, as well as clinically significant covariates., Results: 92 infants (61 soybean, 31 multicomponent) were included (mean [SD] birth gestational age: 27.3 [2.3] weeks). Soybean oil-only infants demonstrated smaller brainstem volumes (β [95% CI] = -0.5 [-0.8,-0.1], p = .007); additionally less mature white matter development (mean diffusivity [MD, mm 2 /second x10 - 3 ] and fractional anisotropy [FA]) in the corpus callosum (MD genu: β = 0.10 [0.01, 0.20], p = .04; splenium: β = 0.14 [0.04, 0.24], p = .006), posterior limbs of internal capsule (MD right (R): β = 0.05 [0.02, 0.08], p = .004, left (L): β = 0.04 [0.01, 0.08], p = .01; FA R: β = -0.03 [-0.06, -0.00], p = .03), and brainstem (FA R: β = 0.07 [0.04, 0.10], p < .001, L: β = 0.05 [0.02, 0.09], p = .002); and lower quality of movement (β = -0.54 [-0.97, -0.11], p = .02) and higher state-related stress (β = 1.41 [0.14, 2.83], p = .04)., Conclusions: Very preterm infants supported with a fish-oil containing multicomponent compared to soybean oil-only lipid emulsion demonstrated improved regional brain growth, as well as evidence of enhanced white matter microstructural organization and neurobehavioral regulation, at term corrected age., Trial Registration: Clinical trial number: Not applicable., Competing Interests: Declarations. Ethics approval and consent to participate: This study was approved by the Children’s National Hospital Institutional Review Board, and informed, written consent was obtained from the parents of all participants. Consent for publication: Not applicable. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Five metabolism assays were performed to determine the metabolizable energy (ME) content of soybean oil, coconut oil, fish viscera oil, physical mixture of coconut oil and fish viscera oil (3:2, in kg: kg) and structured lipid prepared from interesterification of fish viscera oil and coconut oil (3: 2, in kg: kg), and one assay to evaluate the effects of including these lipid sources in piglet diets on performance, digestibility of diets, incidence of diarrhea and intestinal morphometry at nursery phase. Soybean, coconut, fish viscera, physical mixture and structured lipid oils showed ME values of 8239, 8199, 8839, 8268 and 8523 kcal/kg DM respectively. In the performance trial, a total of 90 piglets with 23 days of age were distributed among 5 diets, differing in the lipid source used (soybean oil, coconut oil, fish viscera oil, physical mixture or structured lipid). Piglets fed diet containing structured lipid showed better feed conversion, higher duodenal goblet cell number and jejunal absorption area (P < 0.05), with better digestibility of ether extract and energy of diets. Interesterification of lipid sources such as coconut oil and fish viscera oil improves intestinal morphology, positively influencing the performance of piglets at nursery phase., Competing Interests: Declarations. Ethical approval: The experimental procedures followed the protocols approved by the Committee and Ethics in the Use of Animals (CEUA) of the Federal University of Ceará – Brazil, that meet EU standards for the protection of animals. Competing interests: The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V.)

Background/objectives: Obesity is a major public health concern that increases the risk of chronic diseases. In obesity, adipose tissue undergoes remodeling, which is associated with chronic low-grade inflammation and disruption of its homeostatic mechanisms including endoplasmic reticulum (ER) function and autophagy. Fish oil (FO) and tart cherry (TC) have known anti-inflammatory properties. We hypothesized that while TC and FO individually decrease inflammation, their combined effects will be greater and will be either synergistic or additive in regulating inflammation and other adipose tissue functions., Methods: Here, we conducted gene expression analyses, using qRT-PCR, on gonadal white adipose tissues from a previous study where male and female C57BL/6J (B6) and TALLYHO/Jng (TH) mice were fed low fat (LF), high fat (HF), or HF diets supplemented with TC, FO, or TC + FO for 14 weeks from weaning. Data was statistically analyzed by one or two-way ANOVA, using GraphPad Prism., Results: HF diet increased adiposity and upregulated markers of inflammation, ER stress, and autophagy compared to the LF diet in both mouse models. While both TC and FO supplementation individually reduced the expression of inflammatory, ER stress, and autophagy markers on HF diet, their combination showed no consistent additive or synergistic effects., Conclusions: Overall, our findings suggest that although TC and FO effectively mitigate inflammation in white adipose tissue, their combined use did not result in synergistic or additive effects of the two interventions.

Context: Pregnant women have physiological metabolic changes in glycemic and lipid profiles that are essential for fetal development., Objective: The aim of this systematic review was to analyze the effects of fish-oil-capsule supplementation on the glycemic and lipid profiles of pregnant women., Data Sources: A systematic search was conducted of the MEDLINE (by PubMed), Embase, Cochrane Library (CENTRAL) databases and gray literature, including preprints for all relevant studies published in English, with no date restrictions., Data Extraction: The estimated pooled results were analyzed using a random-effects model and represented by mean differences (MDs) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs). The analyses were performed with R software, version 4.2.1, using the "Meta" packages, versions 6.0-0., Data Analysis: Fifteen eligible studies were included after screening. In a pooled analysis, overall fish-oil supplementation had no effect on parameters compared with placebo. In the subgroup analysis, fish-oil supplementation may be beneficial in insulin (MD: -2.11 IU/mL; 95% CI: -3.86, -0.36) and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) (MD: -0.71; 95% CI: -1.14, -0.29) indices, with heterogeneity (I2 =0%) among pregnant women with diabetes mellitus. In the subgroup with doses of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) below 200 mg, there was a reduction in HOMA-IR in the intervention group (MD: -0.60; 95% CI: -1.14, -0.06)., Conclusion: Pregnant women taking fish-oil capsules showed significant beneficial changes in the subgroups of type 2 diabetes and EPA dosages below 200 mg for insulin and HOMA-IR., (© The Author(s) 2024. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the International Life Sciences Institute. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.)

Context: Menhaden fish oil (FO) is widely recognized for inhibiting neuroinflammatory responses and preserving brain function. Nevertheless, the mechanisms of FO influencing brain cognitive function in diabetic states remain unclear., Objective: This study examines the potential role of FO in suppressing LPS-induced neuroinflammation and cognitive impairment in diabetic animals (DA)., Materials and Methods: Thirty male Wistar rats were divided into 5 groups: i) DA received LPS induction (DA-LPS); ii) DA received LPS induction and 1 g/kg FO (DA-LPS-1FO); iii) DA received LPS induction and 3 g/kg FO (DA-LPS-3FO); iv) animals received normal saline and 3 g/kg FO (NS-3FO) and v) control animals received normal saline (CTRL). Y-maze test was used to measure cognitive performance, while brain samples were collected for inflammatory markers and morphological analysis., Results: DA received LPS induction, and 1 or 3 g/kg FO significantly inhibited hyperglycaemia and brain inflammation, as evidenced by lowered levels of pro-inflammatory mediators. Additionally, both DA-LPS-1FO and DA-LPS-3FO groups exhibited a notable reduction in neuronal damage and glial cell migration compared to the other groups. These results were correlated with the increasing number of entries and time spent in the novel arm of the Y-maze test., Discussion and Conclusion: This study indicates that supplementation of menhaden FO inhibits the LPS signaling pathway and protects against neuroinflammation, consequently maintaining cognitive performance in diabetic animals. Thus, the current study suggested that fish oil may be effective as a supporting therapy option for diabetes to avoid diabetes-cognitive impairment.

Background: Persistent tinnitus is common, disabling, and difficult to treat. Diet has been implicated in tinnitus etiology, but studies are inconsistent, and longitudinal data are scarce. Seafood intake is associated with a lower risk of hearing loss, but the longitudinal association with tinnitus is unknown., Objectives: We examined the independent associations of seafood intake, fish oil supplement use, and risk of developing persistent tinnitus., Methods: This prospective cohort study followed 73,482 females in the Nurses' Health Study II from 1991 to 2021. Diet was assessed using a validated food frequency questionnaire every 4 y. Multivariable-adjusted Cox proportional hazards regression was used to evaluate independent associations between total seafood intake, specific types of fish, shellfish, fish oil supplements, and risk of persistent tinnitus (defined as tinnitus experienced daily)., Results: After 1,998,421 person-y of follow-up, 9362 cases of incident persistent tinnitus were reported. Seafood intake was independently associated with a lower risk of developing persistent tinnitus. Compared with participants who never or rarely consumed seafood, the multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios (MVHRs; 95% confidence interval) for tinnitus were 0.87 (0.78, 0.95) among participants who consumed 1 serving/wk, 0.77 (0.68, 0.86) for 2-4 servings/wk, and 0.79 (0.64, 0.96) for 5+/servings/wk (P-trend < 0.0001). Examined individually, higher intakes of tuna fish, light-meat fish and shellfish were associated with lower risk. Compared with participants who never or rarely consumed the specific type, the MVHRs for consumption of 1+ servings/wk were 0.84 (0.78, 0.90) (P-trend < 0.0001) for tuna fish, 0.91 (0.83, 0.99) (P-trend = 0.04) for light-meat fish, and 0.82 (0.72, 0.93) (P-trend < 0.0001) for shellfish. A higher risk for dark-meat fish intake was suggested [MVHR: 1.09 (0.99, 1.21) (P-trend = 0.04)]. Fish oil supplement use (yes/no) was associated with higher risk [MVHR: 1.12 (1.06, 1.19)]., Conclusions: Regular consumption of tuna fish, light-meat fish, or shellfish is associated with a lower risk of developing persistent tinnitus in females. Fish oil supplement use is associated with higher risk., Competing Interests: Conflict of interest SGC received an investigator-initiated grant from GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals SA. GCC serves as a consultant to OM1, Atom Bioscience, and receives royalties from UpToDate for being an author and Section Editor. All other authors report no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2024 American Society for Nutrition. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: Preeclampsia is a type of hypertension disorder characterized by symptoms of damage to other organs. The effect of omega-3 supplementation and fish oil on preeclampsia has been studied several times over the years. Therefore, due to the importance of the subject and the inconsistency of the results of the studies, the present research aimed to estimate the effect of omega-3 supplementation and fish oil on preeclampsia by systematic review and meta-analysis., Methods: The present systematic review and meta-analysis was performed according to PRISMA guidelines from 1990 to February 2022. A systematic literature review was conducted in MagIran, SID, PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science (WoS) databases and Google Scholar motor engine using related MeSH/Emtree terms, which were combined with free text word. The heterogeneity of the studies was addressed using I 2 index and publication bias was assessed using Egger's regression intercept., Results: The initial systematic literature search retrieved 12095 studies, of which 16 articles with a sample size of 8004 subjects in the intervention group and 8233 in the control group were finally included in the meta-analysis after excluding irrelevant studies. As a result of combining primary studies, the risk ratio of the frequency of total preeclampsia (mild and severe) was obtained (RR: 0.63; 95 % CI, 0.41-0.95, P = 0.027) in the intervention group compared to the control group and risk ratio of the frequency of severe preeclampsia was calculated (RR: 0.45; 95 % CI, 0.24-0.83, P = 0.011) in the intervention group compared to the control group., Conclusion: Based on the results of the present study, the consumption of omega-3 supplementation and fish oil significantly reduces the risk of developing preeclampsia. Therefore, it seems that omega-3 supplementation and fish oil can be considered in preventing preeclampsia., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author (s)., (Copyright © 2024 European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

We, the Editor and Publisher of the Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics & Gynecology have retracted the following article:Mehrdad Amini, Fereshteh Bahmani, Fatemeh Foroozanfard, Zahra Vahedpoor, Amir Ghaderi, Mohsen Taghizadeh, Hassan Karbassizadeh & Zatollah Asemi (2018), The effects of fish oil omega-3 fatty acid supplementation on mental health parameters and metabolic status of patients with polycystic ovary syndrome: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics & Gynecology , DOI: 10.1080/0167482X.2018.1508282.Following publication, significant concerns were raised by a third party 1 about the integrity of the data and the reported findings in the article.When approached for an explanation, the authors and their institution have been cooperative in providing some responses and documents. To verify the reported findings, the article and the documents provided by the authors were further evaluated by the journal editorial team, and also sent for review by an external statistical reviewer.Both the journal editorial team and the external statistical reviewer were unable to confirm the integrity of the trial design and the main outcome of the external review was that the article's results and conclusions are unreliable. Therefore, as the editorial team no longer have confidence in the reported conclusions the decision has been made to retract the article.The authors listed in the publication have been informed. The authors do not agree with the retraction.We have been informed in our decision-making by our editorial policies and the COPE guidelines.The retracted article will remain online to maintain the scholarly record, but it will be digitally watermarked on each page as 'Retracted'.

Background: The beneficial effects of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in reducing high blood triglyceride (TG) levels have been well demonstrated. This study aimed to investigate the effect of chia seeds on blood TG and its associated cardiometabolic factors in hypertriglyceridaemic individuals., Methods: This three-group randomised controlled trial compared the effects of a low-calorie diet (n = 22), a low-calorie diet with chia seeds (30 g/day, n = 22) or a low-calorie diet with concentrated fish oil (1.8 g/day of n-3 long-chain PUFAs, n = 22) in patients with hypertriglyceridaemia. Anthropometrics, fasting blood lipids, proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9, insulin, adiponectin, leptin and interleukin-6 levels were measured., Results: After 8 weeks, the mean reduction in weight exhibited by the three groups was not statistically different (2.0, 2.7 and 2.8 kg, respectively, for the control, fish oil and chia seed groups). The plasma TG decreased in both the chia seed and fish oil groups in comparison to the control group (p = 0.001). However, no significant difference was observed between the chia seed and fish oil groups (change from baseline mean: 145.2 and 136.7 mg/dL for the chia seed and fish oil groups, respectively). The consumption of chia seeds was associated with a reduction in diastolic blood pressure (change from baseline mean: 8.4 mmHg) compared to the other two groups. No significant alterations were observed in the other blood biochemical factors between the three groups., Conclusions: In people with moderate hypertriglyceridaemia, a low-calorie diet with 30 g of chia seeds compared to fish oil supplements containing 1.8 g of long-chain PUFAs has a similar effect on reducing plasma TG levels, whereas it has a higher blood pressure-lowering effect., (© 2024 British Dietetic Association.)

Background: Intravenous lipids are critical to the care of extremely premature and other high-risk infants., Objectives: This study evaluated safety and efficacy of parenteral nutrition (PN) with composite intravenous lipid emulsion (CO-ILE) with fish oil compared with pure soybean oil lipid emulsion (SOLE)., Methods: Randomized, controlled, double-blind, multicenter study (NCT02579265) in neonates/infants anticipated to require ≥28 d of PN due to gastrointestinal malformations or injury. Duration of the initial and extended treatment phase was 28 d and 84 d, respectively (for patients with PN indication after day 28)., Results: Eighty-three patients (mean postnatal age 11.4 d, 54 preterm) received CO-ILE and 78 patients received SOLE (mean postnatal age 8.3 d, 59 preterm). Thirty-three patients per group completed 28 d of treatment. Risk of having conjugated bilirubin values >2 mg/dL confirmed by a second sample 7 d after the first during the initial treatment phase (primary outcome) was 2.4% (2 of 83) with CO-ILE and 3.8% (3 of 78) with SOLE (risk ratio: 0.59; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.09, 3.76). Between days 29 and 84, the number of patients with confirmed conjugated bilirubin values >2 mg/dL did not increase in the CO-ILE group (n = 2) and increased in the SOLE group (n = 9). At the end of the initial treatment phase, conjugated bilirubin concentrations were 45.6% lower under CO-ILE than under SOLE (P = 0.006). There was no clinical or laboratory evidence of essential fatty acid deficiency in patients in the CO-ILE group. Median time to discharge alive was 56.7 d and 66.4 d with CO-ILE and SOLE, respectively (hazard ratio: 1.16; 95% CI: 0.81, 1.68)., Conclusions: CO-ILE was associated with a possible lower risk of cholestasis and significantly lower conjugated bilirubin concentration at the end of the initial treatment phase in high-risk neonates and infants as compared with patients treated with SOLE. In summary, these data indicate that CO-ILE can be considered safe and may be preferable over SOLE in high-risk neonates. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02579265., Competing Interests: Conflict of interest Steven Abrams’ institution received support from Fresenius Kabi for his time and effort as principal investigator of this study. Daniel Robinson is an institutional principal investigator, with no salary funding, for a consortium database sponsored by Mead Johnson Nutrition; previously received compensation as a member of the Data Safety Monitoring Board for a clinical investigation sponsored by Fresenius Kabi; and is a consultant for Baxter. Joern-Hendrik Weitkamp serves as consultant for Roche Diagnostics Operations, Inc. All other authors report no conflicts of interest. The institutions of the authors each received institutional research support from Fresenius Kabi for clinical conduct of the trial., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Objectives: Migraine is a chronic, recurring, and disabling disease. Fish oil intervention was used to investigate its effects on headache symptoms and blood lipids of migraine patients., Design: All subjects were collected at the Kuang Tian General Hospital from March 2020 to May 2021. Experimental group subjects took 1 g/time of fish oil (including EPA 900 mg/tablet) after breakfast and dinner. Placebo group subjects took 100% soybean oil twice daily. Before and after the test, the migraine improvement questionnaire was used to analyze headaches during attacks, dietary intake, and headache triggers., Results: The average age of the 47 subjects in this study was 40.3 ± 9.2 years old, the body mass index (BMI) was 24.3 ± 6.0 kg/m 2 . At Week 12, subjects in the fish oil group were significantly improved relative to the control group (p < 0.05). Blood lipid indexes TC, LDL-C, and TG were reduced, and the frequency, duration, and pain degree of migraine., Conclusion: Fish oil may be used as an adjunctive therapeutic food for relieving migraine attack symptoms and blood lipids., (© 2024 The Author(s). Brain and Behavior published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

Study Design: Retrospective cohort study., Objective: To understand how preoperative LDL levels, statin intake, and fish oil intake affect rates of pseudarthrosis after single-level and multilevel ACDF., Summary of Background Data: Anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) is commonly performed to treat cervical degenerative diseases or injuries causing neck pain, myelopathy, and radiculopathy. Pseudarthrosis following ACDF can lead to persistent symptoms and may require revision surgery. No studies have explored the link between low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels and statin or fish oil intake on pseudarthrosis in ACDF., Materials and Methods: Patients undergoing ACDF were identified using TriNetX, a health care database with over 100 million patients. Pseudarthrosis rates following single-level and multilevel ACDF were compared between patients with high versus low LDL within one year before surgery. Pseudarthrosis rates were also compared between patients taking or not taking a statin as well as patients taking or not taking fish oil within six months before surgery. For all analyses, patients underwent propensity score matching in a 1:1 ratio based on relevant demographic factors and comorbidities., Results: Patients with an LDL above 142 mg/dL, compared with below 66 mg/dL, had significantly higher rates of pseudarthrosis at six months, one year, and two years after single-level and multilevel ACDF. Patients not taking a statin or fish oil, compared with those taking a statin or fish oil, respectively, also had significantly higher rates of pseudarthrosis at all time points after multilevel ACDF, but not single-level ACDF., Conclusion: Low LDL levels are associated with reduced rates of pseudarthrosis after single-level and multilevel ACDF. Statin and fish oil intake before surgery are also associated with reduced rates of pseudarthrosis after multilevel, but not single-level ACDF. These associations may be used for preoperative planning, patient optimization, and risk stratification., Competing Interests: V.P. has received consulting fees from Cerepedics, Ecential Robotics, Mainstay Medical, Medical Metrics, Medtronic, Orthobond, Shukla, SiBone, Spinewelding, Zygofix, J&J, and DePuy. V.P. has received grants from Mainstay Medical, Orthofix, Premia, Spinal Kinetics, 3Spine Management Company, Colorado Office of Economic Development, SI-Bone, and Surgalign Spine Technologies. V.P. has received fellowship support from Globus and Medicrea. Cheryl Ackert-Bicknell has received grant funding from the NIH. The remaining authors report no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.)

Purpose of Review: Several types of injectable lipid emulsions (ILEs) have become available for parenteral nutrition. The purpose of this review is to highlight the most recent and interesting articles in the field of ILEs., Recent Findings: Recent literature has compared ILEs in various clinical scenarios (e.g. abdominal surgery, chronic intestinal failure, critical illness, and preterm birth). Favorable clinical effects of ILEs containing fish oil have been observed in studies on surgical patients with Crohn's disease, critically ill patients, and patients with intestinal failure-associated liver dysfunction, whereas other trials have shown no clear benefit. Ongoing research is focused on finding novel strategies to reduce liver toxicity of ILEs, including the use of 'artificial intelligence' tools and liver organoids. Promising new applications for ILEs are emerging, including the prevention of neonatal hypoxic brain injury., Summary: Although ILEs with the goal of reducing the levels of pro-inflammatory omega-6 fatty acids appear to confer some advantage in some settings (e.g. surgery), conclusive data on the superiority of one ILE over another are lacking. In particular, research is needed to compare different types of mixed-oil ILEs with each other and with pure fish oil ILEs., (Copyright © 2024 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background/objectives: Although high-fat, low-carbohydrate diets are used for weight loss and type 2 diabetes management, their high-fat content may have negative effects. This study examines the effects of replacing cellulose with chitosan and part of the fat with fish oil in a high-fat, low-carbohydrate diet on lipid metabolism in rats., Methods: The experiment involved 35 six-week-old male SD rats, divided into five groups: normal control diet (ND), high-fat diet (HF), high-fat, low-carbohydrate diet (LC), LC with 5% chitosan (LC-CH), and LC with 5% chitosan and 5% fish oil (LC-CHF)., Results: After 15 weeks, the HF group had the highest liver weight, and the LC group had the highest adipose tissue weight. The LC-CHF group showed significantly reduced body, liver, and adipose tissue weights, lower ALT, AST, TNF-α, and cholesterol levels, as well as improved liver enzyme activity and fat synthesis regulation. LC-CHF also promoted fat breakdown in adipose tissue, reducing adipocyte size., Conclusions: Our findings suggest the modified high-fat, low-carbohydrate diet with chitosan and fish oil improved obesity and fatty liver outcomes compared to a standard high-fat diet.

Background/Objectives : The beneficial effects of ω-3 fatty acids on the cardiovascular system have been observed in many epidemiological studies; however, their effects on the skeleton and in particular on postmenopausal bone loss appear to vary. The present study's purpose was to investigate the effects of oral fish oil (rich in ω-3 fatty acids) consumption on bone, plasma, and inflammation parameters in the ovariectomized (Ovx) rat model of osteopenia. Methods : Four Groups of ten rats each were separated into Non-Ovx receiving fish oil (2.8 g/kg body weight) (Non-Ovx + FO), Non-Ovx receiving isocaloric corn oil (Non-Ovx + CO), Ovx receiving fish oil (Ovx + FO), and Ovx receiving corn oil (Ovx + CO) daily for 4 months. Results : Tibial bone mineral density percentage changes from baseline were +4.09% in Non-Ovx + FO rats versus -2.99% in Non-Ovx + CO rats ( p NS), and -5.73% in Ovx + FO rats versus -14.12% in Ovx + CO rats ( p = 0.070), indicating a tendency to protect from bone loss. Fish oil exerted a beneficial effect on bone strength, as shown by significantly increased femoral fracture stress in Ovx + FO, compared to Ovx + CO rats ( p = 0.05). The plasma's total cholesterol was significantly reduced in both FO Groups versus the CO Groups ( p < 0.001), while HDL-cholesterol decreased slightly in both FO Groups, significantly ( p < 0.001) between Non-Ovx + FO versus Non-Ovx + CO. Interleukin 6 was reduced in both FO Groups, indicating the anti-inflammatory effect of fish oil consumption, which was highly significant ( p < 0.001) between Non-Ovx + FO versus Non-Ovx + CO. Interleukin 10, TNF-α, and RANKL displayed non-significant changes. Conclusions : Among the skeletal and blood parameters studied, several, but not all, demonstrated a mild to significant beneficial effect of four-month fish oil consumption.

Capsular contracture, a significant complication of breast-implant surgery, causes pain and deformation following the formation of a tight capsule around an implant. Current surgical and non-surgical treatment options are invasive, expensive, and typically administered for prolonged periods, potentially leading to side effects. To address these challenges, we developed a novel fish oil-encapsulated, poloxamer-based nanoemulsion gel with omega-3 (ω3) as the primary active component (NE-ω3 gel; N3G). This formulation can be injected during surgery, reducing the need for prolonged administration of medications and minimizing associated side effects. N3G was prepared through a two-step process involving the emulsification of fish oil followed by gelation with poloxamer to create a thermoreversible gel. Dynamic light-scattering analysis confirmed a uniform distribution of nanoemulsion particles, which had a mean diameter of 287 ± 8.599 nm and a PDI of 0.29 ± 0.047. FTIR and DSC analyses validated the encapsulation of fish oil within poloxamer micelles. Drug-release analysis demonstrated that more than 96% of fish oil was released within 10 h. In in vivo experiments, rats (n = 30) were divided into three groups: a negative control group (G1), a positive control group receiving fish oil (G2), and an experimental group with implants coated with N3G (G3). G3 exhibited a 21.2% reduction in capsular thickness compared to G1 and a 5.6% reduction compared to G2. In addition, significant decreases in fibrosis and myofibroblast counts were observed in G3. These results, supported by histological and gene expression analyses, highlight the effectiveness of N3G in reducing inflammation and fibrosis. This study underscores the therapeutic potential of N3G for capsular contracture, based on its persistence, thermoreversibility, and improved dosing and storage characteristics., Competing Interests: Declarations. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Aim: To investigate the association between fish oil supplementation and subsequent risk of chronic kidney disease (CKD) among patients with diabetes, and further evaluate the mediation effect of typical glycolipid and inflammatory biomarkers., Methods: In total, 24 497 patients with diabetes from the UK Biobank were included. Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to estimate the hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for CKD risk, and the rate advancement period was calculated to quantify and communicate the impact of fish oil upon that risk. In addition, we also used mediation analysis to assess the mediating role of plasma biomarkers., Results: Overall, 7122 patients reported taking fish oil supplements. During a mean of 11.3 years of follow-up, 3533 CKD cases occurred. In the fully adjusted model, fish oil use was inversely associated with the incidence of CKD (HR 0.90; 95% CI: 0.83, 0.97), which was mediated by serum levels of HbA1c (4.7%), C-reactive protein (CRP) (3.4%) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) (2.3%). Participants who took fish oil supplements displayed the same risk of CKD events, but that risk was delayed by approximately 2.79 years compared with non-users of fish oil., Conclusions: Our findings advocate the beneficial role of fish oil use in preventing CKD among patients with diabetes, which may be mediated by serum levels of HbA1c, CRP and HDL-C, and support public health policies aiming to promote fish oil supplementation for the prevention of diabetes complications., (© 2024 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Background: There is limited evidence on benefits of SMOF lipids (mixed fatty acid emulsion of 30% soybean oil, 30% medium chain triglycerides, 25% olive oil, and 15% fish oil) in reducing parenteral nutrition-associated cholestasis in extremely low birth weight infants, compared with soybean oil-based Intralipid., Aim: To compare incidence of parenteral nutrition-associated cholestasis in preterm infants who received Intralipid vs SMOF lipid., Methods: We conducted a retrospective study on infants with birth weight <1000 g, admitted between January 2013 to December 2022, who received parenteral nutrition for >14 days and divided them into two groups based on lipid emulsion received (Intralipid, n = 187, SMOF, n = 127). Primary outcome was incidence of parenteral nutrition-associated cholestasis, defined as direct bilirubin ≥2 mg/dl., Results: Baseline characteristics did not differ between the two groups. No significant difference was noted in parenteral nutrition-associated cholestasis between the two groups on logistic regression, (adjusted odds ratio: 0.71, 95% confidence interval 0.35-1.42, P value 0.33) after adjusting for gestational age, parenteral nutrition days, lipid days, and late-onset sepsis., Conclusion: There was no difference in the rates of parenteral nutrition-associated cholestasis between preterm infants administered SMOF lipids and those given Intralipid., (© 2024 American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition.)

Malnutrition in critically ill patients represents a major concern as it can lead to adverse outcomes including increased morbidity and mortality. These patients exhibit an impaired immune response accompanied by increased oxidative stress. Nutritional support, including parenteral nutrition (PN), is critical in these patients. Intravenous lipid emulsions (ILEs), a key component of PN, provide energy and intervene in the modulation of inflammation. This was a secondary study of a randomized clinical trial at the Reina Sofia University Hospital (Murcia, Spain) for critically ill patients following major abdominal surgery that were administered PN supplemented with olive-oil-based ILE (OO-ILE, n = 29) or a mixed-lipid ILE (soybean oil, medium chain triglycerides, OO and fish oil, SMOF-ILE, n = 25). The effects on clinical outcomes, metabolic markers, oxidative stress, and inflammation were evaluated. No significant differences were observed between groups in the clinical parameters and outcomes, oxidative stress, or inflammatory markers. The within-group evaluation demonstrated an increase in total antioxidant capacity in both groups, while OO-ILE increased the levels of 15-F2t-isoprostane. In addition, the results showed that both mixtures reduced the release of IL-1β and IL-6. These findings suggest that both treatments had similar effects on oxidative stress and inflammatory response in this type of patient., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Aims/Background Neonatal morbidity, including various diseases such as sepsis, cholestasis, and bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), is a significant concern, especially in preterm infants. Selecting the appropriate lipid emulsion in parenteral nutrition (PN) is essential to improve clinical outcomes. This analysis aimed to assess the impact of a novel composite lipid emulsion, SMOFlipid, on neonates receiving PN. Methods A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were conducted. We compared SMOFlipid to various other lipid emulsions in PN received by infants. Research findings that addressed outcomes such as mortality, sepsis, cholestasis, necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), BPD, patent ductus arteriosus (PDA), retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH), and length of hospital stay were included. Subgroup analyses were conducted based on gestational age (GA). Twenty RCTs involving 1904 neonates were included. Results Compared to other lipid emulsions, SMOFlipid significantly reduced the cholestasis risk (risk ratio (RR): 0.65, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.48-0.87, p = 0.004, I 2 = 0%). However, the incidence related to IVH, BPD, ROP, NEC, and PDA (excluding an infant subgroup with GA <28 weeks), mortality, sepsis, and duration of hospital stay did not exhibit any substantial variations. The subgroup analysis indicated a decline in PDA incidence (RR: 0.88, 95% CI: 0.79-0.99, p = 0.04, I 2 = 0%) among extremely premature infants receiving SMOFlipid. Conclusion SMOFlipid offers a promising option for neonatal PN, particularly for reducing cholestasis in preterm infants and PDA in extremely premature infants. Further investigations into its comprehensive benefits and long-term effects are warranted.

Soybean oil, medium-chain triglycerides, olive oil, and fish oil (SMOFlipid) is used without evidence of benefits. We investigated the relationship between lipid emulsions and brain injury in term-equivalent age magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in 148 very preterm infants with a birth weight of < 1500 g at ≤ 32 gestational weeks in a neonatal intensive care unit. Infants who received soybean-based lipid emulsions between January 2015 and December 2018 were compared with those who received SMOFlipids between January 2019 and December 2022. A negative binomial generalized linear model was applied for bivariate analysis. Modified log-Poisson regression with generalized linear models and a robust variance estimator (Huber-White) were applied to adjust for potential confounders. The Kidokoro score was used to determine if lipid emulsion type would affect brain morphology and growth at term-equivalent age. Eighty-six (58.9%) received SMOFlipid. SMOFlipid was associated with lower focal signal abnormality, myelination delay, increased extracerebral space, and cerebellar volume reduction (P = 0.02, P = 0.007, P = 0.01, P = 0.02, respectively). SMOFlipidis are associated with brain insult, especially in white matter, cortical gray matter, and the cerebellum. Well-designed studies are needed to investigate the effect of lipid emulsions on the central nervous system., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Background: Aquaculture, traditionally a form of biotechnology, has evolved to integrate innovative biotechnological applications, such as advanced feed formulations, aimed at improving the growth performance and health of farmed fish species. In the present study, the effects of feeding rainbow trout with novel feed formulations were investigated. Fish growth, gut and liver morphology, the concentration of fatty acids in the fillet, and volatile fatty acids in the gut were assessed. The study also validated scenarios from in vivo experiments using a nutrient-based model called FEEDNETICS™. This globally used model serves as a tool for data interpretation and decision support in the context of precision fish farming., Methods: Alternative protein and oil sources, including poultry by-product meal (PBM) and natural algae oil, were explored as sustainable replacements for fishmeal (FM) and fish oil (FO). A 90-day feeding trial was conducted using rainbow trout, comparing two isoproteic, isolipidic and isoenergetic diets. The control diet contained 15% FM, 5% PBM, and 8% FO, while the test diet replaced FM with 15% PBM and 5% feather meal hydrolysate (FMH), and fully substituted FO with VeraMaris ® natural algae oil and rapeseed oil., Results: PBM successfully replaced FM protein without negatively affecting feed intake, growth performance or feed utilization in trout. The combination of PBM and natural algae oil was well tolerated by the trout and showed no negative effects on gut health. A detailed analysis of fatty acids in the fillet revealed that PUFAs of the n3 and n6 series were significantly higher in the PBM group than in the FM group. Values of fatty acid-related health indexes, including atherogenicity index, and thrombogenicity index, confirmed the high nutritional value of trout filet, thus representing a healthy product for human. In addition, the predictions using the FEEDNETICS™ indicated that the tested novel alternative formulations are economically viable. The validation of the model for fish growth resulted in a Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) of 8%., Conclusions: The FEEDNETICS™ application enhances our ability to optimize feeding strategies and improve production efficiency in the aquaculture industry. VeraMaris ® algae oil and PBM could serve as viable and sustainable raw materials for fish feed, promoting environmentally friendly aquaculture practices., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Background: The effect of supplements on mortality risk in patients with cancer remains uncertain and has scarcely been investigated in subgroups of patients with varying characteristics. This study aimed to investigate the association between two popular supplements, fish oil and glucosamine, and mortality risk in a large population-based cohort and determine whether cardiovascular health and clinical prognosis influence these associations., Methods: This prospective cohort study analyzed the data of UK Biobank participants who were diagnosed with cancer. The associations of fish oil and glucosamine consumption with mortality were analyzed using Cox proportional hazards models. Subgroup analyses were performed to assess the effects of Life Essential 8 [LE8] scores (a measure of cardiovascular health) and cancer prognosis (grouped according to the survival rates of specific cancer types) on the associations between supplement use and mortality., Results: This analysis included 14,920 participants (mean age = 59.9 years; 60.2% female). One third (34.1%) of the participants reported using fish oil, and one fifth (20.5%) reported using glucosamine. Over a median follow-up of 12.0 years, 2,708 all-cause deaths were registered. The use of fish oil was associated with reduced risks of all-cause mortality (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] = 0.89, 95% Confidence Interval [CI] = 0.81-0.97) and cancer mortality (aHR = 0.89, 95% CI = 0.81-0.98). Similarly, glucosamine use was associated with reduced risks of all-cause mortality (aHR = 0.83, 95% CI = 0.74-0.92) and cancer mortality (aHR = 0.83, 95% CI = 0.74-0.93) in the fully adjusted model. Subgroup analyses revealed that the protective effects of fish oil and glucosamine against mortality risk were only observed in patients with LE8 scores lower than the mean score or a poor cancer prognosis. Additionally, the association between glucosamine use and a reduced risk of CVD-related mortality was only observed in patients with lower LE8 scores., Conclusions: This large cohort study identified the potential differential impact of LE8 scores and cancer prognosis on the associations of fish oil and glucosamine supplementation with survival in patients with cancer. This suggests the importance of considering these factors in future research on supplements and in the provision of personalized integrative cancer care., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Background: Following injury, older adults exhibit slow recovery of muscle function. Age-related impairment of sarcolemmal membrane repair may contribute to myocyte death, increasing the need for myogenesis and prolonging recovery. Dietary fish oil (FO) is a common nutritional supplement that may alter plasma membrane composition to enhance the response to membrane injury. Methods: We assessed effects of an 8-week dietary intervention on muscle contractile recovery in aged (22 mo.) rats on control (n = 5) or FO (control + 33 g/kg FO (45% eicosapentaenoic acid; 10% docosahexaenoic acid); n = 5) diets 1-week after contusion injury, as well as adult (8 mo., n = 8) rats on the control diet. Results: Recovery was reduced in aged rats on the control diet vs. adults (63 vs. 80%; p = 0.042), while those on the FO diet recovered similarly to (78%) adults. To directly assess sarcolemma injury, C2C12 cells were cultured in media with and without FO (1, 10, and 100 μg/mL; 24 or 48 h) and injured with an infrared laser in medium containing FM4-64 dye as a marker of sarcolemmal injury. FO reduced the area under the FM4-64 fluorescence-time curve at all concentrations after both 24 and 48 h supplementation. Conclusions: These preliminary data suggest FO might aid recovery of muscle function following injury in older adults by enhancing membrane resealing and repair.

Acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) are severe complications that can occur in infections caused by any Plasmodium species. Due to the high lethality rate and the lack of specific treatment for ALI/ARDS, studies aimed at understanding and searching for treatment strategies for such complications have been fundamental. Here, we investigated the protective role of dietary supplementation with DHA-rich fish oil against lung damage induced by Plasmodium berghei ANKA in a murine model. Our results demonstrated that alveolar vascular damage, lung edema, and histopathological alterations were significantly reduced in mice that received dietary supplementation compared to those that did not receive the supplementation. Furthermore, a significant reduction in the number of CD8+ T lymphocytes, in addition to reduced infiltration of inflammatory cells in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid was also observed. High levels of IL-10, but not of TNF-α and IFN-γ, were also observed in infected mice that received the supplementation, along with a reduction in local oxidative stress. Together, the data suggest that dietary supplementation with DHA-rich fish oil in malarial endemic areas may help reduce lung damage resulting from the infection, thus preventing worsening of the condition.

Background/objectives: Despite advances in ulcer treatment research, the search for new, safe, and effective strategies for preventing and treating ulcer diseases persists., Methods: In this study, the protective effects of dietary supplementation with krill oil (KO), fish oil (FO), and astaxanthin (ASX) on an ethanol-induced gastric ulcer model were compared during biochemical and histological observations. Sprague-Dawley ( n = 64) rats randomly divided into four groups-normal control (vehicle), KO, FO, and ASX groups-received the supplements via the orogastric route at a rate of 2.5% ( v / w ) of their daily feed consumption for 4 weeks. Then, ulcer induction was performed with ethanol., Results: The ulcer group showed increased levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), chemiluminescence (CL), and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity and decreased levels of glutathione in the gastric tissues. While KO, FO, and ASX supplementation decreased chemiluminescence levels in the ulcer group, only ASX supplementation decreased MDA levels and MPO activity., Conclusions: In conclusion, supplementation with KO or FO has a similar protective effect against ethanol-induced ulcer damage, as it inhibits ROS formation and reduces lipid peroxidation. However, ASX supplementation has a higher protective effect than KO or FO supplementations against experimental ethanol-induced gastric lesions in rats, as it inhibits ROS formation and reduces neutrophil infiltration and lipid peroxidation.

Background: We examined the associations of fish and fish oil consumption with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) incidence., Patients and Methods: We conducted a longitudinal analysis based on the UK Biobank, a population-based prospective cohort. Dietary consumption of fish and fish oil was collected by questionnaire. IBD incident cases were identified through links to National Health Services datasets. Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to assess the associations between oily fish, nonoily fish, and fish oil intake and IBD incidence with adjustment for various confounding factors., Results: A total of 265 839 participants free of IBD at baseline were included, and 1554 incident IBD cases were identified during an average follow-up of 11.8 years. In fully adjusted models, we found that compared with participants who never ate oily fish, those having <1 serving/wk, 1 serving/wk, and >1 serving/wk had 9% (hazard ratio [HR], 0.91; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.77-1.08), 19% (HR, 0.81; 95% CI, 0.69-0.96), and 12% (HR, 0.88; 95% CI, 0.73-1.06) lower risks of IBD, respectively, albeit not all statistically significant. A significant association was found between fish oil intake and a reduced risk of IBD (HR, 0.84; 95% CI, 0.75-0.93). We found no significant associations for nonoily fish. In a subsample (n = 105 714) of participants with multiple subsequent dietary reviews, we also found a negative association between the frequency of fish oil intake over time and incident IBD (P trend < .05)., Conclusions: Our findings indicate that oily fish and fish oil supplements might be protective factors against IBD., (© The Author(s) 2023. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Crohn’s & Colitis Foundation. All rights reserved. For commercial re-use, please contact reprints@oup.com for reprints and translation rights for reprints. All other permissions can be obtained through our RightsLink service via the Permissions link on the article page on our site—for further information please contact journals.permissions@oup.com.)

Background: Pediatric patients with intestinal failure require long-term parenteral nutrition owing to impaired enteral nutrition absorption. A potential complication is essential fatty acid deficiency (EFAD), resulting from decreased linoleic and α-linolenic acid concentrations and defined by an increased triene:tetraene ratio (TTR; Mead acid:arachidonic acid). Historically, soybean oil lipid emulsion (SOLE) was the only commercially available parenteral lipid in the United States. Recently, a composite lipid emulsion (CLE) and fish oil lipid emulsion (FOLE) received US Food and Drug Administration approval. This study investigated whether lipid emulsion regimen impacts EFAD incidence in pediatric patients with intestinal failure., Methods: This study was a 10-year retrospective cohort study of pediatric patients with intestinal failure who received parenteral SOLE, CLE, or FOLE. The primary outcome was EFAD incidence, defined as a TTR ≥ 0.2. Secondary outcomes included TTR ≥ 0.05, cholestasis incidence, lipid dose effect on EFAD incidence, and fatty acid parameter differences., Results: A total of 144 fatty acid profiles from 47 patients were reviewed. EFAD did not occur in any lipid emulsion group. There were no differences in the incidence of TTR ≥ 0.05 or cholestasis. The effect of dose could not be evaluated because of no EFAD incidence. Lastly, although each group had varied fatty acid parameters, none saw decreased essential fatty acid levels., Conclusion: This study found that, with close monitoring, the lipid emulsion regimen did not impact EFAD incidence. This suggests that FOLE and CLE do not increase EFAD risk compared with SOLE in pediatric patients with intestinal failure., (© 2024 American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition.)

Ketogenic diets (KDs) are very high in fat and low in carbohydrates. Evidence supports that KDs improve glucose metabolism in humans and rodents that are obese and/or insulin resistant. Conversely, findings in healthy rodents suggest that KDs may impair glucose homeostasis. In addition, most experimental KDs are composed of saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids, with almost no omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LCPUFA). Evidence supports a beneficial role for n-3 LCPUFA on glucose homeostasis in the context of a metabolic challenge. To our knowledge, no study has examined whether the inclusion of n-3 LCPUFA affects the impact of a KD on glucose homeostasis. The objective of this study was to examine the impact of a KD on whole body glucose tolerance and skeletal muscle insulin response in rats and to determine if increasing the n-3 LCPUFA content in a KD with menhaden oil could improve metabolic outcomes. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were pair-fed one of a low-fat diet, high-fat diet, KD, or a KD supplemented with menhaden oil for 8 wk. No significant differences in whole body glucose tolerance, skeletal muscle insulin signaling, or skeletal muscle insulin-stimulated glucose uptake were detected between the dietary groups. Our findings suggest that KD feeding, with or without supplementation of n-3 LCPUFA, does not affect whole body glucose homeostasis or skeletal muscle insulin response under pair-feeding conditions. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Ketogenic diets (KDs) improve glucose metabolism in humans and rodents that are insulin resistant, but their impact is unclear in a healthy context. Furthermore, standard KDs typically lack beneficial omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n3-LCPUFA). This study assessed whether supplementing a KD with n3-LCPUFA could alter glucose homeostasis or skeletal muscle insulin response. No differences were observed between a standard KD and a KD with n3-LCPUFA when energy intake was controlled.

Since veal production has declined in the U.S., American veal producers are currently making efforts to implement new production standards to improve product quality and animal welfare. In this study, we hypothesized that diets containing brewery grains, starch and omega-3 fatty acids could lower a blood stress indicator and improve meat quality, mostly from a nutritional value stand point. Holstein bull calves with approximately 94.67 ± 12.07 kg of body weight and two months old were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 dietary treatments. Diets were formulated with nonmedicated milk replacer, microbreweries spent grains, and a mineral mix (CONTROL); CONTROL + isolated maize starch (STARCH); and CONTROL +3% fish oil (OMEGA-3). Veal calves fed all three diets were heavier than calves of the same age from experiments reported in the existing literature. Dietary treatments did not affect carcass weights, pH, color, moisture, sensory attributes, volatile profile, and fat quality indexes. Calves fed STARCH and OMEGA-3 showed the lowest levels of blood cortisol. Veal fed CONTROL and OMEGA-3 had higher concentrations of ΣMUFA when compared with STARCH. Veal fed OMEGA-3 had the highest concentrations of EPA, DHA, and Σn-3. Veal from all treatments had very high concentrations of ΣMUFA, mostly driven by high levels of c-9 18:1 n-9 from the milk replacer. Feeding OMEGA-3 lowered blood cortisol and increased levels of EPA and DHA without harming sensory attributes. Overall, including brewery grains, starch and fish oil in liquid diets containing milk replacer can improve veal production., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare no conflict of interest associated with this publication and no financial support for this work that could have influenced the outcome., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

In the present scenario, obesity is a challenging health problem and its prevalence along with comorbidities are on the rise around the world. Ingestion of fish becomes trendy in daily meals. Recent research has shown that marine fish oil (FO) (found in tuna, sardines, and mackerel) may offer an alternative method for reducing obesity and problems associated with it. Marine FO rich in long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC n-3 PUFA) and long-chain omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC n-6 PUFA) plays an important role in reducing abnormalities associated with the metabolic syndrome and has a variety of disease-fighting properties, including cardioprotective activity, anti-atherosclerotic, anti-obesity, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory activity. Studies in rodents and humans have indicated that LC n-3 PUFA potentially elicit a number of effects which might be useful for reducing obesity, including suppression of appetite, improvements in circulation, enhanced fat oxidation, energy expenditure, and reduced fat deposition. This review discusses the interplay between inflammation and obesity, and their subsequent regulation via the beneficial role of marine FO, suggesting an alternative dietary strategy to ameliorate obesity and obesity-associated chronic diseases., (© 2024 The Author(s). Physiological Reports published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of The Physiological Society and the American Physiological Society.)

The influence of grain type and fat source on the performance, coefficient of apparent ileal digestibility (CAID), and intestinal characteristics in broiler starters fed pelleted diets were studied. The experiment included 8 treatments arranged as a 2 × 4 factorial with 2 grains (wheat and corn) and 4 fat sources (soybean oil, fish oil, tallow, and palm oil). In all fat sources, corn-fed birds had a higher weight gain than those fed wheat-based diets. However, improvement in the weight gain of birds fed wheat-based diets supplemented with tallow resulted in a significant (P < 0.001) interaction between grain type and fat source. Inclusion of wheat and tallow increased feed intake compared to corn and other fat sources, respectively. Pellets made from wheat were harder (P < 0.01) than those based on corn. Broilers fed corn-based diets, had higher CAID of fat, Ca, and phosphorus (P < 0.01) than those fed wheat-based diets. Soybean oil inclusion, also increased (P < 0.01) fat digestibility compared to other fat sources. An interaction occurred between grain type and fat source where pellets made from corn and soybean oil had higher protein digestibility compared to the other treatments (P < 0.01). Feeding wheat-based diets increased pH of gizzard and proventriculus compared to corn-based diets (P < 0.01). Highest viscosity value was observed in wheat-diets supplemented with fish oil, and palm oil (P < 0.01). The pancrease, gizzard and cecum were heavier in corn-based fed birds compared to those fed wheat-based diets (P < 0.01). A significant interaction between grain type and fat source was noted for Lactobacillus spp. and the total anaerobic bacteria population in the cecum. Overall, the effect of grain type on weight gain, CIAD of protein and cecal microbiota differed depending on the fat sources. Feeding corn and soybean oil resulted in better gut development and growth performance in broilers fed pelleted diets., Competing Interests: DSICLOSURES There is no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Weaning is a decisive event in piglets' life. This study aimed to evaluate whether the inclusion of fish oil, rich in eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids (EPA and DHA), in sow and piglet diets, increased the concentration of anti-inflammatory molecules in the blood of weaned piglets and whether the effect was dependent on the pigs being born with either low or a high birth BW (bBW). Thirty-six sows in four consecutive batches were randomly distributed between a control diet with animal fat (15 g/kg in gestation and 30 g/kg in lactation) or a n-3 long-chain fatty acid diet (LCFA; totally or half replacing animal fat by fish oil during gestation and lactation, respectively) from service until weaning (ca. 28 days). At birth, the two lightest (LBW) and the two heaviest (HBW) piglets in each litter were identified and, at weaning, grouped in pens by pairs prioritising their bBW. Pens were further distributed into a control (30 g/kg animal fat) or n-3 LCFA diet (totally replacing animal fat by fish oil) for 28 days. At the end of the trial, blood was collected from piglets in the first batch (n = 48). Serum fatty acids (FAs) were quantified by GC, plasma oxylipins by ultra-HPLC-MS, and plasma immune indicators by ELISA. An interaction between piglet diet and bBW for average daily gain (P = 0.020) and average daily feed intake (P = 0.014) during the whole postweaning indicated that dietary n-3 LCFA-promoted LBW piglets to have a similar growth and intake than HBW piglets reaching 1.5 kg average BW more at the end of the postweaning period than LBW control piglets. Fish oil in piglet diets also increased the concentrations of total n-3 FA, EPA and DHA (all P < 0.001), their resultant oxylipins, particularly their hydroxy derivatives from lipoxygenase enzymatic pathway (all P < 0.001) and tended to increase immunoglobulin M (P = 0.067) in blood. Regarding the bBW category, LBW piglets tend to increase tumour necrosis factor α in plasma (P = 0.083) compared to HBW. It is concluded that fish oil in postweaning diets could enhance the daily gain and feed intake of LBW piglets, increasing the concentration of serum n-3 FAs and their derived oxylipins in plasma., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

Importance: Eicosanoids have a pathophysiological role in atopic dermatitis (AD), but it is unknown whether this is affected by prenatal ω-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (n-3 LCPUFA; ie, fish oil) supplementation and genetic variations in the cyclooxygenase-1 (COX1) pathway., Objective: To explore the association of n-3 LCPUFA supplementation during pregnancy with risk of childhood AD overall and by maternal COX1 genotype., Design, Setting, and Participants: This prespecified secondary analysis of a randomized clinical trial included mother-child pairs from the Danish Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood 2010 birth cohort, with prospective follow-up until children were aged 10 years. In the trial, maternal and child COX1 genotypes were determined, and urinary eicosanoids were quantified when the child was 1 year of age. The present study was conducted from January 2019 to December 2021, and data were analyzed from January to September 2023., Intervention: A total of 736 pregnant women at 24 weeks' gestation were randomized 1:1 to 2.4 g of n-3 LCPUFA (fish oil) or placebo (olive oil) per day until 1 week post partum., Main Outcomes and Measures: Risk of childhood AD until age 10 years overall and by maternal COX1 genotype., Results: At age 10 years, 635 children (91%; 363 [57%] female) completed the clinical follow-up, and these mother-child pairs were included in this study; 321 (51%) were in the intervention group and 314 (49%) in the control group. Pregnancy n-3 LCPUFA supplementation was associated with lower urinary thromboxane A2 metabolites at age 1 year (β, -0.46; 95% CI, -0.80 to -0.13; P = .006), which was also associated with COX1 rs1330344 genotype (β per C allele, 0.47; 95% CI, 0.20-0.73; P = .001). Although neither n-3 LCPUFA supplementation (hazard ratio [HR], 1.00; 95% CI, 0.76-1.33; P = .97) nor maternal COX1 genotype (HR, 0.94; 95% CI, 0.74-1.19; P = .60) was associated with risk of childhood AD until age 10 years, there was evidence of an interaction between these variables (P < .001 for interaction). Among mothers with the TT genotype, risk of AD was reduced in the n-3 LCPUFA group compared with the placebo group (390 mother-child pairs [61%]; HR, 0.70; 95% CI, 0.50-0.98; P = .04); there was no association for mothers with the CT genotype (209 [33%]; HR, 1.29; 95% CI, 0.79-2.10; P = .31), and risk was increased among offspring of mothers with the CC genotype (37 [6%]; HR, 5.77; 95% CI, 1.63-20.47; P = .007). There was a significant interaction between n-3 LCPUFA supplementation and child COX1 genotype and development of AD (P = .002 for interaction)., Conclusions and Relevance: In this secondary analysis of a randomized clinical trial, the association of prenatal n-3 LCPUFA supplementation with risk of childhood AD varied by maternal COX1 genotype. The findings could be used to inform a personalized prevention strategy of providing supplementation only to pregnant individuals with the TT genotype., Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT00798226.

Background & Aims: Intravenous lipid emulsions used in preterm infants contain insufficient docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and arachidonic acid (ARA) to support normal development, resulting in deficiencies that contribute to complications of prematurity and cognitive delay. We sought to investigate the effects of new intravenous lipid emulsions designed to contain sufficient DHA and ARA to meet preterm needs, while avoiding liver toxicity., Methods: Three new lipid emulsions (NLE A-C) were laboratory-generated using high pressure homogenization. First, a long-term experiment evaluated the impact on plasma, liver, and frontal cortex fatty acid composition compared to commercially available lipid emulsions. Lipid emulsions were administered via daily orogastric gavage to four-week-old C57Bl/6 J mice. Next, liver toxicity was evaluated in a murine model of parenteral nutrition-induced hepatosteatosis. Mice were provided an ad lib fat-free high carbohydrate diet, with intravenous lipid emulsion administration every other day for 19 days., Results: Administration of commercially available lipid emulsions (soybean oil, mixed oil, or fish oil) resulted in decreased plasma and tissue levels of DHA and/or ARA compared to a chow control. The new lipid emulsions demonstrated a dose-response effect in plasma and tissue concentration of DHA and ARA. NLE C (with an approximately even DHA:ARA ratio), compared to chow, maintained similar DHA (19.2 ± 0.3 vs. 19.3 ± 0.3%, P = 1.00) and ARA (10.4 ± 0.2 vs. 9.9 ± 0.2% ARA, P = 0.75) content in frontal cortex tissue. All three new lipid emulsions prevented biochemical liver injury and pathologist-assessed hepatosteatosis; soybean oil lipid emulsion and mixed oil lipid emulsion treatment resulted in hepatosteatosis in both experiments., Conclusion: Long-term treatment with the new lipid emulsions in juvenile mice resulted in increased plasma and tissue DHA and/or ARA content compared to currently available lipid emulsions. The new lipid emulsions also prevented hepatosteatosis and biochemical liver injury with enteral and parenteral administration., Competing Interests: Conflict of Interest statement A patent application has been filed by SF, KG, and MP entitled “Methods and Compositions Relating to Treatment and Prevention of Fatty Acid Deficiencies.” KG and MP also hold a patent related to the use of fish oil lipid emulsion for the treatment of parenteral nutrition-associated cholestasis., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd and European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism. All rights reserved.)

Patients with type 2 diabetes have increased risks for dyslipidaemia and subsequently for developing vascular complications. A recent meta-analysis found that cetoleic acid (C22:1n-11) rich fish oils resulted in lower cholesterol concentration in rodents. The aim was to investigate the effect of consuming fish oils with or without cetoleic acid on serum cholesterol concentration in diabetic rats and to elucidate any effects on cholesterol metabolism. Eighteen male Zucker Diabetic Sprague Dawley rats were fed diets containing herring oil (HERO) or anchovy oil (ANCO) or a control diet with soyabean oil for 5 weeks. The HERO diet contained 0·70 % cetoleic acid, with no cetoleic acid in the ANCO diet. The HERO and ANCO diets contained 0·35 and 0·37 wt% EPA + DHA, respectively. Data were analysed using one-way ANOVA. The serum total cholesterol concentration was 14 % lower in the HERO group compared with ANCO and Control groups ( P = 0·023). The HERO group had a higher faecal excretion of bile acids ( P = 0·0036), but the cholesterol production in the liver, the hepatic secretion of VLDL and the liver's capacity to take up cholesterol were similar to controls. The ANCO diet did not affect the serum cholesterol concentration, but the hepatic cholesterol biosynthesis, the clearance of lipoprotein cholesterol and the excretion of bile acids in faeces were higher than in the Control group. To conclude, consumption of herring oil, but not of anchovy oil, led to a lower cholesterol concentration in a type 2 diabetes rat model.

This study was performed to determine the influence of fish oil, an omega-3 fatty acids source, supplemented to diets of goats throughout all stages of gestation on the growth and milk production of weaned female kids. Eighty German Fawn (75%) x Hair (25%) crossbred goats were randomly assigned to treatment (fish oil, FiO group) and control (Rumen protected fat, RPF group) groups during the first half of pregnancy. Subsequently, the FiO group was further allocated into FiO-FiO and FiO-RPF subgroups and RPF group was further divided into RPF-FiO and RPF-RPF subgroups containing 20 goats in each during the second half of pregnancy. The growth and feed intake of 41 female kids (aged 75.1 ± 6.73 days, with a mean live weight of 11.6 ± 3.00 kg) were recorded for a 98 day post-weaning, In the continuation of the study, live weight changes, milk yield and composition of young female goats from mating to the second month of lactation and the growth of female kids until weaning were studied for a total of 210 days. Maternal nutrition slightly influenced the live weight gain of female kids over a 98-day investigation period (p = 0.070). When growth performance was considered, a higher feed conversion efficiency of female offspring was determined in RPF-FiO (5.52) treatment group compare to female kids in other treatment groups (p = 0.086). However, the maternal feeding system significantly affected live weight in the RPF-FiO treatment group during the mating period (P = 0.054). Concerning the feed intake, maternal nutrition significantly affected the feed intake of female kids (p < 0.01) with the highest feed consumption in the FiO-RPF group. The findings of this study have shown that fish oil enriched diet given to goats during gestation improved daily live weight changes and total live weight gain of female kids despite the initial disadvantage after weaning. At mating time, the live weight of young female goats in the RPF-FiO treatment group, which exhibited the highest feed conversion ratio during the 98-day study, was higher than the remaining treatment groups. Maternal nutrition had no effect on milk yield or milk components in young goats during lactation. Young female goats born to dams in the FiO-RPF group showed better performance than the other groups regarding live weight performance of their offspring on 56th day postpartum., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright: © 2024 Erez, Serbester. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.)

Background: Intestinal failure-associated liver disease (IFALD) is a complication of long-term PN use, attributed to the use of ω-6 injectable lipid emulsions (ILE). Fish oil (FO) ILE have been successful in reversing liver injury in neonates. Evidence for pure FO ILE use in adult patients is limited., Methods: Case series of the use of FO lipid emulsions in adults with IFALD from the University of Chicago PN registry. Analysis of medical charts and PN formulations was performed., Results: Three cases of IFALD treated with FO ILE were identified. The first case was a 30-year-old man with short bowel syndrome (SBS), hyperbilirubinemia, and biopsy-proven IFALD. Following a change from a soy lipid emulsion to FO lipid emulsion, his liver tests rapidly improved and remained stable over 202 weeks of use. The second case was a 76-year-old woman with intestinal failure (IF) due to a frozen bowel. A change from a soy ILE to a composite lipid and later to a pure FO ILE did not result in improvement in her liver tests. The third case was a 28-year-old man with SBS and biopsy-proven IFALD. Change to a composite ILE and subsequently FO lipid emulsion resulted in a gradual improvement in liver tests. No clinical essential fatty acid (EFA) deficiencies were identified during treatment., Conclusion: FO ILE may be effective in the treatment of adult patients with cholestatic IFALD. Use is safe with no EFA deficiencies detected in up to 4 years of use., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited.)

Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of different ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) enriched diets, including a novel renewable plant source of ω-3 fatty acids (Buglossoides arvensis), on the development and progression of rheumatoid arthritis (RA)., Methods: RA was induced in mice consuming experimental diets using the K/BxN model. The experimental diets consisted of either a western control diet (control), diets containing B. arvensis oil or fish oil. The effects of the diets on platelets, platelet microvesicles (PMVs), and inflammatory markers such as clinical index, ankle thickness and cytokine/chemokine release were measured., Results: While ω-3 PUFA-enriched diets did not prevent the development of arthritis in the K/BxN model, a significant decrease in ankle swelling was observed compared to the control group. Platelets isolated from mice consuming either low content of B. arvensis oil or fish oil diets exhibited significantly decreased PMVs production compared to mice consuming the control diet., Conclusion: Our study provides insight into the contribution of ω-3 PUFA supplementation in modulating the pro-inflammatory phenotype of platelets in RA pathology. Furthermore, our study suggests that low concentrations of dietary B. arvensis oil may have similar anti-inflammatory potential seen with dietary fish oil supplementation., (© 2024. Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Background: Dyslipidemia is a well-known risk factor for cardiovascular disease, the leading cause of mortality worldwide. Although habitual intake of fish oil is associated with cardioprotective effects through triglyceride reduction, the interactions of fish oil with the genetic predisposition to dysregulated lipids remain elusive., Objectives: We examined whether fish oil supplementation modifies the association between genetically predicted and observed concentrations of total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, and triglycerides., Methods: A total of 441,985 participants with complete genetic and phenotypic data from the UK Biobank were included. Polygenic scores (PGS) of the 4 lipids were calculated in participants of diverse ancestries. For each lipid, multivariable linear regression models were used to assess if fish oil supplementation modified the association between PGS and the observed circulating concentration, with adjustment for relevant covariates., Results: Fish oil supplementation attenuates the associations between genetically predicted and observed circulating concentrations of total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and triglycerides while accentuating the corresponding association for HDL cholesterol among 424,090 participants of European ancestry. Consistent significant findings were obtained using PGS calculated based on multiple genome-wide association studies or alternative PGS methods. For triglycerides, each standard deviation (SD) increment in PGS is associated with 0.254 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.248, 0.259] SD increase in the observed concentration among European-ancestry participants who reported fish oil usage. In contrast, a stronger association was observed in nonusers (0.267; 95% CI: 0.263, 0.270). Consistently, we showed that fish oil significantly attenuates the association between genetically predicted and observed concentrations of triglycerides in African-ancestry participants., Conclusions: Fish oil supplementation attenuates the association between genetically predicted and observed circulating concentrations of total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and triglycerides while accentuating the corresponding association for HDL cholesterol in individuals of European ancestry. Further research is needed to understand the clinical implications of these findings., (Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)