Search

Your search keyword '"Fitchett, JRA"' showing total 20 results
Start Over Author "Fitchett, JRA"
20 results on '"Fitchett, JRA"'

1. Global funding trends for malaria research in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic analysis

Author

Head, MG, Goss, S, Gelister, Y, Alegana, V, Brown, RJ, Clarke, SC, Fitchett, JRA, Atun, R, Scott, JAG, Newell, M-L, Padmadas, SS, and Tatem, AJ

Subjects
Clinical Trials as Topic, Financing, Government, Research, Fund Raising, Articles, Global Health, Malaria, Socioeconomic Factors, Research Support as Topic, parasitic diseases, Humans, Public Health, Investments, Africa South of the Sahara, health care economics and organizations
Abstract

Background: Total domestic and international funding for malaria is inadequate to achieve WHO global targets in burden reduction by 2030. We describe the trends of investments in malaria-related research in sub-Saharan Africa and compare investment with national disease burden to identify areas of funding strength and potentially neglected populations. We also considered funding for malaria control. Methods: Research funding data related to malaria for 1997–2013 were sourced from existing datasets, from 13 major public and philanthropic global health funders, and from funding databases. Investments (reported in US$) were considered by geographical area and compared with data on parasite prevalence and populations at risk in sub-Saharan Africa. 45 sub-Saharan African countries were ranked by amount of research funding received. Findings: We found 333 research awards totalling US$814·4 million. Public health research covered $308·1 million (37·8%) and clinical trials covered $275·2 million (33·8%). Tanzania ($107·8 million [13·2%]), Uganda ($97·9 million [12·0%]), and Kenya ($92·9 million [11·4%]) received the highest sum of research investment and the most research awards. Malawi, Tanzania, and Uganda remained highly ranked after adjusting for national gross domestic product. Countries with a reasonably high malaria burden that received little research investment or funding for malaria control included Central African Republic (ranked 40th) and Sierra Leone (ranked 35th). Congo (Brazzaville) and Guinea had reasonably high malaria mortality, yet Congo (Brazzaville) ranked 38th and Guinea ranked 25th, thus receiving little investment. Interpretation: Some countries receive reasonably large investments in malaria-related research (Tanzania, Kenya, Uganda), whereas others receive little or no investments (Sierra Leone, Central African Republic). Research investments are typically highest in countries where funding for malaria control is also high. Investment strategies should consider more equitable research and operational investments across countries to include currently neglected and susceptible populations.

Published
2017

2. Campylobacter bacteremia in London: A 44-year single-center study

Author

O'Hara, GA, Fitchett, JRA, and Klein, JL

Abstract

PURPOSE: Campylobacter species are a well-recognized but rare cause of bloodstream infection. METHODS: Here we reviewed 41 cases of Campylobacter bloodstream infection occurring at a single center in London over 44years, comprising 0.2% of all recorded episodes during this time period. RESULTS: Patients had a mean age of 46years and, contrasting with previous reports, nearly 50% of our patients did not have significant comorbidities. Ciprofloxacin resistance increased over the study period with 35% of isolates overall being resistant compared with only 3% exhibiting macrolide resistance. Despite a minority of patients receiving appropriate empirical antibiotic therapy, overall mortality was only 7%. CONCLUSION: Campylobacter bacteremia remains a rare but significant cause of morbidity with a low associated mortality. Underlying immunosuppressive conditions are common but by no means universal. In our setting, macrolides would be favored as empirical agents to treat suspected Campylobacter enteritis, including cases with associated bacteremia.

Published
2017

3. Evolution and patterns of global health financing 1995-2014: development assistance for health, and government, prepaid private, and out-of-pocket health spending in 184 countries

Author

Dieleman, J, Campbell, M, Chapin, A, Eldrenkamp, E, Fan, VY, Haakenstad, A, Kates, J, Liu, YY, Matyasz, T, Micah, A, Reynolds, A, Sadat, N, Schneider, MT, Sorensen, R, Evans, T, Evans, D, Kurowski, C, Tandon, A, Abbas, KM, Abera, SF, Kiadaliri, AA, Ahmed, KY, Ahmed, MB, Alam, K, Alizadeh-Navaei, R, Alkerwi, A, Amini, E, Ammar, W, Amrock, SM, Antonio, CAT, Atey, TM, Avila-Burgos, L, Awasthi, A, Barac, A, Bernal, OA, Beyene, AS, Beyene, TJ, Birungi, C, Bizuayehu, HM, Breitborde, NJK, Cahuana-Hurtado, L, Castro, RE, Catala-Lopez, F, Dalal, K, Dandona, L, Dandona, R, Jager, P, Dharmaratne, SD, Dubey, M, Sofia e Sa Farinha, C, Faro, A, Feigl, AB, Fischer, F, Fitchett, JRA, Foigt, N, Giref, AZ, Gupta, R, Hamidi, S, Harb, HL, Hay, SI, Hendrie, D, Horino, M, Jurisson, M, Jakovljevic, MB, Javanbakht, M, John, D, Jonas, JB, Karimi, SM, Khang, YH, Khubchandani, J, Kim, YJ, Kinge, JM, Krohn, KJ, Kumar, GA, Abd El Razek, HM, Abd El Razek, MM, Majeed, A, Malekzadeh, R, Masiye, F, Meier, T, Meretoja, A, Miller, TR, Mirrakhimov, EM, Mohammed, S, Nangia, V, Olgiati, S, Osman, AS, Owolabi, MO, Patel, T, Caicedo, AJP, Pereira, DM, Perelman, J, Polinder, Suzanne, Rafay, A, Rahimi-Movaghar, V, Rai, RK, Ram, U, Ranabhat, CL, Roba, HS, Salama, J, Savic, M, Sepanlou, SG, Shrime, MG, Talongwa, RT, Te Ao, BJ, Tediosi, F, Tesema, AG, Thomson, AJ, Tobe-Gai, R, Topor-Madry, R, Undurraga, EA, Vasankari, T, Violante, FS, Werdecker, A, Wijeratne, T, Xu, G, Yonemoto, N, Younis, MZ, Yu, CH, Zaidi, Z, Zaki, ME, Murray, CJL, Global Burden D Hlth, F, and Public Health

Published
2017

4. Future and potential spending on health 2015-40: development assistance for health, and government, prepaid private, and out-of-pocket health spending in 184 countries

Author

Dieleman, JL, Campbell, M, Chapin, A, Eldrenkamp, E, Fan, VY, Haakenstad, A, Kates, J, Li, ZY, Matyasz, T, Micah, A, Reynolds, A, Sadat, N, Schneider, MT, Sorensen, R, Abbas, KM, Abera, SF, Kiadaliri, AA, Ahmed, MB, Alam, K, Alizadeh-Navaei, R, Alkerwi, A, Amini, E, Ammar, W, Antonio, CAT, Atey, TM, Avila-Burgos, L, Awasthi, A, Barac, A, Berheto, TM, Beyene, AS, Beyene, TJ, Birungi, C, Bizuayehu, HM, Breitborde, NJK, Cahuana-Hurtado, L, Castro, RE, Catala-Lopez, F, Dalal, K, Dandona, L, Dandona, R, Dharmaratne, SD, Dubey, M, Faro, A, Feigl, AB, Fischer, F, Fitchett, JRA, Foigt, N, Giref, AZ, Gupta, R, Hamidi, S, Harb, HL, Hay, SI, Hendrie, D, Horino, M, Jurisson, M, Jakovljevic, MB, Javanbakht, M, John, D, Jonas, JB, Karimi, SM, Khang, YH, Khubchandani, J, Kim, YJ, Kinge, JM, Krohn, KJ, Kumar, GA, Leung, R, Abd El Razek, HM, Abd El Razek, MM, Majeed, A, Malekzadeh, R, Malta, DC, Meretoja, A, Miller, TR, Mirrakhimov, EM, Mohammed, S, Molla, G, Nangia, V, Olgiati, S, Owolabi, MO, Patel, T, Caicedo, AJP, Pereira, DM, Perelman, J, Polinder, Suzanne, Rafay, A, Rahimi-Movaghar, V, Rai, RK, Ram, U, Ranabhat, CL, Roba, HS, Savic, M, Sepanlou, SG, Te Ao, BJ, Tesema, AG, Thomson, AJ, Tobe-Gai, R, Topor-Madry, R, Undurraga, EA, Vargas, V, Vasankari, T, Violante, FS, Wijeratne, T, Xu, GL, Yonemoto, N, Younis, MZ, Yu, CH, Zaidi, Z, Zaki, ME, Murray, CJL, Global Burden D Hlth, F, and Public Health

Published
2017

5. Estimates of global, regional, and national morbidity, mortality, and aetiologies of diarrhoeal diseases: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015

Author

Troeger, C, Forouzanfar, M, Rao, PC, Khalil, I, Brown, A, Reiner, RC, Fullman, N, Thompson, RL, Abajobir, A, Ahmed, M, Alemayohu, MA, Alvis-Guzman, N, Amare, AT, Antonio, CA, Asayesh, H, Avokpaho, E, Awasthi, A, Bacha, U, Barac, A, Betsue, BD, Beyene, AS, Boneya, DJ, Malta, DC, Dandona, L, Dandona, R, Dubey, M, Eshrati, B, Fitchett, JRA, Gebrehiwot, TT, Hailu, GB, Horino, M, Hotez, PJ, Jibat, T, Jonas, JB, Kasaeian, A, Kissoon, N, Kotloff, K, Koyanagi, A, Kumar, GA, Rai, RK, Lal, A, El Razek, HMA, Mengistie, MA, Moe, C, Patton, G, Platts-Mills, JA, Qorbani, M, Ram, U, Roba, HS, Sanabria, J, Sartorius, B, Sawhney, M, Shigematsu, M, Sreeramareddy, C, Swaminathan, S, Tedla, BA, Jagiellonian, RT-M, Ukwaja, K, Werdecker, A, Widdowson, M-A, Yonemoto, N, Zaki, MES, Lim, SS, Naghavi, M, Vos, T, Hay, SI, Murray, CJL, Mokdad, AH, Troeger, C, Forouzanfar, M, Rao, PC, Khalil, I, Brown, A, Reiner, RC, Fullman, N, Thompson, RL, Abajobir, A, Ahmed, M, Alemayohu, MA, Alvis-Guzman, N, Amare, AT, Antonio, CA, Asayesh, H, Avokpaho, E, Awasthi, A, Bacha, U, Barac, A, Betsue, BD, Beyene, AS, Boneya, DJ, Malta, DC, Dandona, L, Dandona, R, Dubey, M, Eshrati, B, Fitchett, JRA, Gebrehiwot, TT, Hailu, GB, Horino, M, Hotez, PJ, Jibat, T, Jonas, JB, Kasaeian, A, Kissoon, N, Kotloff, K, Koyanagi, A, Kumar, GA, Rai, RK, Lal, A, El Razek, HMA, Mengistie, MA, Moe, C, Patton, G, Platts-Mills, JA, Qorbani, M, Ram, U, Roba, HS, Sanabria, J, Sartorius, B, Sawhney, M, Shigematsu, M, Sreeramareddy, C, Swaminathan, S, Tedla, BA, Jagiellonian, RT-M, Ukwaja, K, Werdecker, A, Widdowson, M-A, Yonemoto, N, Zaki, MES, Lim, SS, Naghavi, M, Vos, T, Hay, SI, Murray, CJL, and Mokdad, AH

Abstract

BACKGROUND: The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2015 (GBD 2015) provides an up-to-date analysis of the burden of diarrhoeal diseases. This study assesses cases, deaths, and aetiologies spanning the past 25 years and informs the changing picture of diarrhoeal disease worldwide. METHODS: We estimated diarrhoeal mortality by age, sex, geography, and year using the Cause of Death Ensemble Model (CODEm), a modelling platform shared across most causes of death in the GBD 2015 study. We modelled diarrhoeal morbidity, including incidence and prevalence, using a meta-regression platform called DisMod-MR. We estimated aetiologies for diarrhoeal diseases using a counterfactual approach that incorporates the aetiology-specific risk of diarrhoeal disease and the prevalence of the aetiology in diarrhoea episodes. We used the Socio-demographic Index, a summary indicator derived from measures of income per capita, educational attainment, and fertility, to assess trends in diarrhoeal mortality. The two leading risk factors for diarrhoea-childhood malnutrition and unsafe water, sanitation, and hygiene-were used in a decomposition analysis to establish the relative contribution of changes in diarrhoea disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs). FINDINGS: Globally, in 2015, we estimate that diarrhoea was a leading cause of death among all ages (1·31 million deaths, 95% uncertainty interval [95% UI] 1·23 million to 1·39 million), as well as a leading cause of DALYs because of its disproportionate impact on young children (71·59 million DALYs, 66·44 million to 77·21 million). Diarrhoea was a common cause of death among children under 5 years old (499 000 deaths, 95% UI 447 000-558 000). The number of deaths due to diarrhoea decreased by an estimated 20·8% (95% UI 15·4-26·1) from 2005 to 2015. Rotavirus was the leading cause of diarrhoea deaths (199 000, 95% UI 165 000-241 000), followed by Shigella spp (164 300, 85 000-278 700) and Salmonella spp (90 300, 95% UI 3

Published
2017

6. Estimates of the global, regional, and national morbidity, mortality, and aetiologies of lower respiratory tract infections in 195 countries: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015

Author

Troeger, C, Forouzanfar, M, Rao, PC, Khalil, I, Brown, A, Swartz, S, Fullman, N, Mosser, J, Thompson, RL, Reiner, RC, Abajobir, A, Alam, N, Alemayohu, MA, Amare, AT, Antonio, CA, Asayesh, H, Avokpaho, E, Barac, A, Beshir, MA, Boneya, DJ, Brauer, M, Dandona, L, Dandona, R, Fitchett, JRA, Gebrehiwot, TT, Hailu, GB, Hotez, PJ, Kasaeian, A, Khoja, T, Kissoon, N, Knibbs, L, Kumar, GA, Rai, RK, Abd El Razek, HM, Mohammed, MSK, Nielson, K, Oren, E, Osman, A, Patton, G, Qorbani, M, Roba, HS, Sartorius, B, Savic, M, Shigematsu, M, Sykes, B, Swaminathan, S, Topor-Madry, R, Ukwaja, K, Werdecker, A, Yonemoto, N, Zaki, MES, Lim, SS, Naghavi, M, Vos, T, Hay, SI, Murray, CJL, Mokdad, AH, Troeger, C, Forouzanfar, M, Rao, PC, Khalil, I, Brown, A, Swartz, S, Fullman, N, Mosser, J, Thompson, RL, Reiner, RC, Abajobir, A, Alam, N, Alemayohu, MA, Amare, AT, Antonio, CA, Asayesh, H, Avokpaho, E, Barac, A, Beshir, MA, Boneya, DJ, Brauer, M, Dandona, L, Dandona, R, Fitchett, JRA, Gebrehiwot, TT, Hailu, GB, Hotez, PJ, Kasaeian, A, Khoja, T, Kissoon, N, Knibbs, L, Kumar, GA, Rai, RK, Abd El Razek, HM, Mohammed, MSK, Nielson, K, Oren, E, Osman, A, Patton, G, Qorbani, M, Roba, HS, Sartorius, B, Savic, M, Shigematsu, M, Sykes, B, Swaminathan, S, Topor-Madry, R, Ukwaja, K, Werdecker, A, Yonemoto, N, Zaki, MES, Lim, SS, Naghavi, M, Vos, T, Hay, SI, Murray, CJL, and Mokdad, AH

Abstract

BACKGROUND: The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors (GBD) Study 2015 provides an up-to-date analysis of the burden of lower respiratory tract infections (LRIs) in 195 countries. This study assesses cases, deaths, and aetiologies spanning the past 25 years and shows how the burden of LRI has changed in people of all ages. METHODS: We estimated LRI mortality by age, sex, geography, and year using a modelling platform shared across most causes of death in the GBD 2015 study called the Cause of Death Ensemble model. We modelled LRI morbidity, including incidence and prevalence, using a meta-regression platform called DisMod-MR. We estimated aetiologies for LRI using two different counterfactual approaches, the first for viral pathogens, which incorporates the aetiology-specific risk of LRI and the prevalence of the aetiology in LRI episodes, and the second for bacterial pathogens, which uses a vaccine-probe approach. We used the Socio-demographic Index, which is a summary indicator derived from measures of income per capita, educational attainment, and fertility, to assess trends in LRI-related mortality. The two leading risk factors for LRI disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), childhood undernutrition and air pollution, were used in a decomposition analysis to establish the relative contribution of changes in LRI DALYs. FINDINGS: In 2015, we estimated that LRIs caused 2·74 million deaths (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 2·50 million to 2·86 million) and 103·0 million DALYs (95% UI 96·1 million to 109·1 million). LRIs have a disproportionate effect on children younger than 5 years, responsible for 704 000 deaths (95% UI 651 000-763 000) and 60.6 million DALYs (95ÙI 56·0-65·6). Between 2005 and 2015, the number of deaths due to LRI decreased by 36·9% (95% UI 31·6 to 42·0) in children younger than 5 years, and by 3·2% (95% UI -0·4 to 6·9) in all ages. Pneumococcal pneumonia caused 55·4% of LRI deaths in all ages, totalling 1 517 388 deaths (95% UI 857 9

Published
2017

7. Estimates of global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and mortality of HIV, 1980–2015: the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015

Author

Wang, H, Wolock, TM, Carter, A, Nguyen, G, Kyu, HH, Gakidou, E, Hay, SI, Msemburi, W, Coates, MM, Mooney, MD, Fraser, MS, Sligar, A, Larson, HJ, Friedman, J, Brown, A, Dandona, L, Fullman, N, Haagsma, J, Khalil, I, Lim, SS, Mikesell, J, Mokdad, AH, Moradi-Lakeh, M, Pearson, K, Silpakit, B, Sorensen, MJD, Temesgen, AM, Vollset, SE, Zoeckler, L, Murray, CJL, Alfonso-Cristancho, R, Harun, KM, Prokop, DM, Mills, EJ, Trickey, A, Ajala, ON, Bärnighausen, T, Ding, EL, Farvid, MS, Thorne-Lyman, AL, Won, S, Fitchett, JRA, Salomon, J, Abajobir, AA, Hoy, DG, Alam, NKM, Abate, KH, Ghiwot, TT, Gebremedhin, AT, Abbas, KM, Abd El Razek, MM, Abd-Allah, F, Abdulle, AM, Abera, SF, Melaku, YA, Tesfay, Fisaha, Abyu, GY, Bayou, TA, Betsu, BD, Gebru, AA, Hailu, GB, Tekle, T, Yalew, AZ, Yebyo, HG, Abubakar, I, Aldridge, RW, Abu-Raddad, LJ, Abu-Rmeileh, NME, Adebiyi, AO, Adedeji, IA, Adelekan, AL, Ojelabi, FA, Adofo, K, Adou, AK, Akinyemiju, TF, Schwebel, DC, Singh, JA, Akseer, N, Al Lami, FH, Al-Aly, Z, Alam, K, Weintraub, RG, Chiang, PP, Meretoja, A, Lopez, AD, Wijeratne, T, Driscoll, TR, Kemp, AH, Leigh, J, Mekonnen, Alemayehu, Karema, CK, Alasfoor, D, Aldhahri, SFS, Terkawi, AS, Alegretti, MA, Aleman, AV, Alemu, ZA, Cooper, C, Deribew, A, Wang, H, Wolock, TM, Carter, A, Nguyen, G, Kyu, HH, Gakidou, E, Hay, SI, Msemburi, W, Coates, MM, Mooney, MD, Fraser, MS, Sligar, A, Larson, HJ, Friedman, J, Brown, A, Dandona, L, Fullman, N, Haagsma, J, Khalil, I, Lim, SS, Mikesell, J, Mokdad, AH, Moradi-Lakeh, M, Pearson, K, Silpakit, B, Sorensen, MJD, Temesgen, AM, Vollset, SE, Zoeckler, L, Murray, CJL, Alfonso-Cristancho, R, Harun, KM, Prokop, DM, Mills, EJ, Trickey, A, Ajala, ON, Bärnighausen, T, Ding, EL, Farvid, MS, Thorne-Lyman, AL, Won, S, Fitchett, JRA, Salomon, J, Abajobir, AA, Hoy, DG, Alam, NKM, Abate, KH, Ghiwot, TT, Gebremedhin, AT, Abbas, KM, Abd El Razek, MM, Abd-Allah, F, Abdulle, AM, Abera, SF, Melaku, YA, Tesfay, Fisaha, Abyu, GY, Bayou, TA, Betsu, BD, Gebru, AA, Hailu, GB, Tekle, T, Yalew, AZ, Yebyo, HG, Abubakar, I, Aldridge, RW, Abu-Raddad, LJ, Abu-Rmeileh, NME, Adebiyi, AO, Adedeji, IA, Adelekan, AL, Ojelabi, FA, Adofo, K, Adou, AK, Akinyemiju, TF, Schwebel, DC, Singh, JA, Akseer, N, Al Lami, FH, Al-Aly, Z, Alam, K, Weintraub, RG, Chiang, PP, Meretoja, A, Lopez, AD, Wijeratne, T, Driscoll, TR, Kemp, AH, Leigh, J, Mekonnen, Alemayehu, Karema, CK, Alasfoor, D, Aldhahri, SFS, Terkawi, AS, Alegretti, MA, Aleman, AV, Alemu, ZA, Cooper, C, and Deribew, A

Abstract

Background Timely assessment of the burden of HIV/AIDS is essential for policy setting and programme evaluation. In this report from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 (GBD 2015), we provide national estimates of levels and trends of HIV/AIDS incidence, prevalence, coverage of antiretroviral therapy (ART), and mortality for 195 countries and territories from 1980 to 2015. Methods For countries without high-quality vital registration data, we estimated prevalence and incidence with data from antenatal care clinics and population-based seroprevalence surveys, and with assumptions by age and sex on initial CD4 distribution at infection, CD4 progression rates (probability of progression from higher to lower CD4 cell-count category), on and off antiretroviral therapy (ART) mortality, and mortality from all other causes. Our estimation strategy links the GBD 2015 assessment of all-cause mortality and estimation of incidence and prevalence so that for each draw from the uncertainty distribution all assumptions used in each step are internally consistent. We estimated incidence, prevalence, and death with GBD versions of the Estimation and Projection Package (EPP) and Spectrum software originally developed by the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS). We used an open-source version of EPP and recoded Spectrum for speed, and used updated assumptions from systematic reviews of the literature and GBD demographic data. For countries with high-quality vital registration data, we developed the cohort incidence bias adjustment model to estimate HIV incidence and prevalence largely from the number of deaths caused by HIV recorded in cause-of-death statistics. We corrected these statistics for garbage coding and HIV misclassification. Findings Global HIV incidence reached its peak in 1997, at 3·3 million new infections (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 3·1–3·4 million). Annual incidence has stayed relatively constant at about 2·6 mil

Published
2016

8. Global, regional, and national levels of maternal mortality, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015

Author

Kassebaum, NJ, Barber, RM, Bhutta, ZA, Dandona, L, Gething, PW, Hay, SI, Kinfu, Y, Larson, HJ, Liang, X, Lim, SS, Lopez, AD, Lozano, R, Mensah, GA, Mokdad, AH, Naghavi, M, Pinho, C, Salomon, JA, Steiner, C, Vos, T, Wang, H, Abajobir, AA, Abate, KH, Abbas, KM, Abd-Allah, F, Abdallat, MA, Abdulle, AM, Abera, SF, Aboyans, V, Abubakar, I, Abu-Rmeileh, NME, Achoki, T, Adebiyi, AO, Adedeji, IA, Adelekan, AL, Adou, AK, Afanvi, KA, Agarwal, A, Kiadaliri, AA, Ajala, ON, Akinyemiju, TF, Akseer, N, Al-Aly, Z, Alam, K, Alam, NKM, Alasfoor, D, Aldhahri, SF, Aldridge, RW, Alhabib, S, Ali, R, Alkerwi, A, Alla, F, Al-Raddadi, R, Alsharif, U, Martin, EA, Alvis-Guzman, N, Amare, AT, Amberbir, A, Amegah, AK, Ammar, W, Amrock, SM, Andersen, HH, Anderson, GM, Antoine, RM, Antonio, CAT, Aregay, AF, Arnlov, J, Arora, M, Arsenijevic, VSA, Al, A, Asayesh, H, Atique, S, Avokpaho, EFGA, Awasthi, A, Quintanilla, BPA, Azzopardi, P, Bacha, U, Badawi, A, Bahit, MC, Balakrishnan, K, Banerjee, A, Barac, A, Barker-Collo, SL, Barnighausen, T, Basu, S, Bayou, TA, Bayou, YT, Bazargan-Hejazi, S, Beardsley, J, Bedi, NW, Bekele, T, Bell, ML, Bennett, DA, Bensenor, IM, Berhane, A, Bernabe, E, Betsu, BD, Beyene, AS, Biadgilign, S, Bikbov, B, Bin Abdulhak, AA, Biroscak, BJ, Biryukov, S, Bisanzio, D, Bjertness, E, Blore, JD, Brainin, M, Brazinova, A, Breitborde, NJK, Brugha, TS, Butt, ZA, Campos-Nonato, IR, Campuzano, JC, Cardenas, R, Carrero, JJ, Carter, A, Casey, DC, Castaneda-Oquela, CA, Castro, RE, Catala-Lopez, F, Cavalleri, F, Chang, H-Y, Chang, J-C, Chavan, L, Chibueze, CE, Chisumpa, VH, Choi, J-YJ, Chowdhury, R, Christopher, DJ, Ciobanu, LG, Cirillo, M, Coates, MM, Coggeshall, M, Colistro, V, Colquhoun, SM, Cooper, C, Cooper, LT, Cortinovis, M, Dahiru, T, Damasceno, A, Danawi, H, Dandona, R, Das Neves, J, De Leo, D, Dellavalle, RP, Deribe, K, Deribew, A, Jarlais, DCD, Dharmaratne, SD, Dicker, DJ, Ding, EL, Dossou, E, Dubey, M, Ebel, BE, Ellingsen, CL, Elyazar, I, Endries, AY, Ermakov, SP, Eshrati, B, Esteghamati, A, Faraon, EJA, Farid, TA, Farinha, CSES, Faro, A, Farvid, MS, Farzadfar, F, Fereshtehnejad, S-M, Fernandes, JC, Fischer, F, Fitchett, JRA, Fleming, T, Gt, NF, Franca, EB, Franklin, RC, Fraser, MS, Friedman, J, Pullman, N, Furst, T, Futran, ND, Gambashidze, K, Gamkrelidze, A, Gebre, T, Gebrehiwot, TT, Gebremedhin, AT, Gebremedhin, M, Gebru, AA, Geleijnse, JM, Gibney, KB, Giref, AZ, Giroud, M, Gishu, MD, Glaser, E, Goenka, S, Gomez-Dantes, H, Gona, P, Goodridge, A, Gopalani, SV, Goto, A, Graetz, N, Gugnani, HC, Guo, Y, Gupta, R, Gupta, V, Hafezi-Nejad, N, Hailu, AD, Hailu, GB, Hamadeh, RR, Hamidi, S, Hancock, J, Handal, AJ, Hankey, GJ, Harb, HL, Harikrishnan, S, Harun, KM, Havmoeller, R, Hoek, HW, Horino, M, Horita, N, Hosgood, HD, Hoy, DG, Htet, AS, Hu, G, Huang, H, Huang, JJ, Huybrechts, I, Huynh, C, Iannarone, M, Iburg, KM, Idrisov, BT, Iyer, VJ, Jacobsen, KH, Jahanmehr, N, Jakovljevic, MB, Javanbakht, M, Jayatilleke, AU, Jee, SH, Jeemon, P, Jha, V, Jiang, G, Jiang, Y, Jibat, T, Jonas, JB, Kabir, Z, Kamal, R, Kan, H, Karch, A, Karletsos, D, Kasaeian, A, Kaul, A, Kawakami, N, Kayibanda, JF, Kazanjan, K, Kazi, DS, Keiyoro, PN, Kemmer, L, Kemp, AH, Kengne, AP, Keren, A, Kereselidze, M, Kesavachandran, CN, Khader, YS, Khan, AR, Khan, EA, Khang, Y-H, Khonelidze, I, Khosravi, A, Khubchandani, J, Kim, YJ, Kivipelto, M, Knibbs, LD, Kokubo, Y, Kosen, S, Koul, PA, Koyanagi, A, Krishnaswami, S, Defo, BK, Bicer, BK, Kudom, AA, Kulikoff, XR, Kulkarni, C, Kumar, GA, Kutz, MJ, Lal, DK, Lalloo, R, Lam, H, Lamadrid-Figueroa, H, Lan, Q, Larsson, A, Laryea, DO, Leigh, J, Leung, R, Li, Y, Lipshultz, SE, Liu, PY, Liu, S, Liu, Y, Lloyd, BK, Lotufo, PA, Lunevicius, R, Ma, S, El Razek, HMA, El Razek, MMA, Majdan, M, Majeed, A, Malekzadeh, R, Mapoma, CC, Marcenes, W, Margolis, DJ, Marquez, N, Masiye, F, Marzan, MB, Mason-Jones, AJ, Mazorodze, TT, Meaney, PA, Mehari, A, Mehndiratta, MM, Mena-Rodriguez, F, Mekonnen, AB, Melaku, YA, Memish, ZA, Mendoza, W, Meretoja, A, Meretoja, TJ, Mhimbira, FA, Miller, TR, Mills, EJ, Mirarefin, M, Misganaw, A, Ibrahim, NM, Mohammad, KA, Mohammadi, A, Mohammed, S, Mola, GLD, Monasta, L, Monis, JDLC, Hernandez, JCM, Montero, P, Montico, M, Mooney, MD, Moore, AR, Moradi-Lakeh, M, Morawska, L, Mori, R, Mueller, U, Murthy, GVS, Murthy, S, Nachega, JB, Naheed, A, Naldi, L, Nand, D, Nangia, V, Nash, D, Neupane, S, Newton, JN, Ng, M, Ngalesoni, FN, Nguhiu, P, Nguyen, G, Le Nguyen, Q, Nisar, MI, Nomura, M, Norheim, OF, Norman, RE, Nyakarahuka, L, Obermeyer, CM, Ogbo, FA, Oh, I-H, Ojelabi, FA, Olivares, PR, Olusanya, BO, Olusanya, JO, Opio, JN, Oren, E, Ota, E, Oyekale, AS, Pa, M, Pain, A, Papantoniou, N, Park, E-K, Park, H-Y, Caicedo, AJP, Patten, SB, Paul, VK, Pereira, DM, Perico, N, Pesudovs, K, Petzold, M, Phillips, MR, Pillay, JD, Pishgar, F, Polinder, S, Pope, D, Pourmalek, F, Qorbani, M, Rafay, A, Rahimi, K, Rahimi-Movaghar, V, Rahman, M, Rahman, MHU, Rahman, SU, Rai, RK, Ram, U, Ranabhat, CL, Rangaswamy, T, Rao, PV, Refaat, AH, Remuzzi, G, Violante, FS, Kassebaum, NJ, Barber, RM, Bhutta, ZA, Dandona, L, Gething, PW, Hay, SI, Kinfu, Y, Larson, HJ, Liang, X, Lim, SS, Lopez, AD, Lozano, R, Mensah, GA, Mokdad, AH, Naghavi, M, Pinho, C, Salomon, JA, Steiner, C, Vos, T, Wang, H, Abajobir, AA, Abate, KH, Abbas, KM, Abd-Allah, F, Abdallat, MA, Abdulle, AM, Abera, SF, Aboyans, V, Abubakar, I, Abu-Rmeileh, NME, Achoki, T, Adebiyi, AO, Adedeji, IA, Adelekan, AL, Adou, AK, Afanvi, KA, Agarwal, A, Kiadaliri, AA, Ajala, ON, Akinyemiju, TF, Akseer, N, Al-Aly, Z, Alam, K, Alam, NKM, Alasfoor, D, Aldhahri, SF, Aldridge, RW, Alhabib, S, Ali, R, Alkerwi, A, Alla, F, Al-Raddadi, R, Alsharif, U, Martin, EA, Alvis-Guzman, N, Amare, AT, Amberbir, A, Amegah, AK, Ammar, W, Amrock, SM, Andersen, HH, Anderson, GM, Antoine, RM, Antonio, CAT, Aregay, AF, Arnlov, J, Arora, M, Arsenijevic, VSA, Al, A, Asayesh, H, Atique, S, Avokpaho, EFGA, Awasthi, A, Quintanilla, BPA, Azzopardi, P, Bacha, U, Badawi, A, Bahit, MC, Balakrishnan, K, Banerjee, A, Barac, A, Barker-Collo, SL, Barnighausen, T, Basu, S, Bayou, TA, Bayou, YT, Bazargan-Hejazi, S, Beardsley, J, Bedi, NW, Bekele, T, Bell, ML, Bennett, DA, Bensenor, IM, Berhane, A, Bernabe, E, Betsu, BD, Beyene, AS, Biadgilign, S, Bikbov, B, Bin Abdulhak, AA, Biroscak, BJ, Biryukov, S, Bisanzio, D, Bjertness, E, Blore, JD, Brainin, M, Brazinova, A, Breitborde, NJK, Brugha, TS, Butt, ZA, Campos-Nonato, IR, Campuzano, JC, Cardenas, R, Carrero, JJ, Carter, A, Casey, DC, Castaneda-Oquela, CA, Castro, RE, Catala-Lopez, F, Cavalleri, F, Chang, H-Y, Chang, J-C, Chavan, L, Chibueze, CE, Chisumpa, VH, Choi, J-YJ, Chowdhury, R, Christopher, DJ, Ciobanu, LG, Cirillo, M, Coates, MM, Coggeshall, M, Colistro, V, Colquhoun, SM, Cooper, C, Cooper, LT, Cortinovis, M, Dahiru, T, Damasceno, A, Danawi, H, Dandona, R, Das Neves, J, De Leo, D, Dellavalle, RP, Deribe, K, Deribew, A, Jarlais, DCD, Dharmaratne, SD, Dicker, DJ, Ding, EL, Dossou, E, Dubey, M, Ebel, BE, Ellingsen, CL, Elyazar, I, Endries, AY, Ermakov, SP, Eshrati, B, Esteghamati, A, Faraon, EJA, Farid, TA, Farinha, CSES, Faro, A, Farvid, MS, Farzadfar, F, Fereshtehnejad, S-M, Fernandes, JC, Fischer, F, Fitchett, JRA, Fleming, T, Gt, NF, Franca, EB, Franklin, RC, Fraser, MS, Friedman, J, Pullman, N, Furst, T, Futran, ND, Gambashidze, K, Gamkrelidze, A, Gebre, T, Gebrehiwot, TT, Gebremedhin, AT, Gebremedhin, M, Gebru, AA, Geleijnse, JM, Gibney, KB, Giref, AZ, Giroud, M, Gishu, MD, Glaser, E, Goenka, S, Gomez-Dantes, H, Gona, P, Goodridge, A, Gopalani, SV, Goto, A, Graetz, N, Gugnani, HC, Guo, Y, Gupta, R, Gupta, V, Hafezi-Nejad, N, Hailu, AD, Hailu, GB, Hamadeh, RR, Hamidi, S, Hancock, J, Handal, AJ, Hankey, GJ, Harb, HL, Harikrishnan, S, Harun, KM, Havmoeller, R, Hoek, HW, Horino, M, Horita, N, Hosgood, HD, Hoy, DG, Htet, AS, Hu, G, Huang, H, Huang, JJ, Huybrechts, I, Huynh, C, Iannarone, M, Iburg, KM, Idrisov, BT, Iyer, VJ, Jacobsen, KH, Jahanmehr, N, Jakovljevic, MB, Javanbakht, M, Jayatilleke, AU, Jee, SH, Jeemon, P, Jha, V, Jiang, G, Jiang, Y, Jibat, T, Jonas, JB, Kabir, Z, Kamal, R, Kan, H, Karch, A, Karletsos, D, Kasaeian, A, Kaul, A, Kawakami, N, Kayibanda, JF, Kazanjan, K, Kazi, DS, Keiyoro, PN, Kemmer, L, Kemp, AH, Kengne, AP, Keren, A, Kereselidze, M, Kesavachandran, CN, Khader, YS, Khan, AR, Khan, EA, Khang, Y-H, Khonelidze, I, Khosravi, A, Khubchandani, J, Kim, YJ, Kivipelto, M, Knibbs, LD, Kokubo, Y, Kosen, S, Koul, PA, Koyanagi, A, Krishnaswami, S, Defo, BK, Bicer, BK, Kudom, AA, Kulikoff, XR, Kulkarni, C, Kumar, GA, Kutz, MJ, Lal, DK, Lalloo, R, Lam, H, Lamadrid-Figueroa, H, Lan, Q, Larsson, A, Laryea, DO, Leigh, J, Leung, R, Li, Y, Lipshultz, SE, Liu, PY, Liu, S, Liu, Y, Lloyd, BK, Lotufo, PA, Lunevicius, R, Ma, S, El Razek, HMA, El Razek, MMA, Majdan, M, Majeed, A, Malekzadeh, R, Mapoma, CC, Marcenes, W, Margolis, DJ, Marquez, N, Masiye, F, Marzan, MB, Mason-Jones, AJ, Mazorodze, TT, Meaney, PA, Mehari, A, Mehndiratta, MM, Mena-Rodriguez, F, Mekonnen, AB, Melaku, YA, Memish, ZA, Mendoza, W, Meretoja, A, Meretoja, TJ, Mhimbira, FA, Miller, TR, Mills, EJ, Mirarefin, M, Misganaw, A, Ibrahim, NM, Mohammad, KA, Mohammadi, A, Mohammed, S, Mola, GLD, Monasta, L, Monis, JDLC, Hernandez, JCM, Montero, P, Montico, M, Mooney, MD, Moore, AR, Moradi-Lakeh, M, Morawska, L, Mori, R, Mueller, U, Murthy, GVS, Murthy, S, Nachega, JB, Naheed, A, Naldi, L, Nand, D, Nangia, V, Nash, D, Neupane, S, Newton, JN, Ng, M, Ngalesoni, FN, Nguhiu, P, Nguyen, G, Le Nguyen, Q, Nisar, MI, Nomura, M, Norheim, OF, Norman, RE, Nyakarahuka, L, Obermeyer, CM, Ogbo, FA, Oh, I-H, Ojelabi, FA, Olivares, PR, Olusanya, BO, Olusanya, JO, Opio, JN, Oren, E, Ota, E, Oyekale, AS, Pa, M, Pain, A, Papantoniou, N, Park, E-K, Park, H-Y, Caicedo, AJP, Patten, SB, Paul, VK, Pereira, DM, Perico, N, Pesudovs, K, Petzold, M, Phillips, MR, Pillay, JD, Pishgar, F, Polinder, S, Pope, D, Pourmalek, F, Qorbani, M, Rafay, A, Rahimi, K, Rahimi-Movaghar, V, Rahman, M, Rahman, MHU, Rahman, SU, Rai, RK, Ram, U, Ranabhat, CL, Rangaswamy, T, Rao, PV, Refaat, AH, Remuzzi, G, and Violante, FS

Abstract

BACKGROUND: In transitioning from the Millennium Development Goal to the Sustainable Development Goal era, it is imperative to comprehensively assess progress toward reducing maternal mortality to identify areas of success, remaining challenges, and frame policy discussions. We aimed to quantify maternal mortality throughout the world by underlying cause and age from 1990 to 2015. METHODS: We estimated maternal mortality at the global, regional, and national levels from 1990 to 2015 for ages 10-54 years by systematically compiling and processing all available data sources from 186 of 195 countries and territories, 11 of which were analysed at the subnational level. We quantified eight underlying causes of maternal death and four timing categories, improving estimation methods since GBD 2013 for adult all-cause mortality, HIV-related maternal mortality, and late maternal death. Secondary analyses then allowed systematic examination of drivers of trends, including the relation between maternal mortality and coverage of specific reproductive health-care services as well as assessment of observed versus expected maternal mortality as a function of Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a summary indicator derived from measures of income per capita, educational attainment, and fertility. FINDINGS: Only ten countries achieved MDG 5, but 122 of 195 countries have already met SDG 3.1. Geographical disparities widened between 1990 and 2015 and, in 2015, 24 countries still had a maternal mortality ratio greater than 400. The proportion of all maternal deaths occurring in the bottom two SDI quintiles, where haemorrhage is the dominant cause of maternal death, increased from roughly 68% in 1990 to more than 80% in 2015. The middle SDI quintile improved the most from 1990 to 2015, but also has the most complicated causal profile. Maternal mortality in the highest SDI quintile is mostly due to other direct maternal disorders, indirect maternal disorders, and abortion, ectopic pregnancy

Published
2016

9. Burden of Diarrhea in the Eastern Mediterranean Region, 1990-2013: Findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013

Author

Khalil, I, Colombara, DV, Forouzanfar, MH, Troeger, C, Daoud, F, Moradi-Lakeh, M, El Bcheraoui, C, Rao, PC, Afshin, A, Charara, R, Abate, KH, Abd El Razek, MM, Abd-Allah, F, Abu-Elyazeed, R, Kiadaliri, AA, Akanda, AS, Akseer, N, Alam, K, Alasfoor, D, Ali, R, AlMazroa, MA, Alomari, MA, Al-Raddadi, RMS, Alsharif, U, Alsowaidi, S, Altirkawi, KA, Alvis-Guzman, N, Ammar, W, Antonio, CAT, Asayesh, H, Asghar, RJ, Atique, S, Awasthi, A, Bacha, U, Badawi, A, Barac, A, Bedi, N, Bekele, T, Bensenor, IM, Betsu, BD, Bhutta, Z, Bin Abdulhak, AA, Butt, ZA, Danawi, H, Dubey, M, Endries, AY, Faghmous, IDA, Farid, T, Farvid, MS, Farzadfar, F, Fereshtehnejad, S-M, Fischer, F, Fitchett, JRA, Gibney, KB, Ginawi, IAM, Gishu, MD, Gugnani, HC, Gupta, R, Hailu, GB, Hamadeh, RR, Hamidi, S, Harb, HL, Hedayati, MT, Hsairi, M, Husseini, A, Jahanmehr, N, Javanbakht, M, Jibat, T, Jonas, JB, Kasaeian, A, Khader, YS, Khan, AR, Khan, EA, Khan, G, Khoja, TAM, Kinfu, Y, Kissoon, N, Koyanagi, A, La, A, Latif, AAA, Lunevicius, R, Abd El Razek, HM, Majeed, A, Malekzadeh, R, Mehari, A, Mekonnen, AB, Melaku, YA, Memish, ZA, Mendoza, W, Misganaw, A, Mohamed, LAI, Nachega, JB, Quyen, LN, Nisar, MI, Peprah, EK, Platts-Mills, JA, Pourmalek, F, Qorbani, M, Rafay, A, Rahimi-Movaghar, V, Rahman, SU, Rai, RK, Rana, SM, Ranabhat, CL, Rao, SR, Refaat, AH, Riddle, M, Roshandel, G, Ruhago, GM, Saleh, MM, Sanabria, JR, Sawhney, M, Sepanlou, SG, Setegn, T, Sliwa, K, Sreeramareddy, CT, Sykes, BL, Tavakkoli, M, Tedla, BA, Terkawi, AS, Ukwaja, K, Uthman, OA, Westerman, R, Wubshet, M, Yenesew, MA, Yonemoto, N, Younis, MZ, Zaidi, Z, Zaki, MES, Al Rabeeah, AA, Wang, H, Naghavi, M, Vos, T, Lopez, AD, Murray, CJL, Mokdad, AH, Khalil, I, Colombara, DV, Forouzanfar, MH, Troeger, C, Daoud, F, Moradi-Lakeh, M, El Bcheraoui, C, Rao, PC, Afshin, A, Charara, R, Abate, KH, Abd El Razek, MM, Abd-Allah, F, Abu-Elyazeed, R, Kiadaliri, AA, Akanda, AS, Akseer, N, Alam, K, Alasfoor, D, Ali, R, AlMazroa, MA, Alomari, MA, Al-Raddadi, RMS, Alsharif, U, Alsowaidi, S, Altirkawi, KA, Alvis-Guzman, N, Ammar, W, Antonio, CAT, Asayesh, H, Asghar, RJ, Atique, S, Awasthi, A, Bacha, U, Badawi, A, Barac, A, Bedi, N, Bekele, T, Bensenor, IM, Betsu, BD, Bhutta, Z, Bin Abdulhak, AA, Butt, ZA, Danawi, H, Dubey, M, Endries, AY, Faghmous, IDA, Farid, T, Farvid, MS, Farzadfar, F, Fereshtehnejad, S-M, Fischer, F, Fitchett, JRA, Gibney, KB, Ginawi, IAM, Gishu, MD, Gugnani, HC, Gupta, R, Hailu, GB, Hamadeh, RR, Hamidi, S, Harb, HL, Hedayati, MT, Hsairi, M, Husseini, A, Jahanmehr, N, Javanbakht, M, Jibat, T, Jonas, JB, Kasaeian, A, Khader, YS, Khan, AR, Khan, EA, Khan, G, Khoja, TAM, Kinfu, Y, Kissoon, N, Koyanagi, A, La, A, Latif, AAA, Lunevicius, R, Abd El Razek, HM, Majeed, A, Malekzadeh, R, Mehari, A, Mekonnen, AB, Melaku, YA, Memish, ZA, Mendoza, W, Misganaw, A, Mohamed, LAI, Nachega, JB, Quyen, LN, Nisar, MI, Peprah, EK, Platts-Mills, JA, Pourmalek, F, Qorbani, M, Rafay, A, Rahimi-Movaghar, V, Rahman, SU, Rai, RK, Rana, SM, Ranabhat, CL, Rao, SR, Refaat, AH, Riddle, M, Roshandel, G, Ruhago, GM, Saleh, MM, Sanabria, JR, Sawhney, M, Sepanlou, SG, Setegn, T, Sliwa, K, Sreeramareddy, CT, Sykes, BL, Tavakkoli, M, Tedla, BA, Terkawi, AS, Ukwaja, K, Uthman, OA, Westerman, R, Wubshet, M, Yenesew, MA, Yonemoto, N, Younis, MZ, Zaidi, Z, Zaki, MES, Al Rabeeah, AA, Wang, H, Naghavi, M, Vos, T, Lopez, AD, Murray, CJL, and Mokdad, AH

Abstract

Diarrheal diseases (DD) are leading causes of disease burden, death, and disability, especially in children in low-income settings. DD can also impact a child's potential livelihood through stunted physical growth, cognitive impairment, and other sequelae. As part of the Global Burden of Disease Study, we estimated DD burden, and the burden attributable to specific risk factors and particular etiologies, in the Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR) between 1990 and 2013. For both sexes and all ages, we calculated disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), which are the sum of years of life lost and years lived with disability. We estimate that over 125,000 deaths (3.6% of total deaths) were due to DD in the EMR in 2013, with a greater burden of DD in low- and middle-income countries. Diarrhea deaths per 100,000 children under 5 years of age ranged from one (95% uncertainty interval [UI] = 0-1) in Bahrain and Oman to 471 (95% UI = 245-763) in Somalia. The pattern for diarrhea DALYs among those under 5 years of age closely followed that for diarrheal deaths. DALYs per 100,000 ranged from 739 (95% UI = 520-989) in Syria to 40,869 (95% UI = 21,540-65,823) in Somalia. Our results highlighted a highly inequitable burden of DD in EMR, mainly driven by the lack of access to proper resources such as water and sanitation. Our findings will guide preventive and treatment interventions which are based on evidence and which follow the ultimate goal of reducing the DD burden.

Published
2016

10. Vaccine Development Should Be Polytheistic, Not Monotheistic.

Author

Plotkin SA, Robinson JM, Fitchett JRA, and Gershburg E

Subjects
Humans, Vaccines immunology, mRNA Vaccines, Vaccine Development
Abstract

Vaccines based on messenger RNA technology have been tremendously successful, but their properties are not necessarily ideal for all pathogens. There is a risk that concentration on that technology alone for new vaccine development will ignore older technologies that have properties giving broader and more persistent protection., Competing Interests: Potential conflicts of interest. S. A. P. reports personal fees from Sanofi Pasteur, Merck, BioNTech, Moderna, Meissa, GSK, NTX Bio, Codagenix, Vanderbilt University, Bionet, and Wellcome Trust outside of the submitted work. S. A. P. also reports honoraria from Duke University and University of Pennsylvania. E. G. reports grants from National Institutes of Health, outside of the submitted work; personal fees from Institut Pasteur de Dakar; and pending patents for anti-HSV vaccines. J. M. R. reports personal fees from CEPI, BMGF, and Institut Pasteur de Dakar outside of the submitted work. J. R. A. F. reports grants from CEPI and BMGF outside of the submitted work., (© The Author(s) 2024. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Infectious Diseases Society of America. All rights reserved. For commercial re-use, please contact reprints@oup.com for reprints and translation rights for reprints. All other permissions can be obtained through our RightsLink service via the Permissions link on the article page on our site—for further information please contact journals.permissions@oup.com.)

Published
2024
Full Text
View/download PDF

12. From private incentives to public health need: rethinking research and development for pandemic preparedness.

Author

Torreele E, Wolfe D, Kazatchkine M, Sall A, Ruxrungtham K, Fitchett JRA, Liu J, Kobinger G, Vaca-González C, Gómez C, Terblanche P, Swaminathan S, Olliaro P, and Clark H

Subjects
Humans, Pandemics prevention & control, Research, Disease Outbreaks, Public Health, Motivation
Abstract

Pandemic preparedness and response have relied primarily on market dynamics to drive development and availability of new health products. Building on calls for transformation, we propose a new value proposition that instead prioritises equity from the research and development (R&D) stage and that strengthens capacity to control outbreaks when and where they occur. Key elements include regional R&D hubs free to adapt well established technology platforms, and independent clinical trials networks working with researchers, regulators, and health authorities to better study questions of comparative benefit and real-world efficacy. Realising these changes requires a shift in emphasis: from pandemic response to outbreak control, from one-size-fits-all economies of scale to R&D and manufacture for local need, from de novo product development to last-mile innovation through adaptation of existing technologies, and from proprietary, competitive R&D to open science and financing for the common good that supports collective management and sharing of technology and know-how., Competing Interests: Declaration of interests ET and DW report funding from Open Society Foundations. MK is an independent board member of Exevirbio. AS is an unpaid board member for Particle for Humanity and GUARD. PT is the CEO of Afrigen Biologics. All other authors declare no competing interests., (Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

Published
2023
Full Text
View/download PDF

13. Laboratory Evaluation and Field Testing of Dengue NS1 and IgM/IgG Rapid Diagnostic Tests in an Epidemic Context in Senegal.

Author

Ndiaye O, Woolston K, Gaye A, Loucoubar C, Cocozza M, Fall C, Dia F, Adams ER, Samb M, Camara D, Sadio BD, Diagne CT, Weidmann M, Faye O, Fitchett JRA, Sall AA, and Diagne CT

Subjects
Humans, Rapid Diagnostic Tests, Senegal epidemiology, Sensitivity and Specificity, Immunoglobulin M, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay methods, Immunoglobulin G, Antibodies, Viral, Viral Nonstructural Proteins, Dengue diagnosis, Dengue epidemiology, Dengue Virus
Abstract

In Senegal, the burden of dengue is increasing and expanding. As case management and traditional diagnostic techniques can be difficult to implement, rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) deployed at point of care are ideal for investigating active outbreaks. The aim of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic performance of the Dengue NS1 and Dengue IgM/IgG RDTs on the serum/plasma samples in a laboratory setting and in the field. During laboratory evaluation, performance of the NS1 RDT was assessed using NS1 ELISA as the gold standard. Sensitivity and specificity were 88% [75-95%] and 100% [97-100%], respectively. Performance of the IgM/IG RDT was assessed using the IgM Antibody Capture (MAC) ELISA, indirect IgG, and PRNT as gold standards. The IgM and IgG test lines respectively displayed sensitivities of 94% [83-99%] and 70% [59-79%] and specificities of 91% [84-95%] and 91% [79-98%]. In the field, the Dengue NS1 RDT sensitivity and specificity was 82% [60-95%] and 75% [53-90%], respectively. The IgM and IgG test lines displayed sensitivities of 86% [42-100%] and 78% [64-88%], specificities of 85% [76-92%] and 55% [36-73%], respectively. These results demonstrate that RDTs are ideal for use in a context of high prevalence or outbreak setting and can be implemented in the absence of a confirmatory test for acute and convalescent patients., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Published
2023
Full Text
View/download PDF

14. Prevalence of neutralising antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 in acute infection and convalescence: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Author

Savage HR, Santos VS, Edwards T, Giorgi E, Krishna S, Planche TD, Staines HM, Fitchett JRA, Kirwan DE, Cubas Atienzar AI, Clark DJ, Adams ER, and Cuevas LE

Subjects
Acute Disease, COVID-19 epidemiology, Convalescence, Humans, Prevalence, Antibodies, Neutralizing blood, Antibodies, Viral blood, COVID-19 immunology, SARS-CoV-2 immunology
Abstract

Background: Individuals infected with SARS-CoV-2 develop neutralising antibodies. We investigated the proportion of individuals with SARS-CoV-2 neutralising antibodies after infection and how this proportion varies with selected covariates., Methodology/principal Findings: This systematic review and meta-analysis examined the proportion of individuals with SARS-CoV-2 neutralising antibodies after infection and how these proportions vary with selected covariates. Three models using the maximum likelihood method assessed these proportions by study group, covariates and individually extracted data (protocol CRD42020208913). A total of 983 reports were identified and 27 were included. The pooled (95%CI) proportion of individuals with neutralising antibodies was 85.3% (83.5-86.9) using the titre cut off >1:20 and 83.9% (82.2-85.6), 70.2% (68.1-72.5) and 54.2% (52.0-56.5) with titres >1:40, >1:80 and >1:160, respectively. These proportions were higher among patients with severe COVID-19 (e.g., titres >1:80, 84.8% [80.0-89.2], >1:160, 74.4% [67.5-79.7]) than those with mild presentation (56.7% [49.9-62.9] and 44.1% [37.3-50.6], respectively) and lowest among asymptomatic infections (28.6% [17.9-39.2] and 10.0% [3.7-20.1], respectively). IgG and neutralising antibody levels correlated poorly., Conclusions/significance: 85% of individuals with proven SARS-CoV-2 infection had detectable neutralising antibodies. This proportion varied with disease severity, study setting, time since infection and the method used to measure antibodies., Competing Interests: I have read the journal’s policy and the authors of this manuscript have the following competing interests: SK is advisor and together with HMS shareholders in QuantuMDx, a molecular nucleic acid test-based diagnostic company. SK is also member of the Scientific Advisory Committee for the Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics (FIND), a not-for-profit organisation that produces global guidance on affordable diagnostics. The views expressed here are personal opinions and do not represent the recommendations of FIND. JF is an employee and shareholder of Mologic, a private biotechnology company, and a pro bono director of Global Access Diagnostics, a social enterprise delinked from commercial return. All other authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.

Published
2021
Full Text
View/download PDF

15. Self-sampling of capillary blood for SARS-CoV-2 serology.

Author

Brown L, Byrne RL, Fraser A, Owen SI, Cubas-Atienzar AI, Williams CT, Kay GA, Cuevas LE, Fitchett JRA, Fletcher T, Garrod G, Kontogianni K, Krishna S, Menzies S, Planche T, Sainter C, Staines HM, Turtle L, and Adams ER

Subjects
Adult, COVID-19 blood, Dried Blood Spot Testing methods, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay methods, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Young Adult, Blood Specimen Collection methods, COVID-19 diagnosis, COVID-19 Serological Testing methods, SARS-CoV-2 isolation & purification
Abstract

Serological testing is emerging as a powerful tool to progress our understanding of COVID-19 exposure, transmission and immune response. Large-scale testing is limited by the need for in-person blood collection by staff trained in venepuncture, and the limited sensitivity of lateral flow tests. Capillary blood self-sampling and postage to laboratories for analysis could provide a reliable alternative. Two-hundred and nine matched venous and capillary blood samples were obtained from thirty nine participants and analysed using a COVID-19 IgG ELISA to detect antibodies against SARS-CoV-2. Thirty eight out of thirty nine participants were able to self-collect an adequate sample of capillary blood (≥ 50 µl). Using plasma from venous blood collected in lithium heparin as the reference standard, matched capillary blood samples, collected in lithium heparin-treated tubes and on filter paper as dried blood spots, achieved a Cohen's kappa coefficient of > 0.88 (near-perfect agreement, 95% CI 0.738-1.000). Storage of capillary blood at room temperature for up to 7 days post sampling did not affect concordance. Our results indicate that capillary blood self-sampling is a reliable and feasible alternative to venepuncture for serological assessment in COVID-19.

Published
2021
Full Text
View/download PDF

16. IgG Seroconversion and Pathophysiology in Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infection.

Author

Staines HM, Kirwan DE, Clark DJ, Adams ER, Augustin Y, Byrne RL, Cocozza M, Cubas-Atienzar AI, Cuevas LE, Cusinato M, Davies BMO, Davis M, Davis P, Duvoix A, Eckersley NM, Forton D, Fraser AJ, Garrod G, Hadcocks L, Hu Q, Johnson M, Kay GA, Klekotko K, Lewis Z, Macallan DC, Mensah-Kane J, Menzies S, Monahan I, Moore CM, Nebe-von-Caron G, Owen SI, Sainter C, Sall AA, Schouten J, Williams CT, Wilkins J, Woolston K, Fitchett JRA, Krishna S, and Planche T

Subjects
Adult, Aged, Antibodies, Viral blood, COVID-19 physiopathology, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, COVID-19 blood, COVID-19 immunology, Immunoglobulin G blood, SARS-CoV-2, Seroconversion
Abstract

We investigated the dynamics of seroconversion in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. During March 29-May 22, 2020, we collected serum samples and associated clinical data from 177 persons in London, UK, who had SARS-CoV-2 infection. We measured IgG against SARS-CoV-2 and compared antibody levels with patient outcomes, demographic information, and laboratory characteristics. We found that 2.0%-8.5% of persons did not seroconvert 3-6 weeks after infection. Persons who seroconverted were older, were more likely to have concurrent conditions, and had higher levels of inflammatory markers. Non-White persons had higher antibody concentrations than those who identified as White; these concentrations did not decline during follow-up. Serologic assay results correlated with disease outcome, race, and other risk factors for severe SARS-CoV-2 infection. Serologic assays can be used in surveillance to clarify the duration and protective nature of humoral responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Published
2021
Full Text
View/download PDF

17. Campylobacter bacteremia in London: A 44-year single-center study.

Author

O'Hara GA, Fitchett JRA, and Klein JL

Subjects
Adult, Bacteremia drug therapy, Bacteremia microbiology, Campylobacter drug effects, Campylobacter Infections drug therapy, Female, Humans, London epidemiology, Male, Middle Aged, Prevalence, Prospective Studies, Survival Analysis, Anti-Bacterial Agents pharmacology, Anti-Bacterial Agents therapeutic use, Bacteremia epidemiology, Campylobacter Infections epidemiology
Abstract

Purpose: Campylobacter species are a well-recognized but rare cause of bloodstream infection., Methods: Here we reviewed 41 cases of Campylobacter bloodstream infection occurring at a single center in London over 44years, comprising 0.2% of all recorded episodes during this time period., Results: Patients had a mean age of 46years and, contrasting with previous reports, nearly 50% of our patients did not have significant comorbidities. Ciprofloxacin resistance increased over the study period with 35% of isolates overall being resistant compared with only 3% exhibiting macrolide resistance. Despite a minority of patients receiving appropriate empirical antibiotic therapy, overall mortality was only 7%., Conclusion: Campylobacter bacteremia remains a rare but significant cause of morbidity with a low associated mortality. Underlying immunosuppressive conditions are common but by no means universal. In our setting, macrolides would be favored as empirical agents to treat suspected Campylobacter enteritis, including cases with associated bacteremia., (Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Published
2017
Full Text
View/download PDF

18. Global funding trends for malaria research in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic analysis.

Author

Head MG, Goss S, Gelister Y, Alegana V, Brown RJ, Clarke SC, Fitchett JRA, Atun R, Scott JAG, Newell ML, Padmadas SS, and Tatem AJ

Subjects
Africa South of the Sahara, Clinical Trials as Topic economics, Global Health, Humans, Investments, Public Health, Research economics, Financing, Government trends, Fund Raising trends, Malaria, Research trends, Research Support as Topic trends
Abstract

Background: Total domestic and international funding for malaria is inadequate to achieve WHO global targets in burden reduction by 2030. We describe the trends of investments in malaria-related research in sub-Saharan Africa and compare investment with national disease burden to identify areas of funding strength and potentially neglected populations. We also considered funding for malaria control., Methods: Research funding data related to malaria for 1997-2013 were sourced from existing datasets, from 13 major public and philanthropic global health funders, and from funding databases. Investments (reported in US$) were considered by geographical area and compared with data on parasite prevalence and populations at risk in sub-Saharan Africa. 45 sub-Saharan African countries were ranked by amount of research funding received., Findings: We found 333 research awards totalling US$814·4 million. Public health research covered $308·1 million (37·8%) and clinical trials covered $275·2 million (33·8%). Tanzania ($107·8 million [13·2%]), Uganda ($97·9 million [12·0%]), and Kenya ($92·9 million [11·4%]) received the highest sum of research investment and the most research awards. Malawi, Tanzania, and Uganda remained highly ranked after adjusting for national gross domestic product. Countries with a reasonably high malaria burden that received little research investment or funding for malaria control included Central African Republic (ranked 40th) and Sierra Leone (ranked 35th). Congo (Brazzaville) and Guinea had reasonably high malaria mortality, yet Congo (Brazzaville) ranked 38th and Guinea ranked 25th, thus receiving little investment., Interpretation: Some countries receive reasonably large investments in malaria-related research (Tanzania, Kenya, Uganda), whereas others receive little or no investments (Sierra Leone, Central African Republic). Research investments are typically highest in countries where funding for malaria control is also high. Investment strategies should consider more equitable research and operational investments across countries to include currently neglected and susceptible populations., Funding: Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene and Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation., (Copyright © 2017 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

Published
2017
Full Text
View/download PDF

20. Burden of Diarrhea in the Eastern Mediterranean Region, 1990-2013: Findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013.

Author

Khalil I, Colombara DV, Forouzanfar MH, Troeger C, Daoud F, Moradi-Lakeh M, Bcheraoui CE, Rao PC, Afshin A, Charara R, Abate KH, Razek MMAE, Abd-Allah F, Abu-Elyazeed R, Kiadaliri AA, Akanda AS, Akseer N, Alam K, Alasfoor D, Ali R, AlMazroa MA, Alomari MA, Al-Raddadi RMS, Alsharif U, Alsowaidi S, Altirkawi KA, Alvis-Guzman N, Ammar W, Antonio CAT, Asayesh H, Asghar RJ, Atique S, Awasthi A, Bacha U, Badawi A, Barac A, Bedi N, Bekele T, Bensenor IM, Betsu BD, Bhutta Z, Abdulhak AAB, Butt ZA, Danawi H, Dubey M, Endries AY, Faghmous IDA, Farid T, Farvid MS, Farzadfar F, Fereshtehnejad SM, Fischer F, Fitchett JRA, Gibney KB, Ginawi IAM, Gishu MD, Gugnani HC, Gupta R, Hailu GB, Hamadeh RR, Hamidi S, Harb HL, Hedayati MT, Hsairi M, Husseini A, Jahanmehr N, Javanbakht M, Jibat T, Jonas JB, Kasaeian A, Khader YS, Khan AR, Khan EA, Khan G, Khoja TAM, Kinfu Y, Kissoon N, Koyanagi A, Lal A, Latif AAA, Lunevicius R, Razek HMAE, Majeed A, Malekzadeh R, Mehari A, Mekonnen AB, Melaku YA, Memish ZA, Mendoza W, Misganaw A, Mohamed LAI, Nachega JB, Nguyen QL, Nisar MI, Peprah EK, Platts-Mills JA, Pourmalek F, Qorbani M, Rafay A, Rahimi-Movaghar V, Rahman SU, Rai RK, Rana SM, Ranabhat CL, Rao SR, Refaat AH, Riddle M, Roshandel G, Ruhago GM, Saleh MM, Sanabria JR, Sawhney M, Sepanlou SG, Setegn T, Sliwa K, Sreeramareddy CT, Sykes BL, Tavakkoli M, Tedla BA, Terkawi AS, Ukwaja K, Uthman OA, Westerman R, Wubshet M, Yenesew MA, Yonemoto N, Younis MZ, Zaidi Z, Zaki MES, Rabeeah AAA, Wang H, Naghavi M, Vos T, Lopez AD, Murray CJL, and Mokdad AH

Subjects
Child, Child, Preschool, Cost of Illness, Diarrhea economics, Persons with Disabilities, Female, Humans, Male, Mediterranean Region epidemiology, Quality-Adjusted Life Years, Risk Factors, Diarrhea epidemiology, Diarrhea mortality, Global Burden of Disease
Abstract

Diarrheal diseases (DD) are leading causes of disease burden, death, and disability, especially in children in low-income settings. DD can also impact a child's potential livelihood through stunted physical growth, cognitive impairment, and other sequelae. As part of the Global Burden of Disease Study, we estimated DD burden, and the burden attributable to specific risk factors and particular etiologies, in the Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR) between 1990 and 2013. For both sexes and all ages, we calculated disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), which are the sum of years of life lost and years lived with disability. We estimate that over 125,000 deaths (3.6% of total deaths) were due to DD in the EMR in 2013, with a greater burden of DD in low- and middle-income countries. Diarrhea deaths per 100,000 children under 5 years of age ranged from one (95% uncertainty interval [UI] = 0-1) in Bahrain and Oman to 471 (95% UI = 245-763) in Somalia. The pattern for diarrhea DALYs among those under 5 years of age closely followed that for diarrheal deaths. DALYs per 100,000 ranged from 739 (95% UI = 520-989) in Syria to 40,869 (95% UI = 21,540-65,823) in Somalia. Our results highlighted a highly inequitable burden of DD in EMR, mainly driven by the lack of access to proper resources such as water and sanitation. Our findings will guide preventive and treatment interventions which are based on evidence and which follow the ultimate goal of reducing the DD burden., (© The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene.)

Published
2016
Full Text
View/download PDF

Catalog

Books, media, physical & digital resources
See catalog results