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Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) is a sleep disorder with a high prevalence in the general population. It is a risk factor for many cardiovascular diseases, and an independent risk factor for cerebrovascular diseases such as stroke. After an apnea episode, both arterial blood pressure and cerebral blood flow velocity change in function of the apnea duration (AD). We hypothesized that the relative excursion in heart rate (AHR), defined as the percentage difference between the maximum and the minimum heart rate values associated to an obstructive apnea event, is also related to AD. In this work we studied the relationship between apnea-related AHR and AD in a population of eight patients with severe OSA. AHR and AD showed a moderate but statistically significant correlation (p <; 0.0001) in a total of 1454 obstructive apneas analyzed. The average heart rate excursion for apneas with AD = 30s (¿HR = 31.29 ± 6.64%) was significantly greater (p = 0.0002) than for apneas with AD ¿ [10,20)s (¿HR = 18.14±3.08%). We also observed that patients with similar Apnea-Hypopnea Index (AHI) may exhibit remarkably different distributions of AHR and AD, and that patients with a high AHI need not have a higher average AHR than others with a lower severity index. We conclude that the overall apnea-induced heart rate excursion is partially explained by the duration of apnoeic episodes, and it may be a simple measure of the cardiovascular stress associated with OSA that is not directly reflected in the AHI., Postprint (published version)

There is a lack of instruments for assessing respiratory muscle activation during the breathing cycle in clinical conditions. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the usefulness of the respiratory muscle mechanomyogram (MMG) for non-invasively assessing the mechanical activation of the inspiratory muscles of the lower chest wall in both patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and healthy subjects, and to investigate the relationship between inspiratory muscle activation and pulmonary function parameters. Both inspiratory mouth pressure and respiratory muscle MMG were simultaneously recorded under two different respiratory conditions, quiet breathing and incremental ventilatory effort, in 13 COPD patients and 7 healthy subjects. The mechanical activation of the inspiratory muscles was characterised by the non-linear multistate Lempel–Ziv index (MLZ) calculated over the inspiratory time of the MMG signal. Subsequently, the efficiency of the inspiratory muscle mechanical activation was expressed as the ratio between the peak inspiratory mouth pressure to the amplitude of the mechanical activation. This activation estimated using the MLZ index correlated strongly with peak inspiratory mouth pressure throughout the respiratory protocol in both COPD patients (r = 0.80, p<0.001) and healthy (r = 0.82, p<0.001). Moreover, the greater the COPD severity in patients, the greater the level of muscle activation (r = -0.68, p = 0.001, between muscle activation at incremental ventilator effort and FEV1). Furthermore, the efficiency of the mechanical activation of inspiratory muscle was lower in COPD patients than healthy subjects (7.61±2.06 vs 20.42±10.81, respectively, p = 0.0002), and decreased with increasing COPD severity (r = 0.78, p<0.001, between efficiency of the mechanical activation at incremental ventilatory effort and FEV1). These results suggest that the respiratory muscle mechanomyogram is a good reflection of inspiratory effort and can be, Peer Reviewed, Postprint (published version)

Background A thorough analysis of continuous adventitious sounds (CAS) can provide distinct and complementary information about bronchodilator response (BDR), beyond that provided by spirometry. Nevertheless, previous approaches to CAS analysis were limited by certain methodology issues. The aim of this study is to propose a new integrated approach to CAS analysis that contributes to improving the assessment of BDR in clinical practice for asthma patients. Methods Respiratory sounds and flow were recorded in 25 subjects, including 7 asthma patients with positive BDR (BDR+), assessed by spirometry, 13 asthma patients with negative BDR (BDR-), and 5 controls. A total of 5149 acoustic components were characterized using the Hilbert spectrum, and used to train and validate a support vector machine classifier, which distinguished acoustic components corresponding to CAS from those corresponding to other sounds. Once the method was validated, BDR was assessed in all participants by CAS analysis, and compared to BDR assessed by spirometry. Results BDR+ patients had a homogenous high change in the number of CAS after bronchodilation, which agreed with the positive BDR by spirometry, indicating high reversibility of airway obstruction. Nevertheless, we also found an appreciable change in the number of CAS in many BDR- patients, revealing alterations in airway obstruction that were not detected by spirometry. We propose a categorization for the change in the number of CAS, which allowed us to stratify BDR- patients into three consistent groups. From the 13 BDR- patients, 6 had a high response, similar to BDR+ patients, 4 had a noteworthy medium response, and 1 had a low response. Conclusions In this study, a new non-invasive and integrated approach to CAS analysis is proposed as a high-sensitive tool for assessing BDR in terms of acoustic parameters which, together with spirometry parameters, contribute to improving the stratification of BDR levels in patients with obstructiv, Postprint (published version)

In the present thesis 3 detailed studies were carried out that spring from 3 different diagnostic techniques that include bronoscopy, tuberculine bacillus infection diagnosis, and the control of oxygen therapy in chronic patients. All three studies were based on image analysis. In the first study we applied ultrasound techniques through broncoscopy (EBUS) and evaluated the images of 12 malignant ganglios and 11 benign mediastine ones in patients suspected as having pulmonary neoplastic disease. A previous process was applied to improve the quality of the image and enhance their features. Morfologic and texture parameters were anaylized such as texture of the ultrasounds and fractal dimensión that express the relation between the area and the perimeter of the structures that appear in the image, as well as characteristics of internal structure convolucionated of the hiliary and mediastine structures. The fractal dimensión was lower in the malignant ganglios compared to non-malignant ones (1.47(0.09), 1.53(0.10) mean (SD), respectively, Mann Whitney U test p<0.005)). In conclusion the fractal dimensión of ultrasound images of the mediastine ganglios obtained through endobronquial ultrasound differ depending on whether they are benign or malignant. In the second study a new method of evaluation was implemented of the tuberculine skin reaction with an Infrared camera. In this study 34 subjects participated that had been in contact with people infected with the bacillus. (46.8± 16.9 years), (12/22 men/women). The test reading was performed by the standard exploratory method and after taking an image of the puncture site on the forearm, using an Infrared Fluke Camara (320x240) situated 40 cm above the forearm. The IR image was processed using conventional image processing techniques (Canny edge detection, Hough transformer). From the previously segmented regions the following parameters are extracted: Maximum temperature , mean and mínimum in Cº, surface area and diameter, En esta tesis se han realizado tres estudios aplicando tres técnicas diagnósticas diferentes que incluyen broncoscopia, diagnóstico de la infección por el bacilo de la tuberculosis y el control de la oxigeno terapia en pacientes crónicos. Todos los estudios están basados en el análisis de imagen. En el primer estudio mediante la técnica de ultrasonografia a través de broncoscopio (EBUS) se evaluaron las imágenes de 12 ganglios mediastinitos malignos y 11 benignos en pacientes con sospecha de neoplasia pulmonar. Un procesamiento previo de la imagen fue aplicado para mejorar la cualidad de la misma. Se analizaron parámetros de textura y morfología así como la dimensión fractal que expresa la relación entre área y perímetro de las estructuras que aparecen en la imagen. La dimensión fractal fue más baja en los ganglios malignos comparados con los benignos (1.47(0.09), 1.53(0.10) (media(sd)) respectivamente. (Mann Whitney U test p<0.005). En conclusión la dimnensión fractal de las imágenes de ultrasonidos de los ganglios mediastinitos (EBUS) difieren dependiendo de si son o no malignos. En el segundo estudio se implemento un nuevo método de evaluación de la reacción dérmica a la tuberculina mediante una cámara de infrarrojos (IR). Participaron 34 sujetos que habían estado en contacto con pacientes infectados con el bacilo tuberculoso (46.8±16.9 años), (12/22 hombres/mujeres). La lectura fue realizada mediante exploración convencional y una cámara IR Fluke (320x240) situada a 40 cm del antebrazo en el lugar de punción. La imagen IR se proceso mediante detección Canny y la transformación de Hough). Resultados: Se describieron 3 áreas de segmentación, área 1 o pápula, área 2 o eritema y área 3 o background. Las diferencias de temperatura entre la 1 y 2 en el grupo IR positivo fue de 0.45 Cº (T test, p<0.05). La diferencia de Temp. Entre ambos grupos fue de 1.11 Cº (T test, p<0.05). El coeficiente de regresión entre ambos métodos fue de R=0.65, R20.42 (p<0.001) en los IR +., Postprint (published version)

© 2016. This manuscript version is made available under the CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 license http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0, The use of the Hilbert–Huang transform in the analysis of biomedical signals has increased during the past few years, but its use for respiratory sound (RS) analysis is still limited. The technique includes two steps: empirical mode decomposition (EMD) and instantaneous frequency (IF) estimation. Although the mode mixing (MM) problem of EMD has been widely discussed, this technique continues to be used in many RS analysis algorithms. In this study, we analyzed the MM effect in RS signals recorded from 30 asthmatic patients, and studied the performance of ensemble EMD (EEMD) and noise-assisted multivariate EMD (NA-MEMD) as means for preventing this effect. We propose quantitative parameters for measuring the size, reduction of MM, and residual noise level of each method. These parameters showed that EEMD is a good solution for MM, thus outperforming NA-MEMD. After testing different IF estimators, we propose Kay¿s method to calculate an EEMD-Kay-based Hilbert spectrum that offers high energy concentrations and high time and high frequency resolutions. We also propose an algorithm for the automatic characterization of continuous adventitious sounds (CAS). The tests performed showed that the proposed EEMD-Kay-based Hilbert spectrum makes it possible to determine CAS more precisely than other conventional time-frequency techniques., Postprint (author's final draft)

Postprint (published version)

Differentiating normal from adventitious respiratory sounds (RS) is a major challenge in the diagnosis of pulmonary diseases. Particularly, continuous adventitious sounds (CAS) are of clinical interest because they reflect the severity of certain diseases. This study presents a new classifier that automatically distinguishes normal sounds from CAS. It is based on the multiscale analysis of instantaneous frequency (IF) and envelope (IE) calculated after ensemble empirical mode decomposition (EEMD). These techniques have two major advantages over previous techniques: high temporal resolution is achieved by calculating IF-IE and a priori knowledge of signal characteristics is not required for EEMD. The classifier is based on the fact that the IF dispersion of RS signals markedly decreases when CAS appear in respiratory cycles. Therefore, CAS were detected by using a moving window to calculate the dispersion of IF sequences. The study dataset contained 1494 RS segments extracted from 870 inspiratory cycles recorded from 30 patients with asthma. All cycles and their RS segments were previously classified as containing normal sounds or CAS by a highly experienced physician to obtain a gold standard classification. A support vector machine classifier was trained and tested using an iterative procedure in which the dataset was randomly divided into training (65%) and testing (35%) sets inside a loop. The SVM classifier was also tested on 4592 simulated CAS cycles. High total accuracy was obtained with both recorded (94.6% +/- 0.3%) and simulated (92.8% +/- 3.6%) signals. We conclude that the proposed method is promising for RS analysis and classification., Accepted version

Background Chronic hypoxemia has deleterious effects on psychomotor function that can affect daily life. There are no clear results regarding short term therapy with low concentrations of O2 in hypoxemic patients. We seek to demonstrate, by measuring the characteristics of drawing, these effects on psychomotor function of hypoxemic patients treated with O2. Methods Eight patients (7/1) M/F, age 69.5 (9.9) yr, mean (SD) with hypoxemia (Pa O2 62.2 (6.9) mmHg) performed two drawings of pictures. Tests were performed before and after 30 min breathing with O2. Results Stroke velocity increased after O2 for the house drawing (i.e. velocity 27.6 (5.5) mm/s basal, 30.9 (7.1) mm/s with O2, mean (SD), p < 0.025, Wilcoxon test). The drawing time ‘down’ or fraction time the pen is touching the paper during the drawing phase decreased (i.e. time down 20.7 (6.6) s basal, 17.4 (6.3) s with O2, p < 0.017, Wilcoxon test). Conclusions This study shows that in patients with chronic hypoxemia, a short period of oxygen therapy produces changes in psychomotor function that can be measured by means of drawing analysis., Peer Reviewed, Postprint (author's final draft)

Cardiorespiratory Phase Synchronization (CRPS) is a manifestation of coupling between cardiac and respiratory systems complementary to Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia. In this work, we investigated CRPS during wake and sleep stages in Polysomnographic (PSG) recordings of 30 subjects suspected from Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA). The population was classified into three severity groups according to the Apnea Hypopnea Index (AHI): G1 (AHI<15), G2 (15<=AHI<30) and G3 (AHI>30). The synchrogram between single lead ECG and respiratory abdominal band signals from PSG was computed with the Hilbert transform technique. The different phase locking ratios (PLR) m:n were monitored throughout the night. Ratio 4:1 was the most frequent and it became more dominant as OSA severity increased. CRPS was characterized by the percentage of synchronized time (%Sync) and the average duration of synchronized epochs (AvDurSync) using three different thresholds. Globally, we observed that %Sync significantly decreased and AvDurSync slightly increased with OSA severity. A high synchronization threshold enhanced these population differences. %Sync was significantly higher in NREM than in REM sleep in G2 and G3 groups. Population differences observed during sleep did not translate to the initial wake state. Reduced CRPS could be an early marker of OSA severity during sleep, but further studies are needed to determine whether CRPS is also present during wakefulness., Postprint (published version)

Respiratory muscle dysfunction is a common problem in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and has mostly been related to pulmonary hyperinflation [1, 2]. Associated diaphragm shortening and deleterious changes in the muscle force-length relationship cause a reduction in the muscles’ capacity to generate pressure, placing them at a mechanical disadvantage [1, 3]. Specifically, both inspiratory muscle strength and mechanical efficiency may be reduced in COPD patients [1, 4–6], although, at iso-volume, the contractile strength of the diaphragm in COPD is preserved or may even be improved in some cases [7]. The ratio between transdiaphragmatic pressure and electrical diaphragm activity has been used as a measure of respiratory muscle efficiency [8, 9]. However, in clinical practice, it is complex to measure this parameter directly, as invasive measures are required and these are uncomfortable for patients [4]. During contraction, respiratory muscle fibres vibrate laterally [10]. These vibrations are related to the mechanical activation of these muscles and can be non-invasively recorded through accelerometers positioned on the surface of the skin, proximal to the muscles: this is called respiratory muscle mechanomyogram (MMG) [11–13]. The analysis of the mechanical activation of inspiratory muscles through the MMG might be a useful alternative approach for assessing respiratory muscles function in patients with COPD [13, 14]. MMG reflects the mechanical counterpart of the neural activity measured by electromyography. Respiratory muscle MMG provide some advantages over surface diaphragmatic electromyography with regards to simplicity of use. First of all, MMG recording is easy and simple to implement: MMG is acquired using a small accelerometer attached to the skin surface, whereas electromyography typically uses three electrodes. Secondly, as it is a mechanical signal, MMG is not susceptible to bioelectrical interference. Furthermore, the signal t, Postprint (published version)

Los sonidos adventicios continuos (CAS) son uno de los principales síntomas del asma. Dada su importancia clínica, el análisis de estas señales requiere del uso de técnicas que permitan segmentarlas y caracterizarlas con una precisión alta. Sin embargo, la mayoría de técnicas propuestas anteriormente estaban basadas en el análisis de Fourier o wavelet, técnicas que tienen una resolución limitada a priori y son altamente dependientes de la amplitud de los CAS. En este estudio se presenta una técnica alternativa para el análisis de CAS basada en el espectro de Hilbert. El método presentado combina la descomposición empírica en modos por conjuntos con el estimador de Kay de la frecuencia instantánea, para obtener una representación tiempo-frecuencia con una alta concentración de energía y una resolución temporal y frecuencial elevada. Con el fin de mostrar las ventajas que ofrece el método presentado, se ha aplicado a cuatro señales de sonidos respiratorios registradas en pacientes asmáticos que contienen distintos tipos de CAS, reforzando la hipótesis confirmada en nuestro estudio previo de que el espectro de Hilbert permite segmentar y caracterizar los CAS con mayor precisión que otras técnicas tradicionales ampliamente utilizadas, como el espectrograma., Postprint (published version)

Setting: The infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis gives a delayed immune response, measured by the tuberculine skin test. We present a new technique for evaluation based on automatic detection and measurement of skin temperature due to infrared emission.; Design: 34 subjects (46.8+/-16.9 years) (12/22, M/F) with suspected tuberculosis disease were examined with an IR thermal camera, 48h after tuberculin skin injection.; Results: In 20 subjects, IR analysis was positive for tuberculine test. Mean temperature of injection area was higher, around 1 degrees C, for the positive group (36.2+/-1.1 degrees C positive group; 35.1+/-1.6 degrees C negative group, p < 0.02 T test for unpaired groups).; Conclusion: IR image analysis achieves similar estimation of tuberculin reaction as the visual evaluation, based on higher temperature due to increased heat radiation from the skin lesion., Peer Reviewed, Postprint (author's final draft)

Non-invasive evaluation of respiratory activity is an area of increasing research interest, resulting in the appearance of new monitoring techniques, ones of these being based on the analysis of the diaphragm mechanomyographic (MMGdi) signal. The MMGdi signal can be decomposed into two parts: (1) a high frequency activity corresponding to lateral vibration of respiratory muscles, and (2) a low frequency activity related to excursion of the thoracic cage. The purpose of this study was to apply the empirical mode decomposition (EMD) method to obtain the low frequency of MMGdi signal and selecting the intrinsic mode functions related to the respiratory movement. With this intention, MMGdi signals were acquired from a healthy subject, during an incremental load respiratory test, by means of two capacitive accelerometers located at left and right sides of rib cage. Subsequently, both signals were combined to obtain a new signal which contains the contribution of both sides of thoracic cage. Respiratory rate (RR) measured from the mechanical activity (RRMmg) was compared with that measured from inspiratory pressure signal (RRP). Results showed a Pearson's correlation coefficient (r = 0.87) and a good agreement (mean bias = -0.21 with lower and upper limits of -2.33 and 1.89 breaths per minute, respectively) between RRmmg and RRP measurements. In conclusion, this study suggests that RR can be estimated using EMD for extracting respiratory movement from low mechanical activity, during an inspiratory test protocol., Peer Reviewed, Postprint (published version)

Peer Reviewed, Postprint (author’s final draft)

El Síndrome de Apnea-Hipopnea del Sueño (SAHS) actualmente se diagnostica mediante la Polisomnografía (PSG), una prueba cara y costosa. Se han propuesto diversas alternativas para ayudar al cribado previo de SAHS. En estudios previos demostramos que los sujetos con SAHS se pueden identificar a partir de las frecuencias de resonancia (formantes) de la respiración nocturna. En este trabajo se extiende el estudio al sonido respiratorio registrado en vigilia. Se seleccionaron diversos ciclos de inspiración y expiración consecutivas en 23 sujetos con diversos grados de SAHS durante el estado de vigilia previo a la PSG. Mediante un modelo autoregresivo (AR) se estimaron los formantes y el área transversal (CSA) de la vía. Se observa que los formantes en determinadas bandas tienen una frecuencia mayor (p<0.04) en sujetos con SAHS leve-moderado, con un Índice de Apnea-Hipopnea (AHI) menor que 30, respecto a los sujetos con SAHS severo (AHI=30). En paralelo, el área promedio de la vía aérea en las zonas con obstrucción muestra una tendencia decreciente (r=-0.498) con la severidad de la patología. Las características de los formantes, combinadas con medidas antropométricas, permiten clasificar a los sujetos con SAHS severo con una sensibilidad (especificidad) de hasta un 84.6% (88.9%). En conclusión, el sonido respiratorio registrado durante vigilia proporciona información valiosa sobre el estado de la vía aérea superior que puede ayudar a identificar un SAHS severo., Postprint (published version)

The aim of the present study was to measure bilateral asynchrony in patients suffering from Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) performing an incremental inspiratory load protocol. Bilateral asynchrony was estimated by the comparison of respiratory movements derived from diaphragm mechanomyographic (MMGdi) signals, acquired by means of capacitive accelerometers placed on left and right sides of the rib cage. Three methods were considered for asynchrony evaluation: Lissajous figure, Hilbert transform and Motto's algorithm. Bilateral asynchrony showed an increase at 20, 40 and 60% (values of normalized inspiratory pressure by their maximum value reached in the last inspiratory load) while the very severe group showed and increase at 20, 40, 80, and 100 % during the protocol. These increments in the phase's shift can be due to an increase of the inspiratory load along the protocol, and also as a consequence of distress and fatigue. In summary, this work evidenced the capability to estimate bilateral asynchrony in COPD patients. These preliminary results also showed that the use of capacitive accelerometers can be a suitable sensor for recording of respiratory movement and evaluation of asynchrony in COPD patients., Peer Reviewed, Postprint (published version)

The analysis of the electromyographic signal of the diaphragm muscle (EMGdi) can provide important information in order to evaluate the respiratory muscular function. However, EMGdi signals are usually contaminated by the electrocardiographic (ECG) signal. An adaptive noise cancellation (ANC) based on event-synchronous cancellation can be used to reduce the ECG interference in the recorded EMGdi activity. In this paper, it is proposed an ANC scheme for cancelling the ECG interference in EMGdi signals using only the EMGdi signal (without acquiring the ECG signal). In this case the detection of the QRS complex has been performed directly in the EMGdi signal, and the ANC algorithm must be robust to false or missing QRS detections. Furthermore, an automatic criterion to select the adaptive constant of the LMS algorithm has been proposed (µ). The µ constant is selected automatically so that the canceling signal energy equals the energy of the reference signal (which is an estimation of the ECG interference present in the EMGdi signal). This approach optimizes the tradeoff between cancellation of ECG interference and attenuation of EMG component. A number of weights equivalent of a time window that contains several QRS complexes is selected in order to make the algorithm robust to QRS detection errors., Peer Reviewed, Postprint (author’s final draft)

El Síndrome de Apnea-Hipopnea del Sueño (SAHS) tiene una incidencia en sujetos de edad media, del 2-4% en mujeres y 4-6% en hombres, además de múltiples consecuencias asociadas. Sin embargo, a pesar de su prevalencia, menos de un 10% de la población con este síndrome es diagnosticada. Con el objetivo de identificar qué señales debería emplear un futuro método de diagnóstico para pacientes con sospecha de SAHS más eficaz que los actuales, se sugiere un estudio en detalle de los eventos respiratorios que tienen lugar durante la noche. Para ello se parte de los estudios de monitorización del sueño realizados a pacientes con síntomas de SAHS mediante dos plataformas comerciales distintas. En primer lugar, los registros procedentes de dichos estudios se combinan y sincronizan temporalmente de una forma precisa y robusta. Una vez llevada y sincronizada toda la información a una plataforma común, el presente estudio se centra en la relación del SAHS con una nueva información, el roncograma. El roncograma permite estudiar la evolución de los ronquidos según la fase de sueño. Aplicando esta medida sobre nuestra base de datos observamos como el tiempo en fase de vigilia, el tiempo en fase REM o la densidad de ronquidos en fases ligeras presentan diferencias estadísticamente significativas para pacientes con distinta severidad de SAHS., Postprint (published version)

The analysis of amplitude parameters of the diaphragm mechanomyographic (MMGdi) signal is a non-invasive technique to assess respiratory muscle effort and to detect and quantify the severity of respiratory muscle weakness. The amplitude of the MMGdi signal is usually evaluated using the average rectified value or the root mean square of the signal. However, these estimations are greatly affected by the presence of cardiac vibration or mechanocardiographic (MCG) noise. In this study, we present a method for improving the estimation of the respiratory muscle effort from MMGdi signals that is robust to the presence of MCG. This method is based on the calculation of the sample entropy using fixed tolerance values (fSampEn), that is, with tolerance values that are not normalized by the local standard deviation of the window analyzed. The behavior of the fSampEn parameter was tested in synthesized mechanomyographic signals, with different ratios between the amplitude of the MCG and clean mechanomyographic components. As an example of application of this technique, the use of fSampEn was explored also in recorded MMGdi signals, with different inspiratory loads. The results with both synthetic and recorded signals indicate that the entropy parameter is less affected by the MCG noise, especially at low signal-to-noise ratios. Therefore, we believe that the proposed fSampEn parameter could improve estimates of respiratory muscle effort from MMGdi signals with the presence of MCG interference., Peer Reviewed, Postprint (published version)

El análisis acústico de la intensidad de los sonidos respiratorios (ISR) es una medida indirecta y no invasiva de la función respiratoria, que permite comparar la actividad en los dos hemitórax de los pacientes con parálisis frénica unilateral. Se registraron los sonidos y el flujo respiratorio en 10 hombres con parálisis frénica unilateral y 10 sujetos sanos (5 hombres/5 mujeres) en posición sentada. Se colocaron 2 micrófonos de contacto en la espalda, uno a cada lado de la columna. La ISR se calculó en el rango frecuencial 70-2000 Hz a partir de la densidad espectral de potencia y para flujos entre 1,2 y 2,4 l/s. Se encontró que las diferencias en la ISR media de los dos hemitórax era significativamente mayor en los pacientes (13.5 dB) que en los sujetos sanos (2.3 dB). Además, se comprobó que esa diferencia era mayor en pacientes con un VEF1 menor. Por lo tanto, el análisis acústico de la ISR es una técnica no invasiva muy útil para valorar la función respiratoria. Esta técnica puede mejorar la fiabilidad en el diagnóstico de la parálisis frénica unilateral así como la monitorización a largo plazo de estos pacientes., Peer Reviewed, Postprint (published version)

Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) is currently diagnosed by a full nocturnal polysomnography (PSG), a very expensive and time-consuming method. In previous studies we were able to distinguish patients with OSA through formant frequencies of breath sound during sleep. In this study we aimed at identifying OSA patients from breath sound analysis during wakefulness. The respiratory sound was acquired by a tracheal microphone simultaneously to PSG recordings. We selected several cycles of consecutive inspiration and exhalation episodes in 10 mild-moderate (AHI<;30) and 13 severe (AHI>=30) OSA patients during their wake state before getting asleep. Each episode's formant frequencies were estimated by linear predictive coding. We studied several formant features, as well as their variability, in consecutive inspiration and exhalation episodes. In most subjects formant frequencies were similar during inspiration and exhalation. Formant features in some specific frequency band were significantly different in mild OSA as compared to severe OSA patients, and showed a decreasing correlation with OSA severity. These formant characteristics, in combination with some anthropometric measures, allowed the classification of OSA subjects between mild-moderate and severe groups with sensitivity (specificity) up to 88.9% (84.6%) and accuracy up to 86.4%. In conclusion, the information provided by formant frequencies of tracheal breath sound recorded during wakefulness may allow identifying subjects with severe OSA., Peer Reviewed, Postprint (published version)

En la enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica (EPOC) la fuerza muscular inspiratoria (FMI) y la eficiencia mecánica de los músculos inspiratorios (EMMI) podrían verse reducidas como consecuencia de la hiperinsuflación. En este trabajo se registraron la presión inspiratoria en boca (PIpico) y la activación mecánica de los músculos inspiratorios en 10 pacientes EPOC severos y muy severos, durante respiración tranquila. Para determinar la activación mecánica de los músculos inspiratorios se empleó la señal mecanomiográfica diafragmática: MMGdi. La amplitud de la señal MMGdi fue estimada a través de índices lineales (ARV: valor rectificado medio) y no lineales (MLZ: Lempel-Ziv multiestado, y fSampEn: entropía muestral con valores de tolerancia fijos). Nuestra hipótesis es que el ratio entre PIpico, que refleja la FMI, y la amplitud de la señal MMGdi constituye una expresión de la EMMI. Los resultados obtenidos muestran ligeras diferencias entre la PIpico registrada en EPOC severos y muy severos, así como una correlación débil a moderada con los parámetros de función pulmonar y los índices estudiados. Sin embargo, mientras mayor es el grado de severidad (que supone un mayor grado de hiperinsuflación) mayor es el nivel de activación mecánica de los músculos inspiratorios. La activación mecánica de los músculos inspiratorios y la EMMI estimadas mediante MLZ estuvieron mejor correlacionadas con la función pulmonar que ARV y fSampEn. Por consiguiente, la estimación de la actividad mecánica del diafragma mediante el MLZ de la señal MMGdi podría mejorar la estimación no invasiva de la FMI y la EMMI, incluso para niveles muy bajos de esfuerzo inspiratorio., Peer Reviewed, Postprint (author’s final draft)

Background: Endobronchial ultrasonography (EBUS) has been applied as a routine procedure for the diagnostic of hiliar and mediastinal nodes. The authors assessed the relationship between the echographic appearance of mediastinal nodes, based on endobronchial ultrasound images, and the likelihood of malignancy.; Methods: The images of twelve malignant and eleven benign nodes were evaluated. A previous processing method was applied to improve the quality of the images and to enhance the details. Texture and morphology parameters analyzed were: the image texture of the echographies and a fractal dimension that expressed the relationship between area and perimeter of the structures that appear in the image, and characterizes the convoluted inner structure of the hiliar and mediastinal nodes.; Results: Processed images showed that relationship between log perimeter and log area of hilar nodes was lineal (i.e. perimeter vs. area follow a power law). Fractal dimension was lower in the malignant nodes compared with non-malignant nodes (1.47(0.09), 1.53(0.10) mean(SD), Mann-Whitney U test p < 0.05)).; Conclusion: Fractal dimension of ultrasonographic images of mediastinal nodes obtained through endobronchial ultrasound differ in malignant nodes from non-malignant. This parameter could differentiate malignat and non-malignat mediastinic and hiliar nodes., Peer Reviewed, Postprint (published version)

The study of the amplitude of respiratory muscle mechanomyographic (MMG) signals could be useful in clinical practice as an alternative non-invasive technique to assess respiratory muscle strength. The MMG signal is stochastic in nature, and its amplitude is usually estimated by means of the average rectified value (ARV) or the root mean square (RMS) of the signal. Both parameters can be used to estimate MMG activity, as they correlate well with muscle force. These estimations are, however, greatly affected by the presence of structured impulsive noise that overlaps in frequency with the MMG signal. In this paper, we present a method for assessing muscle activity based on the Lempel–Ziv algorithm: the Multistate Lempel–Ziv (MLZ) index. The behaviour of the MLZ index was tested with synthesised signals, with various amplitude distributions and degrees of complexity, and with recorded diaphragm MMG signals. We found that this index, like the ARV and RMS parameters, is positively correlated with changes in amplitude of the diaphragm MMG components, but is less affected by components that have non-random behaviour (like structured impulsive noise). Therefore, the MLZ index could provide more information to assess the MMG–force relationship., Peer Reviewed, Postprint (published version)

Instantaneous frequency (IF) calculated by empirical mode decomposition (EMD) provides a novel approach to analyze respiratory sounds (RS). Traditionally, RS have been analyzed using classical time-frequency distributions, such as short-time Fourier transform (STFT) or wavelet transform (WT). However, EMD has become a powerful tool for nonlinear and non-stationary data analysis. IF estimated by EMD has two major advantages: its high temporal resolution and the fact that a priori knowledge of the signal characteristics is not required. In this study, we have estimated IF by EMD on real RS signals in order to identify continuous adventitious sounds (CAS), such as wheezes, within inspiratory sounds cycles. We show that there are differences in IF distribution among frequency scales of RS signal when CAS are within RS. Therefore, a new method for RS analysis and classification may be developed by combining both EMD and IF., Peer Reviewed, Postprint (published version)

A recursive least square (RLS) adaptive filtering algorithm for reduction of cardiac interference in diaphragmatic mecanomyographic (MMGdi) signals is addressed in this paper. MMGdi signals were acquired with a capacitive accelerometer placed between 7th and 8th intercostal spaces, on the right anterior axillary line, during a maintained inspiratory pressure test. Subjects were asked to maintain a constant inspiratory pressure with a mouthpiece connected to a closed tube (without breathing). This maneuver was repeated at five different contraction efforts: apnea (no effort), 20 cmH2O, 40 cmH2O, 60 cmH2O and maximum voluntary contraction. An adaptive noise canceller (ANC) using the RLS algorithm was applied on the MMGdi signals. To evaluate the behavior of the ANC, the MMGdi signals were analyzed in two segments: with and without cardiac interference (WCI and NCI, respectively). In both segments it was analyzed the power spectral density (PSD), and the ARV and RMS amplitude parameters for each contraction effort. With the proposed ANC algorithm the amplitude parameters of the WCI segments were reduced to a level similar to the one of the NCI segments. The obtained results showed that ANC using the RLS algorithm allows to significantly reduce the cardiac interference in MMGdi signals., Peer Reviewed, Postprint (published version)

Sleep in patients with Sleep Apnea-Hypopnea Syndrome (SAHS) is frequently interrupted with arousals. Increased amounts of arousals result in shortening total sleep time and repeated sleep-arousal change can result in sleep fragmentation. According to the American Sleep Disorders Association (ASDA) an arousal is a marker of sleep disruption representing a detrimental and harmful feature for sleep. The nature of arousals and its role on the regulation of the sleep process raises controversy and has sparked the debate in the last years. In this work, we analyzed and compared the EEG spectral content of respiratory and spontaneous arousals on a database of 45 SAHS subjects. A total of 3980 arousals (1996 respiratory and 1984 spontaneous) were analyzed. The results showed no differences between the spectral content of the two kinds of arousals. Our findings raise doubt as to whether these two kinds of arousals are truly triggered by different organic mechanisms. Furthermore, they may also challenge the current beliefs regarding the underestimation of the importance of spontaneous arousals and their contribution to sleep fragmentation in patients suffering from SAHS., Peer Reviewed, Postprint (published version)

En este trabajo se aplicó el filtrado adaptativo empleando el algoritmo RLS para reducir la interferencia de origen cardíaco en las señales mecanomiográficas diafragmáticas (MMGdi) registradas durante un protocolo de carga incremental sostenida. La señal MMGdi fue dividida en tramos con y sin ruido cardíaco, CRC y SRC, respectivamente. En cada tramo se estudio el comportamiento de la densidad espectral de potencia (DEP), y los parámetros de amplitud RMS y ARV para cada una de las cargas inspiratorias que conforman el test. Los resultados obtenidos, empleando filtro adaptativo de orden =50, con el algoritmo RLS y valores de - = 1, permiten reducir considerablemente la interferencia cardíaca en las señales MMGdi., Postprint (published version)

El estudio de la señal mecanomiográfica del músculo diafragma (MMGdi) es una técnica utilizada para evaluar el esfuerzo muscular respiratorio. El estudio de la relación entre los parámetros de amplitud y frecuencia de esta señal con el esfuerzo respiratorio realizado es de gran interés para investigadores y médicos debido a su potencial de diagnóstico sobre la función muscular respiratoria. Las señales MMGdi se ven afectas por una componente interferente correspondiente a la actividad vibratoria cardíaca o interferencia mecanocardiográfica (MCG). Para reducir o atenuar esta actividad se puede utilizar una cancelación adaptativa de interferencias (CAI). En este trabajo se ha evaluado el esquema de CAI propuesto mediante una señal MMGdi sintética generada con amplitud y frecuencia controlada a la que se le ha añadido ruido MCG real adquirido durante apnea. El coeficiente de correlación de Pearson (r) entre la amplitud y la frecuencia teóricas, y la amplitud y la frecuencia evaluadas mediante el RMS y la frecuencia media del espectro, respectivamente, disminuye considerablemente cuando se añade el ruido cardíaco a la señal MMGdi sintética: pasa de 0.95 a 0.87 para la amplitud, y de 0.97 a 0.76 para la frecuencia. Con los algoritmos de CAI propuestos el efecto del ruido MCG sobre la actividad MMGdi se reduce considerablemente (r de 0.93 para la amplitud y 0.97 para la frecuencia media). El método de CAI propuesto en este trabajo es una técnica adecuada para atenuar la interferencia MCG en señales MMGdi., Postprint (published version)

The study of the mechanomyographic signal of the diaphragm muscle (MMGdi) is a promising technique in order to evaluate the respiratory muscles effort. The relationship between amplitude and frequency parameters of this signal with the respiratory effort performed during respiration is of great interest for researchers and physicians due to its diagnostic potentials. However, MMGdi signals are frequently contaminated by a cardiac vibration or mechanocardiographic (MCG) signal. An adaptive noise cancellation (ANC) can be used to reduce the MCG interference in the recorded MMGdi activity. In this paper, it is evaluated the proposed ANC scheme by means of a synthetic MMGdi signal with a controlled MCG interference. The Pearson’s correlation coefficient (PCC) between both root mean square (RMS) and mean frequency (fm) of the synthetic MMGdi signal are considerably reduced with the presence of cardiac vibration noise (from 0.95 to 0.87, and from 0.97 to 0.76, respectively). With the ANC algorithm proposed the effect of the MCG noise on the amplitude and frequency of MMG parameters is reduced considerably (PCC of 0.93 and 0.97 for the RMS and fm, respectively). The ANC method proposed in this work is an interesting technique to attenuate the cardiac interference in respiratory MMG signals. Further investigation should be carried out to evaluate the performance of the ANC algorithm in real MMGdi signals., Peer Reviewed, Postprint (published version)

El estudio de señales mecanomiográficas (MMG) de músculos respiratorios es una técnica prometedora para evaluar el esfuerzo muscular respiratorio. En este trabajo se han analizado las señales MMG del músculo diafragma derecho e izquierdo registradas en pacientes con Enfermedad Pulmonar Obstructiva Crónica (EPOC) durante un protocolo de carga incremental. La población de estudio está compuesta por un grupo de 6 pacientes con EPOC severa (FEV1>50% ref and DLCO<50% ref). Se ha obtenido una alta correlación positiva entre la presión inspiratoria máxima (PImax) desarrollada y diferentes parámetros de amplitud de las señales MMG izquierda y derecha (RMS, izquierda: 0.68±0.11 – derecha: 0.69±0.12; entropía de Rényi, izquierda: 0.73±0.10 – derecha: 0.77±0.08; Lempel-Ziv Multiestado, izquierda: 0.73±0.17 – derecha: 0.74±0.08), y una correlación negativa entre la PImax y la frecuencia máxima de la señal MMG (izquierda: -0.39±0.19 – derecha: -0.65±0.09). Además hemos encontrado que la pendiente de la evolución con el incremento de carga de los parámetros de amplitud de la señal MMG, tiene una correlación positiva con el parámetro funcional respiratorio %FEV1/FVC de los 6 pacientes EPOC analizados (RMS, izquierda: 0.38 – derecha: 0.41; entropía de Rényi, izquierda: 0.45 – derecha: 0.63; Lempel-Ziv Multiestado, izquierda: 0.39 – derecha: 0.64). Estos resultados sugieren que la información proporcionada por las señales MMG podría ser utilizada para evaluar el esfuerzo respiratorio y la eficiencia muscular en pacientes EPOC., Postprint (published version)

En este trabajo se presenta un nuevo método para cuantificar las variaciones de amplitud en señales biomédicas empleando la entropía aproximada (ApEn) en ventanas móviles y con valores de tolerancia (r) fijos. Los valores límites de r se corresponden con el máximo y mínimo de la desviación estándar obtenida en todas las ventanas móviles. A esta nueva métrica se le ha denominado ApEnf: entropía aproxima con valores de r fijos. ApEnf se aplicó en señales mecanomiográficas (MMG) diafragmáticas registradas en perros, para valores de r entre 0.01 y 0.4. Los resultados obtenidos indican que al aumentar el valor de r (hasta un cierto valor) las variaciones de amplitud son mejor definidas (señales menos ruidosas), aumentando así la correlación con la señal de presión inspiratoria. Además, en presencia de ruidos de tipo impulsional, sinusoidal y gaussiano, ApEnf para valores de r medios es menos afectado que el RMS., Postprint (author’s final draft)

Snoring is one of the earliest and most consistent sign of upper airway obstruction leading to Sleep Apnea-Hypopnea Syndrome (SAHS). Several studies on post-apneic snores, snores that are emitted immediately after an apnea, have already proven that this type of snoring is most distinct from that of normal snoring. However, post-apneic snores are more unlikely and sometimes even inexistent in simple snorers and mild SAHS subjects. In this work we address that issue by proposing the study of normal non-regular snores. They correspond to successive snores that are separated by normal breathing cycles. The results obtained establish the feasibility of acoustic parameters of normal non-regular snores as a promising tool for a prompt screening of SAHS severity., Peer Reviewed, Postprint (published version)

El gold standard para diagnosticar el Síndrome de Apnea Hipoapnea del Sueño (SAHS) es la polisomnografía (PSG), un procedimiento caro y laborioso. Resultaría de mucha ayuda disponer de un método de screening sencillo que permitiera determinar la severidad de un sujeto antes de realizarle una PSG. En la literatura se han reportado diferencias significativas en las características acústicas del ronquido entre roncadores simples y pacientes con SAHS. La mayoría de estudios suele clasificar los sujetos en dos grupos a partir de un umbral de Índice de Apnea-Hipoapnea (AHI). Recientemente se ha propuesto un clasificador multigrupo bayesiano con estimación Gaussiana de la función de densidad de probabilidad (PDF), usando características del ronquido pero también información de las apneas. En este trabajo mostramos que un clasificador bayesiano con estimación Kernel de la PDF mejora la aproximación Gaussiana, y permite la clasificación de sujetos con SAHS en tres grupos en función de su severidad. El clasificador utiliza sólo información obtenida de los ronquidos. El método propuesto podría ser la base de un procedimiento de screening de SAHS con un solo canal basado en el ronquido., Postprint (published version)

Several studies have shown differences in acoustic snoring characteristics between patients with Sleep Apnea-Hypopnea Syndrome (SAHS) and simple snorers. Usually a few manually isolated snores are analyzed, with an emphasis on postapneic snores in SAHS patients. Automatic analysis of snores can provide objective information over a longer period of sleep. Although some snore detection methods have recently been proposed, they have not yet been applied to full-night analysis devices for screening purposes. We used a new automatic snoring detection and analysis system to monitor snoring during full-night studies to assess whether the acoustic characteristics of snores differ in relation to the Apnea-Hypopnea Index (AHI) and to classify snoring subjects according to their AHI. A complete procedure for device development was designed, using databases with polysomnography (PSG) and snoring signals. This included annotation of many types of episodes by an expert physician: snores, inspiration and exhalation breath sounds, speech and noise artifacts, The AHI of each subject was estimated with classical PSG analysis, as a gold standard. The system was able to correctly classify 77% of subjects in 4 severity levels, based on snoring analysis and sound-based apnea detection. The sensitivity and specificity of the system, to identify healthy subjects from pathologic patients (mild to severe SAHS), were 83% and 100%, respectively. Besides, the Apnea Index (AI) obtained with the system correlated with the obtained by PSG or Respiratory Polygraphy (RP) (r=0.87, p<0.05)., Peer Reviewed, Postprint (published version)

The aim of this study was to evaluate the respiratory muscles efficiency during a progressive incremental flow (IF) respiratory test in healthy and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) subjects. To achieve this, the relationship between mouth Inspiratory Pressure (IP) increment, which is a measure of the force produced by respiratory muscles, and respiratory muscular activity increment, evaluated by means of Mechanomyografic (MMG) signals of the diaphragm muscle, was analyzed. Moreover, the correlation between the respiratory efficiency measure and the obstruction severity of the subjects was also examined. Data from two groups of subjects were analyzed. One group consisted of four female subjects (two healthy subjects and two moderate COPD patients) and the other consisted of ten male subjects (six severe and four very severe COPD patients). All subjects performed an easy IF respiratory test, in which small IP values were reached. We have found that there is an increase of amplitude and a displacement towards low frequencies in the MMG signals when the IP increases. Furthermore, it has also been found that respiratory muscles efficiency is lower when greater the obstructive severity of the patients is, and it is lower in women than in men. These results suggest that the information provided by MMG signals could be used to evaluate the muscular efficiency in healthy and COPD subjects, Peer Reviewed, Postprint (published version)

The study of mechanomyographic (MMG) signals of respiratory muscles is a promising noninvasive technique in order to evaluate the respiratory muscular effort and efficiency. In this work, the MMG signal of the diaphragm muscle it is evaluated in order to assess the respiratory muscular function in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) patients. The MMG signals from left and right hemidiaphragm were acquired using two capacitive accelerometers placed on both left and right sides of the costal wall surface. The MMG signals and the inspiratory pressure signal were acquired while the COPD patients carried out an inspiratory load respiratory test. The population of study is composed of a group of 6 patients with severe COPD (FEV1>50% ref and DLCO<50% ref). We have found high positive correlation coefficients between the maximum inspiratory pressure (IPmax) developed in a respiratory cycle and different amplitude parameters of both left and right MMG signals (RMS, left: 0.68±0.11 – right: 0.69±0.12; Rényi entropy, left: 0.73±0.10 – right: 0.77±0.08; Multistate Lempel- Ziv, left: 0.73±0.17 – right: 0.74±0.08), and negative correlation between the Pmax and the maximum frequency of the MMG signal spectrum (left: -0.39±0.19 – right: -0.65±0.09). Furthermore, we found that the slope of the evolution of the MMG amplitude parameters, as the load increases during the respiratory test, has positive correlation with the %FEV1/FVC pulmonary function test parameter of the six COPD patients analyzed (RMS, left: 0.38 – right: 0.41; Rényi entropy, left: 0.45 – right: 0.63; Multistate Lempel-Ziv, left: 0.39 – right: 0.64). These results suggest that the information provided by MMG signals could be used in order to evaluate the respiratory effort and the muscular efficiency in COPD patients., Peer Reviewed, Postprint (author’s final draft)

Sleep Apnea-Hypopnea Syndrome (SAHS) diagnosis is still done with an overnight multi-channel polysomnography. Several efforts are being made to study profoundly the snore mechanism and discover how it can provide an opportunity to diagnose the disease. This work introduces the concept of regular snores, defined as the ones produced in consecutive respiratory cycles, since they are produced in a regular way, without interruptions. We applied 2 thresholds (THadaptive and THmedian) to the time interval between successive snores of 34 subjects in order to select regular snores from the whole all-night snore sequence. Afterwards, we studied the effectiveness that parameters, such as time interval between successive snores and the mean intensity of snores, have on distinguishing between different levels of SAHS severity (AHI (Apnea-Hypopnea Index)<5h-1, AHI<10 h-1, AHI<15h-1, AHI<30h-1). Results showed that THadaptive outperformed THmedian on selecting regular snores. Moreover, the outcome achieved with non-regular snores intensity features suggests that these carry key information on SAHS severity., Peer Reviewed, Postprint (published version)

A new method for the quantification of amplitude variations in biomedical signals through moving approximate entropy is presented. Unlike the usual method to calculate the approximate entropy (ApEn), in which the tolerance value (r) varies based on the standard deviation of each moving window, in this work ApEn has been computed using a fixed value of r. We called this method, moving approximate entropy with fixed tolerance values: ApEnf. The obtained results indicate that ApEnf allows determining amplitude variations in biomedical data series. These amplitude variations are better determined when intermediate values of tolerance are used. The study performed in diaphragmatic mechanomyographic signals shows that the ApEnf curve is more correlated with the respiratory effort than the standard RMS amplitude parameter. Furthermore, it has been observed that the ApEnf parameter is less affected by the existence of impulsive, sinusoidal, constant and Gaussian noises in comparison with the RMS amplitude parameter., Peer Reviewed, Postprint (published version)

The Lempel-Ziv complexity (LZ) has been widely used to evaluate the randomness of finite sequences. In general, the LZ complexity has been used to determine the complexity grade present in biomedical signals. The LZ complexity is not able to discern between signals with different amplitude variations and similar random components. On the other hand, amplitude parameters, as the root mean square (RMS), are not able to discern between signals with similar power distributions and different random components. In this work, we present a novel method to quantify amplitude and complexity variations in biomedical signals by means of the computation of the LZ coefficient using more than two quantification states, and with thresholds fixed and independent of the dynamic range or standard deviation of the analyzed signal: the Multistate Lempel-Ziv (MLZ) index. Our results indicate that MLZ index with few quantification levels only evaluate the complexity changes of the signal, with high number of levels, the amplitude variations, and with an intermediate number of levels informs about both amplitude and complexity variations. The study performed in diaphragmatic mechanomyographic signals shows that the amplitude variations of this signal are more correlated with the respiratory effort than the complexity variations. Furthermore, it has been observed that the MLZ index with high number of levels practically is not affected by the existence of impulsive, sinusoidal, constant and Gaussian noises compared with the RMS amplitude parameter., Peer Reviewed, Postprint (published version)

The study of mechanomyographic (MMG) signals of respiratory muscles is a promising technique in order to evaluate the respiratory muscular effort. In this work MMG signals from left and right hemidiaphragm (MMGl and MMGr, respectively) acquired during a respiratory protocol have been analyzed. The acquisition of both MMG signals was carried out by means of two capacitive accelerometers placed on both left and right sides of the costal wall. The signals were recorded in a group of six patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). It has been observed that with the increase of inspiratory pressure it takes place an increase of the amplitude and a displacement toward low frequencies in both left and right MMG signals. Furthermore, it has been seen that the increase of amplitude and the decrease of frequency in MMG signals are more pronounced in severe COPD patients. This behaviour is similar for both MMGl and MMGr signals. Results suggest that the use of MMG signals could be potentially useful for the evaluation of the respiratory muscular function in COPD patients., Peer Reviewed, Postprint (published version)

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