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Introdução: Crianças admitidas em unidades de terapia intensiva pediátricas (UTIP) frequentemente apresentam ou desenvolvem insuficiência respiratória aguda com necessidade de ventilação mecânica. Analisamos prospectivamente crianças admitidas em três UTIPs, com o objetivo de identificar fatores de risco para mortalidade. Métodos: Neste estudo observacional de pacientes com idades entre 1 mês e 15 anos, admitidos entre Agosto de 2008 e Julho de 2010, as crianças elegíveis eram as que apresentavam lesão pulmonar aguda ou síndrome do desconforto respiratório agudo que se desenvolvia após 12 horas de ventilação invasiva ou não invasiva. Usamos modelos de regressão logística para explorar a relação entre o óbito e variáveis independentes. Resultados: Dos 3046 pacientes admitidos nas três UTIPs, 1658 foram submetidos à ventilação mecânica e 84 preencheram os critérios de lesão pulmonar aguda/ síndrome do desconforto respiratório agudo e foram analisados. Aproximadamente 60% dos pacientes eram do sexo masculino, e a mediana de idade foi de 31 meses. O modo de ventilação inicial em 86% dos casos foi pressão controlada/assisto-controlada e a mediana de duração da ventilação mecânica e de tempo de internação na UTIP foram de 12 e 15 dias, respectivamente. Nenhum dos oito pacientes que desenvolveu lesão pulmonar aguda morreu, enquanto 33 dos 76 pacientes restantes com síndrome do desconforto respiratório agudo morreram, determinando uma mortalidade geral de 39,3% (IC95%, 28,8-50,6%). Em diferentes modelos de regressão logística multivariados, o número de disfunções orgânicas, a pressão de pico inspiratória, o gradiente de pressão no primeiro dia e a média do gradiente de pressão nos primeiros 7 dias de ventilação mecânica foram significativamente associados a mortalidade. Conclusões: A mortalidade em lesão pulmonar aguda/ síndrome do desconforto respiratório agudo pediátrica é alta. Fatores de risco para óbito associados à ventilação mecânica são alvos potenciais para intervenção Purpose: Children admitted to PICUs often present with or develop respiratory failure that requires mechanical ventilation. We prospectively identified children admitted to three general PICUs, with the goal of identifying risk factors for mortality. Methods: In this observational study of patients aged between 1 month and 15 years treated between August 2008 and July 2010, eligible children were those with acute lung injury or acute respiratory distress syndrome that developed at least 12 hours after invasive or noninvasive mechanical ventilation. We used logistic regression models to explore the relationship between death and independent variables. Results: Of 3,046 patients admitted to the three PICUs, 1,658 patients underwent mechanical ventilation, and 84 fulfilled the acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome inclusion criteria and were analyzed. Nearly 60% were boys, and the median age was 31 months. Pressure control/assist control was the initial mode of mechanical ventilation in 86% of cases, and the median durations of mechanical ventilation and PICU stay were 12 and 15 days, respectively. None of the eight patients with acute lung injury died, whereas 33 of 76 of the remaining patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome died, for an overall mortality rate of 39.3% (95% CI, 28.8-50.6%). In different multivariate logistic regression model, the number of organ dysfunctions at admission, peak inspiratory pressure, airway pressure gradient on day 1, and the mean airway pressure gradient over the first 7 days of mechanical ventilation were significantly associated with mortality. Conclusion: Mortality is high in pediatric acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome. Mechanical ventilation-associated risk factors for death among such patients are potential targets for intervention

Cervical adenitis >1.5cm in diameter is the less frequently observed criteria in patients with Kawasaki disease and it is usually found in association with other symptoms during the acute phase. Moreover, the finding of fever and lymphadenitis with intense local signs of inflammation and phlegmon is rarely seen as the initial manifestation of Kawasaki disease. We report the case of a 7-year-old boy who had cervical lymphadenitis with adjacent cellulitis and phlegmon mimicking bacterial adenitis as the first presentation of Kawasaki disease. The patient had fever, cervical lymphadenitis with adjacent cellulitis, and severe headache. Cefadroxil was prescribed based on the clinical diagnosis of bacterial adenitis. Because he remained febrile and phlogistic signs worsened, after 1 day of hospitalization, antibiotics were administrated intravenously (ceftriaxone and oxacillin). The computed tomography of the neck showed primary infectious/inflammatory process. On the fourth day, the patient had dry and scaly lips, and treatment with oxacillin was replaced by clindamycin because the patient was still febrile. On the ninth day, he presented non-exudative bilateral conjunctival injection. On the tenth day of febrile disease, a rash appeared on his trunk, hands and feet. Patient’s symptoms resolved after intravenous administration of immunoglobulin (2g/kg/dose), and he was discharged 2 days later. On the 14th day, the patient had lamellar desquamation of fingers. Kawasaki disease should be considered as a differential diagnosis in children with febrile cervical lymphadenitis unresponsive to empiric antibiotics even if they have adjacent cellulitis and phlegmon.