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According to the state of the art, most of the mixed copper and copper alloy scrap and residues are processed in a copper smelter. Despite the environmental and economic advantages relative to primary production, the recycling of copper and its alloying elements (zinc, tin, lead, nickel, etc.) requires significantly more energy and cost than remelting unmixed or pure scrap fractions such as separate collected material or production scrap. To date, however, less attention has been given to the mechanical purification of mixed scrap. Therefore, sorting by alloy-specific components (SBASC) using an industrial X-ray fluorescence (XRF) sorting system was tested on the coarse metallic fraction (10-32 mm) of mixed foundry residues. The findings show that XRF-SBASC can recover higher-grade copper concentrates (reaching 98.3% Cu), leaded brass and complex alloys, such as aluminium bronze and red brass with high purities, for the use in the production of new materials. XRF-SBASC can therefore contribute to a more resource efficient metal recycling, mainly by reducing the energy consumption and loss levels in copper metallurgy., Competing Interests: Declaration of conflicting interestsThe authors declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

This study gives a detailed overview over the German waste-to-energy sector in 2015. The aim is to quantify the available treatment capacities and the energetic potential of waste in Germany. The work is based on an extensive data collection and evaluation, both from literature sources as well as from a survey among operators of waste treatment plants. The present Part I, gives an overview of all treatment facilities in Germany that convert waste into energy. It was found that in total, almost 320 PJ of end energy are produced in German waste treatment plants: 225 PJ a -1 of heat; and 90 PJ a -1 of electricity. This is a share of about 3.7% of the German end energy consumption.

External Thermal Insulation Composite Systems (ETICS), mainly comprised of expanded polystyrene (EPS) as the insulating material, have been used to insulate facades of buildings for the past few decades. In Europe, waste from ETICS deconstruction is currently disposed of in waste incineration facilities or landfills. Although the current quantities of ETICS waste are small, disposal of the increasing quantities of waste is posing a problem in some countries. New recycling strategies, such as the physico-chemical recycling of EPS or reutilisation of material and energy of all ETICS components in cement plants, offer the possibility of a circular economy for ETICS waste in the future. However, this would require a waste management chain from the construction site to the utilisation plant with appropriate waste treatment. To assess this concept further, this study documented dismantling efforts at different construction sites and conducted large-scale trials for ETICS waste treatment. The results of this study will allow the selection of suitable processing units and will be applied in a model developed by the IWARU Institute to determine economically and ecologically advantageous waste management routes that can be used to handle ETICS waste in the future.

Even though technology transfer has been part of development aid programmes for many decades, it has more often than not failed to come to fruition. One reason is the absence of simple guidelines or decision making tools that help operators or plant owners to decide on the most suitable technology to adopt. Practical suggestions for choosing the most suitable technology to combat a specific problem are hard to get and technology drawbacks are not sufficiently highlighted. Western counterparts in technology transfer or development projects often underestimate or don't sufficiently account for the high investment costs for the imported incineration plant; the differing nature of Chinese MSW; the need for trained manpower; and the need to treat flue gas, bunker leakage water, and ash, all of which contain highly toxic elements. This article sets out requirements for municipal solid waste disposal plant owner/operators in China as well as giving an attribute assessment for the prevalent waste disposal plant types in order to assist individual decision makers in their evaluation process for what plant type might be most suitable in a given situation. There is no 'best' plant for all needs and purposes, and requirement constellations rely on generalisations meaning they cannot be blindly applied, but an alignment of a type of plant to a type of owner or operator can realistically be achieved. To this end, a four-step approach is suggested and a technology matrix is set out to ease the choice of technology to transfer and avoid past errors. The four steps are (1) Identification of plant owner/operator requirement clusters; (2) Determination of different municipal solid waste (MSW) treatment plant attributes; (3) Development of a matrix matching requirement clusters to plant attributes; (4) Application of Quality Function Deployment Method to aid in technology localisation. The technology transfer matrices thus derived show significant performance differences between the various technologies available. It is hoped that the resulting research can build a bridge between technology transfer research and waste disposal research in order to enhance the exchange of more sustainable solutions in future., (Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Although municipal solid waste (MSW) disposal in Europe and other developed countries has led to a widespread production of solid recovered fuel (SRF) and its incineration in various technical combustion processes, such developments have not yet occurred that widely in developing and transitional economies. This article puts mass-burn technologies and SRF into a China perspective, reviewing issues from technology application problems to emerging trends and future perspectives. Over the last two decades, growing waste volumes have prompted a move to waste incineration, especially in the large densely populated first-tier cities. However, with an organic fraction above 70% and a resulting water content of up to 65%, it is still argued that MSW in China is too moist for incineration. The introduction of mechanical biological treatment (MBT) or mechanical physical stabilization (MPS) technology for SRF production could provide the solution, either by offering further pre-drying options to mass-burn incinerators or by creating SRF to be burnt in co-incineration plants. First experiences of MBT and MPS technologies show promising results in terms of the capacity to deal with organic waste fractions, but the further disposal/utilization of the plants' output stream has not yet been fully addressed.

This article investigates greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from commercial and industrial (C&I) waste treatment considering five sector-specific waste compositions and four different treatment scenarios in Germany. Results show that the highest share of CO₂-equivalent emissions can be avoided in each of the analysed industrial sectors if solid recovered fuel (SRF) is produced for co-incineration in cement kilns. Across all industries, emissions of approximately 680 kg CO₂-eq. Mg⁻¹ C&I waste can be avoided on average under this scenario. The combustion of C&I waste in waste incineration plants without any previous mechanical treatment generates the lowest potential to avoid GHG emissions with a value of approximately 50 kg CO₂-eq. Mg⁻¹ C&I waste on average in all industries. If recyclables are sorted, this can save emissions of approximately 280 kg CO₂-eq. Mg⁻¹ C&I waste while the treatment in SRF power plants amounts to savings of approximately 210 kg CO₂-eq. Mg⁻¹ C&I waste. A comparison of the treatment scenarios of the waste from these five sectors shows that waste treatment of the craft sector leads to the lowest CO₂-equivalent reduction rates of all scenarios. In contrast, the treatment of waste from catering sector leads to the highest CO₂-equivalent reduction rates except for direct incineration in waste incineration plants. The sensitivity analysis of the different scenarios for this paper shows that the efficiency and the substitution factor of energy have a relevant influence on the result. Changes in the substitution factor of 10% can result in changes in emissions of approximately 55 to 75 kg CO₂-eq. Mg⁻¹ in waste incineration plants and approximately 90 kg CO₂-eq. Mg⁻¹ in the case of cement kilns.

The utilization of solid recovered fuels (SRF) for energy recovery has been increasing steadily in recent years, and this development is set to continue. In order to use SRF efficiently, it is necessary to define quality standards and introduce targeted quality assurance measures. SRF can be used both in mono-incineration and in co-incineration systems, for instance in power generation and cement plants; but as quality requirements differ, it is necessary to unambiguously define the term 'solid recovered fuel'. The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of the origin, development and the current status of quality assurance for SRF. The basic principles of quality assurance for SRF are explained with reference to the development of the German RAL Quality Assurance System and in addition specifications that have emerged from European standardization work of CEN/TC 343 are analysed.

As CO2 emission trading in Europe has been established it is of essential importance to distinguish between biogenic and fossil emissions. Emissions resulting from bio-fuels and biogenous fractions are categorized as climate-neutral. Determination of plants using only fossil or bio-fuels is simple but categorization becomes more difficult for plants using a mix of fossil and bio-fuel such as solid recovered fuels. In the meantime, different methods for solving this problem have been developed. Using different approaches and technologies, all of these methods have the same goal: determining the biomass content (biogenic fraction), for example, in solid recovered fuels or in the off-gas of a mono- or co-incineration plant in order to calculate the biogenic carbon dioxide emissions. In the following article, the most common methods for determining the biogenic fraction of fuels, namely the Selective Dissolution Method, the Balance Method and the 14C-Method will be explained in detail.