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Trabajo de investigación Remplazar las sustancias químicas utilizadas en los procesos de tratamiento de las aguas crudas como el sulfato de aluminio, por extractos obtenidos a partir de plantas o semillas en este caso por el mucílago de tallos de pitaya, explorando alternativas naturales para procesos convencionales del tratamiento de aguas. Pregrado Ingeniero Civil 1. INTRODUCCIÓN 2. PLANTEAMIENTO DEL PROBLEMA 3. JUSTIFICACIÓN 4. OBJETIVOS 5. ESTADO DEL ARTE 6. ANTECEDENTES 7. ALCANCES Y LIMITACIONES 8. MARCO TEÓRICO 9. METODOLOGÍA 10.CONCLUSIONES 11. RECOMENDACIONES 12. BIBLIOGRAFÍA ANEXOS

RESUMEN La operación de coagulación-floculación para la remoción de partículas suspendidas es muy utilizada en el tratamiento de aguas residuales. Entre los floculantes más empleados actualmente se encuentran los copolímeros de acrilamida, sin embargo, el uso extensivo de estas moléculas recalcitrantes podría ocasionar efectos indeseables en los ecosistemas. En estudios recientes se han reportado sustancias poliméricas extracelulares de origen microbiano con propiedades floculantes semejantes a los polímeros sintéticos. Estos hallazgos muestran el gran potencial de los polímeros microbianos en el área ambiental y la importancia de estudios adicionales que permitan su producción a gran escala. ABSTRACT The coagulation-flocculation operation for the removal of suspended particles is widely used in wastewater treatment. Among the flocculants most used today are acrylamide copolymers, however, the extensive use of these recalcitrant molecules could cause undesirable effects on ecosystems. Recent studies have reported extracellular polymeric substances of microbial origin with flocculating properties like synthetic polymers. These findings show the great potential of microbial polymers in the environmental area and the importance of additional studies that allow their large-scale production., {"references":["Xiong B, Loss RD, Shields D, Pawlik T, Hochreiter R, Zydney AL, et al. Polyacrylamide degradation and its implications in environmental systems. NPJ Clean Water. 2018;1(1):1-9.","Guezennec AG, Michel C, Bru K, Touze S, Desroche N, Mnif I, et al. Transfer and degradation of polyacrylamide-based flocculants in hydrosystems: a review. Environ Sci Pollut Res 2015; 22(9):6390-6406.","Kusnin N, Syed MA, Ahmad SA. Toxicity, pollution and biodegradation of acrylamide–a mini review. JOBIMMB 2015; 3(2):6-12.","Guzzo J, Guezennec AG. Degradation and transfer of polyacrylamide based flocculent in sludge and industrial and natural waters. Environ Sci Pollut Res, 2015; 22: 6387-6389.","Joshi SJ, Abed RM. Biodegradation of polyacrylamide and its derivatives. Environ Proces 2017; 4(2):463-476.","Costa R, Pereira JL, Gomes J, Gonçalves F, Hunkeler D, Rasteiro MG. The effects of acrylamide polyelectrolytes on aquatic organisms: relating toxicity to chain architecture. Chemosphere. 2014; 112:177-184.","Swift T, Swanson L, Bretherick A, Rimmer S. Measuring poly (acrylamide) flocculants in fresh water using inter-polymer complex formation. Environ Sci: Water Res Technol, 2015; 1(3):332-340.","Wang B, Wang SF, Lam SS, Sonne C, Yuan TQ, Song GY, et al. A review on production of lignin-based flocculants: Sustainable feedstock and low carbon footprint applications. Renew Sustain Energy Rev, 2020; 134:110384.","Lee CS, Robinson J, Chong MF. A review on application of flocculants in wastewater treatment. Process Saf Environ Prot, 2014; 92(6):489-508.","Yin Z, Chu R, Zhu L, Li S, Mo F, Hu D, et al. Application of chitosan-based flocculants to harvest microalgal biomass for biofuel production: A review. Renew Sustain Energy Rev, 2021; 145:111159.","Ajao V, Bruning H, Rijnaarts H, Temmink H. Natural flocculants from fresh and saline wastewater: comparative properties and flocculation performances. Chem Eng J, 2018; 349:622-632.","Nouha K, Kumar RS, Balasubramanian S, Tyagi RD. Critical review of EPS production, synthesis and composition for sludge flocculation. J Environ Sci, 2018; 66:225-245.","Bakar SN, Hasan HA, Abdullah SR, Kasan NA, Muhamad MH, Kurniawan SB. A review of the production process of bacteria-based polymeric flocculants. J Water Process Eng, 2021; 40:101915.","Lee DJ, Chang YR. Bioflocculants from isolated stains: A research update. J Taiwan Inst Chem Engrs, 2018; 87:211-215.","Salehizadeh H, Yan N. Recent advances in extracellular biopolymer flocculants. Biotechnol Adv, 2014; 32(8):1506-1522.","Xia X, Liang Y, Lan S, Li X, Xie Y, Yuan W. Production and flocculating properties of a compound biopolymer flocculant from corn ethanol wastewater. Bioresour Technol, 2018; 247:924-932.","Morales-Moran S, Sánchez-García E, Chávez-Gómez RI, Carrasco-Esparza NA, Aguayo-Acosta A, Hernández-Marín DA. Distribution of Triatoma (Meccus) phyllosoma and Triatoma (Meccus) longipennis as vectors of Trypanosoma Cruzi in the State of Aguascalientes, Mexico and Surroundings. Alianzas y Tendencias BUAP [Internet] 2021; 6(22):1–15.","Escobar-Muciño E, Búsqueda in silico de Inhibidores de Quorum Sensing y estudios preclínicos en Chromobacterium violaceum. Alianzas y Tendencias BUAP [Internet] 2021; 6(22):16–53.","Guevara-González IC, Carreño-López R, Caso-Vargas LR, Marín-Cevada V. Caracterización de cepas rizosféricas pertenecientes al género Paraburkholderia sp. aisladas de la sierra norte del Estado de Puebla. Alianzas y Tendencias BUAP [Internet]. 2021; 6(22):54–75.","Urda Romacho J, Fernández Martín JM, González Vaquero D, Torres Rodríguez M del C, Cantó Mangana J, Castro Vida MA. Análisis de las encuestas de satisfacción realizadas en consulta de farmacia hospitalaria. Comparación de resultados. Alianzas y Tendencias BUAP [Internet]. 2021; 6(22):76–88."]}

[ES] El trabajo incluye la descripción y características del proceso de sedimentación de suspensiones biológicas (suspensiones de algas) con diferentes concentraciones iniciales. El objetivo del trabajo es describir la sedimentación de suspensiones biológicas, basada en investigaciones experimentales realizadas por otros científicos. El trabajo incluye una descripción de cómo la etapa del crecimiento influye en el proceso de sedimentación. La eficiencia de la separación de las células del líquido, como indicador de la eficiencia de sedimentación, se describirá y comparará con los sistemas donde se usaron diferentes tipos de floculantes. En base a los resultados anteriores, se realiza un reconocimiento con la posibilidad de un proceso de sedimentación continua en un sedimentador con un diseño dado. Se presentarán recomendaciones sobre la construcción de equipos y el uso del tipo apropiado de floculantes para mejorar la eficiencia del proceso de separación de sólidos en suspensión. Finalmente, se presentará un estudio económico y una comparación del costo de los métodos de separación seleccionados y analizados anteriormente., [EN] The work include description and characteristic of sedimentation process of biological suspensions (algae suspensions) with different initial concentrations. The aim of the work is describe sedimentation of biological suspensions, based on experimental research made by other scientists. The work include description how stage of the growth influence on sedimentation process. The efficiency of the separation cells from liquid as indicator of sedimentation efficiency will be described and compared with the systems where different types of flocculants were used. Based on the above results, a recognition is performed with the possibility of a continuous sedimentation process in a settling tank with a given design. Recommendations on the construction of equipment and the use of the appropriate type of flocculants will be presented to improve the efficiency of separating process of suspended solids. Finally, an economic study and comparison of the cost of selected separation methods analysed above will be presented.

Os sais metálicos, especialmente os sais de alumínio, são tradicionalmente os mais empregados no tratamento de água. Contudo, devido aos efeitos deletérios associados ao alumínio residual na água tratada e a dificuldade de dispor o lodo gerado, os polímeros naturais têm sido cada vez mais estudados. Na literatura revisada, os polímeros naturais mais reportados são a Moringa oleifera e a quitosana. Porém, ainda são escassos os trabalhos referentes ao uso de polímeros naturais atuando como coagulantes auxiliares. Portanto, no presente trabalho estudou-se o uso de um novo e potencial coagulante auxiliar, a Guazuma ulmifolia (mutamba), para tratar água sintética empregando a metodologia de superfície de resposta. Além disso, neste trabalho se propôs a realização de uma revisão de literatura especificamente sobre o emprego de polímeros naturais como auxiliares de coagulação a sais metálicos no tratamento de água a fim de identificar as lacunas do conhecimento e oportunidades de pesquisa. Os principais fatores para o processo de coagulação/floculação avaliados foram dose dos coagulantes e pH. Com o processo de modelagem observou-se que o modelo quadrático foi o mais apropriado para descrever o processo de coagulação/floculação, tendo este sido validado. O efeito quadrático do pH, a interação entre a dose de mutamba e o pH e a interação entre a dose de sulfato de alumínio e a dose de mutamba foram significativos (p ≤ 0,05). As condições ótimas previstas pelo modelo foram 5 mg L -1 de sulfato de alumínio, 2,5 mg L -1 de mutamba e pH 9. Ademais, o polímero estudado apresentou características aniônicas (-31,9 mV) atuando, predominantemente, por adsorção e formação de pontes. Palavras-chave: Polímero natural. Mutamba. Tratamento de água. Metal salts, especially aluminum salts, are traditionally the most employed in water treatment. However, due to the deleterious effects associated with residual aluminum in treated water and the difficulty of disposing of the generated sludge, natural polymers have been increasingly studied. In the reviewed literature, the most commonly reported natural polymers are Moringa oleifera and chitosan. However, there are still few studies on the use of natural polymers acting as coagulants aids. Therefore, the present work optimized the use of a potential new coagulant aid, Guazuma ulmifolia (mutamba), to treat synthetic water using the surface response methodology. In addition, this work aimed to conduct a literature review specifically on the use of natural polymers as coagulation aids to metal salts in water treatment in order to identify knowledge gaps and research opportunities. The main factors for the coagulation-flocculation process evaluated were coagulant dose and pH. The modeling process revealed that the quadratic model was the most appropriate to describe the coagulation-flocculation process, which has been validated. The quadratic effect of pH, the interaction between mutamba dose and pH and the interaction between aluminum sulfate dose and mutamba dose were significant (p ≤ 0.05). The optimal conditions predicted by the model were 5 mg L -1 aluminum sulfate, 2.5 mg L -1 mutamba and pH 9. Moreover, the studied polymer presented anionic characteristics (-31,9 mV) acting by adsorption and bridging. Keywords: Natural polymer. Mutamba. Water treatment.

Effect moringa seed powder and natural flocculant and coagulant in sewage treatment, it was assessed process waters resulting coffee mill were used more than 2000 NTU turbidity and water from the chemical peeling vegetables 91,5 Nephelometric turbidity units (UNT). Treatments were performed using the test jar at 130 revolutions/minute at 21,5°C temperature with agitation time of 30 minutes to wastewater coffee mill waters and 15 minutes for chemical peeling vegetables. To determine water quality was evaluated: turbidity, pH, electrical conductivity, chlorides, suspended solids, total coliforms and fecal supernatant; comparison with aluminum sulfate using the same dosing was performed, the results indicate that using 4 g/600 mL of wastewater coffee processing efficiency of 80,9% and 73,5% was obtained with moringa seed powder and sulfate using aluminum respectively and 0,15 g/600 mL water chemical peeling vegetable efficiency of 66,75% with Moringa had and aluminum sulfate 63,5%; stating that the moringa seed powder is more effective in improving the various parameters established in the investigation., Se evaluó el efecto del polvo de semilla de moringa como coagulante y floculante natural en el tratamiento de aguas residuales, se utilizaron aguas resultantes del proceso de beneficio de café con turbidez mayor a 2000 Unidades Nefelométricas de turbidez (UNT) y aguas provenientes del pelado químico de vegetales con 91,5 UNT. Los tratamientos se realizaron empleando el test de jarras a 130 revoluciones/minuto a temperatura de 21,5ºC con tiempo de agitación de 30 minutos para aguas residuales de beneficio de café y 15 minutos para aguas de pelado químico de vegetales. Para determinar calidad del agua se evaluó: turbidez, pH, conductividad eléctrica, cloruros, sólidos suspendidos, coliformes totales y fecales del sobrenadante; se efectuó la comparación con sulfato de aluminio utilizando la misma dosificación, los resultados indican que empleando 4 g/600 mL de agua residual de beneficio de café se obtuvo una eficiencia del 80,9% y 73,5% con polvo de semilla de moringa y sulfato de aluminio respectivamente y empleando 0,15 g/600 mL de agua del pelado químico de vegetales se tuvo una eficiencia del 66,75% con moringa y con el sulfato de aluminio de 63,5%; estableciendo que el polvo de semilla de moringa es más efectivo en mejorar los diferentes parámetros establecidos en la investigación.

Los bio-floculantes empleados en esta investigación fueron diseñados por medio de la reacción de Mannich, la cual contempla tres principales reactivos; un substrato que contiene un hidrógeno activo (extractos tánicos de acacia, quebracho y castaño), formaldehído y derivados de amina (etanolamina, dietanolamina y cloruro de amonio). A partir de las combinaciones entre extractos y aminas se generaron 9 bases de Mannich o floculantes naturales, los cuales se evaluaron en tres muestras de aguas residuales de distintas fuentes en dos fases experimentales. En la fase I se analizaron variables fisicoquímicas tales como pH, potencial de óxido-reducción (ORP), turbidez, color, sólidos totales; de los datos obtenidos se generó un diseño completamente al azar multivariado (DCA-Manava) con arreglo factorial y gráficas de medias (SPSS-Statistics), posteriormente los 3 bio-floculantes con respuestas estadísticamente significantes fueron examinados en una fase II en donde se evaluaron nitratos, nitritos, demanda química de oxígeno (DQO), fósforo total, conductividad, condiciones microbiológicas y los cinco parámetros analizados en la primera fase. Para esta segunda etapa, el análisis estadístico se orientó con DCA con bloques. Como resultado se evidenció una reducción significativa (p=0,0000; α=0,01) de los parámetros fisicoquímicos analizados en los diferentes tipos de aguas residuales obteniendo porcentajes de remoción entre 50 y 90% según el parámetro. Se determinó que los floculantes con mayor eficiencia son aquellos modificados con cloruro de amonio y a su vez se ratificó que el uso de Sulfato de aluminio como coagulante genera descensos significativos en el pH. The bioflocculants used in this study were designed using the Mannich reaction which includes three main reagents; a substrate containing an active hydrogen (tannins extracts of acacia, quebracho and Chestnut), formaldehyde and amine derivatives (ethanolamine, diethanolamine, ammonium chloride). From combinations of extracts and amines 9 bases Mannich or natural flocculants were generated, these products were evaluated in three wastewater samples from different sources in two experimental phases. In phase I physicochemical variables such as pH, redox potential (ORP), turbidity, color, total solids were analyzed; of the data obtained was generated a completely randomized design multivariate (CRD-Manava) with factorial arrangement and means plots (SPSS-Statistics), later the 3 bioflocculants with statistically significant responses were examined in a phase II where were evaluated nitrates, nitrites, Chemical oxygen demand (COD), total phosphorus, conductivity, microbiological conditions and the five parameters previously analyzed. For this second phase, the statistical analysis was oriented with a CRD-blocks. A significant reduction (p = 0.0000; α = 0.01) was demonstrated physicochemical parameters analyzed in the different types of wastewater, obtaining removal percentages between 50 and 90% depending on the parameter. It was determined that the flocculants more efficient they are those containing Acacia and were modified with ammonium chloride and in turn demonstrated that the use of aluminum sulfate as a coagulant generates significant decreases in pH. Magíster en Ciencias Biológicas Maestría

A sedimentação de lamas vermelhas resultantes da digestão de bauxitas pelo processo Bayer é uma etapa importantíssima para a eficiência da separação sólido/ líquido nas plantas industriais de alumina. Nesse trabalho foi feito um estudo comparativo da sedimentação de uma amostra de resíduo Bayer (concentração de sólidos de 43 g/l) proveniente da planta industrial de Poços de Caldas, utilizando floculantes hidroxamatos e poliacrilamida comerciais. Através desses estudos observou-se que a taxa de sedimentação obtida com a poliacrilamida alcançou valores entre 15 e 30 m/h para concentrações bem menores que os hidroxamatos, porém a capacidade de clarificação da mesma foi bem inferior que a dos hidroxamatos. Misturas de poliacrilamida e hidroxamato podem propiciar melhores resultados em termos de taxa de sedimentação e clarificação do “overflow”. The red mud sedimentation from Bayer process of bauxite digestion is a very important step in a solid/liquid separation at industrial alumina plants. In this work a comparative study of red mud sedimentation from Alcoa/Poços de Caldas industrial plant of alumina (43 g/l of solids concentration) using different flocculants (hydroxamates and poliacrylates) was done. The concentration of poliacrylate flocculent to obtain 15 to 30 m/h sedimentation rates was smaller than the concentration of the hydroxamates flocculants, but the clarification overflow obtained with this reagent was worse than the other ones. The mixture of poliacrylamide and hydroxamate in adequate proportions can give better results of sedimentation rates and overflow clarification.

O principal efluente presente na indústria do petróleo é a água produzida, que normalmente está associada ao óleo produzido, apresentando um considerável volume de produção e podendo refletir em efeitos nocivos ao meio ambiente e à sociedade caso seu descarte seja inadequado, sendo imprescindível, portanto, um valoroso cuidado para estabelecer e manter a sua gestão. O tratamento convencional para este efluente associa as técnicas de floculação e flotação. Na floculação são utilizados floculantes convencionais que, além do alto custo, são fornecidos com pouca informação técnica. A flotação é a etapa na qual é possível obter a separação das partículas coloidais presentes no efluente, sendo a flotação por ar dissolvido (FAD) uma técnica que vem se consolidando economicamente e apresentantdo grande confiabilidade ambiental ao se comparar com outros processos. A FAD se apresenta como um processo largamente empregado em vários campos de tratamento de águas de abastecimento e de efluentes industriais em todo o planeta. Neste sentido, esse trabalho objetivou avaliar o potencial de um floculante alternativo natural à base de Moringa oleifera na redução do teor de óleos e graxas (TOG) da água produzida na indústria do petróleo através do método de floculação/FAD. Avaliou-se a eficiência do floculante natural e se comparou sua eficiência com dois floculantes comerciais normalmente utilizados pela indústria do petróleo (A e B). Os resultados de eficiências globais para todos os floculantes foram tratados através de planejamentos estatísticos experimentais com base na utilização do software STATISTICA versão 10.0. Obteve-se no planejamento experimental superfícies de contorno e de resposta que foram interpretadas em termos da variável resposta eficiência de remoção de TOG (Teor de Óleos e/ou Graxas). O planejamento permitiu ainda a obtenção de modelos matemáticos para cálculo da variável resposta nas condições estudadas. Os floculantes comerciais A e B apresentaram comportamentos similares, com eficiência global média de 90% na eficiência de remoção do óleo, sendo a análise econômica o fator decisivo para a escolha de utilização desses floculantes no processo. O floculante alternativo natural, à base de Moringa oleifera, apresentou menor eficiência de separação que àquelas de A e B (em média 70%), por outro lado este floculante se apresenta ambientalmente correto e de menor custo. The principal effluent in the oil industry is the produced water, which is commonly associated to the produced oil. It presents a pronounced volume of production and it can be reflected on the environment and society, if its discharge is unappropriated. Therefore, it is indispensable a valuable careful to establish and maintain its management. The traditional treatment of produced water, usualy includes both tecniques, flocculation and flotation. At flocculation processes, there are traditional floculant agents that aren’t well specified by tecnichal information tables and still expensive. As for the flotation process, it’s the step in which is possible to separate the suspended particles in the effluent. The dissolved air flotation (DAF) is a technique that has been consolidating economically and environmentally, presenting great reliability when compared with other processes. The DAF is presented as a process widely used in various fields of water and wastewater treatment around the globe. In this regard, this study was aimed to evaluate the potential of an alternative natural flocculant agent based on Moringa oleifera to reduce the amount of oil and grease (TOG) in produced water from the oil industry by the method of flocculation/DAF. the natural flocculant agent was evaluated by its efficacy, as well as its efficiency when compared with two commercial flocculant agents normally used by the petroleum industry. The experiments were conducted following an experimental design and the overall efficiencies for all flocculants were treated through statistical calculation based on the use of STATISTICA software version 10.0. Therefore, contour surfaces were obtained from the experimental design and were interpreted in terms of the response variable removal efficiency TOG (total oil and greases). The plan still allowed to obtain mathematical models for calculating the response variable in the studied conditions. Commercial flocculants showed similar behavior, with an average overall efficiency of 90% for oil removal, however it is the economical analysis the decisive factor to choose one of these flocculant agents to the process. The natural alternative flocculant agent based on Moringa oleifera showed lower separation efficiency than those of commercials one (average 70%), on the other hand this flocculant causes less environmental impacts and it´s less expensive

Proyecto de Investigación. Instituto Tecnológico de Costa Rica. Escuela de Química. Centro de Investigación en Protección Ambiental (CIPA), 2009-2010 Se evaluó la efectividad de los productos naturales moringa (Moringa oleifera), mozote de caballo (Triumfetta semitriloba) y tuna (Cactus lefaria) en la remoción de sustancias suspendidas y coloidales en agua de consumo humano. Se utilizó agua artificial a partir de agua del tubo con caolín, como patrón de turbidez, y en algunos casos con ácidos húmicos como patrón de color. Disoluciones salinas de moringa 0,25 molar mostraron remociones del 90 % para la turbidez y de 93 % para el color pero con una baja remoción en la DQO (37 %) soluble, en comparación con menores remociones de turbidez y color al emplear la moringa extraída en agua destilada o en etanol/NaCl. El tratamiento con mejor remoción de DQO (67%) se logró con disoluciones de moringa extraídas con etanol y NaCl 0,25 molar. En muestras de agua con solo turbidez artificial la remoción de turbidez se incrementó al aumentar la turbidez inicial cuando se ensayó la moringa extraída en NaCl 0,62 molar, obteniendo una eficiencia del 97 % cuando la turbidez inicial fue de 200 FTU. Las disoluciones salinas de tuna mostraron actividad coagulante en agua con turbidez artificial, sin embargo, su desempeño fue comparable con el de las disoluciones extraídas en agua destilada. Se recomienda continuar ensayando la moringa oleífera extraída en NaCl en el tratamiento de agua para consumo humano y residual. En estudios fitoquímicos realizados a los extractos acuosos y salidos de los tres productos naturales se han encontrado componentes con propiedades coagulantes y/o floculantes. _____________________________________________________________________ Abstract The effectivness of the natural products moringa (Moringa oleifera), mozote (Triumfetta semitriloba) and nopal cactus (Cactus lefaria) for the removal of suspended solids and colloids from potable water was evaluated. Artificial water was prepared using tap water with kaolin, as a standard of turbidity and in some cases humic acids, as a standard of colour. Moringa oleifera saline solutions 0,25 mol/l showed removals of 90 4 % for turbidity and of 93 % for colour, however, the soluble COD removal was low (37%), in comparison with lower removals of turbidity and colour when using moringa extracted with distilled water or ethanol/NaCl. Treatment with better removal of COD (67%) was achieved with solutions of ethanol extracted Moringa and 0.25 molar NaCl. In water samples with only artificial turbidity, turbidity removal increased with increasing initial turbidity when tested moringa NaCl 0.62 molar extracted, obtaining an efficiency of 97% when the initial turbidity was 200 FTU. The nopal cactus salt solutions showed coagulation activity in water with artificial turbidity, however, its performance was comparable to that of the solutions extracted in distilled water. We recommend further testing saline extracted Moringa oleifera in the treatment of drinking water and wastewater. Phytochemical studies conducted in the aqueous extracts and came out of the three natural products have been found components with coagulating properties and / or flocculants. Palabras clave: coagulante, floculante, demanda química de oxígeno. Key words: coagulant, flocculant, chemical oxygen demand.

A.L. dos Santos, and F. Mora. 2007. Experimental analysis of fl occulant treatments of organic waste from swine production. Cien. Inv. Agr. 34(1):49-56. Swine production is an important part of the Brazilian agro-industry whose development depends in part on the environmental strategy adopted by the companies involved in the industry. This study examined organic waste treatment experiments from a swine agro-industry located in southern Brazil. Five experiments were conducted that independently considered the following fl occulants: Type-1: calcium hydroxide, Type-2: aluminum sulfate + calcium hydroxide, Type-3: calcium hydroxide + dolomite, Type-4: dolomite, and Type-5: aluminum sulfate. All experiments were conducted at the following doses: 0, 1.25, 2.5, 5, 10 and 20 mL. Total solids of the solid fraction (g⋅m -3 ) were analyzed in a longitudinal study. A parallel experiment was conducted to compare the treatments at a fi xed dose of 20 mL. The analysis was carried out using Generalized Linear Models (GLM) and Generalized Estimating Equations (GEE). These were used because the response variable did not follow a normal distribution; this was confi rmed by ShapiroWilk test. The Gamma distribution was considered in both GEE and GLM approaches. All equations evidenced a positive effect of the doses on fl occulation. Quantity of the total solids was dependent on fl occulant type, with values ranging from 8,444 to 21,070 g⋅m -3 , for Type-1 and Type-2, respectively. No signifi cant differences were evidenced between Type-2, Type-4 and Type-5 fl occulants; these all demonstrated higher total solid values. Type-1 and Type-3 fl occulants should not be considered for use due to ineffi ciency. The quantity of biofertilize feasible for production in this swine industry would be dependent on the fl occulant type used.

La producción porcina se considera un importante segmento de la agroindustria Brasileña, cuyo desarrollo depende en parte de la estrategia ambiental adoptada por las empresas. Se examinaron experimentos de tratamientos de residuos orgánicos en una agroindustria porcina localizada en el sur de Brasil. Los siguientes tipos de floculantes fueron considerados como cinco experimentos independientes: Tipo-1: hidróxido de calcio, Tipo-2: sulfato de aluminio + hidróxido de calcio, Tipo-3: hidróxido de calcio + dolomítico, Tipo-4: dolomítico y Tipo-5: sulfato de aluminio, con las siguientes dosis: 0,00-1,25-2,50-5,00-10,00-20,00 mL. Se analizaron los sólidos totales de la fracción sólida (gm³) en un estudio longitudinal. Un experimento paralelo se realizó para comparar entre los floculantes, con una dosis fija de 20 mL. Debido a que la variable respuesta no presentó una distribución normal, establecido por la prueba de Shapiro-Wilk, se utilizaron los modelos lineales generalizados (GLM) y su extensión para datos correlacionados: Ecuaciones Generalizadas (EG). La distribución Gamma se consideró en este análisis. Todas las ecuaciones evidenciaron un positivo efecto de la dosis sobre la floculación. La cantidad de sólidos totales dependió del floculante, con valores de 8.444 a 21.070 gm³, para Tipo-1 y Tipo-2, respectivamente. Los floculantes Tipo-2, Tipo-4 y Tipo-5 no fueron estadísticamente diferentes, mostrando los valores más altos de sólidos totales. Los floculantes Tipo-1 y Tipo-3 no se debieran considerar debido a su ineficiencia. La cantidad de biofertilizante factible de ser producido sería dependiente del tipo floculante usado en esta agroindustria porcina Swine production is an important part of the Brazilian agro-industry whose development depends in part on the environmental strategy adopted by the companies involved in the industry. This study examined organic waste treatment experiments from a swine agro-industry located in southern Brazil. Five experiments were conducted that independently considered the following flocculants: Type-1: calcium hydroxide, Type-2: aluminum sulfate + calcium hydroxide, Type-3: calcium hydroxide + dolomite, Type-4: dolomite, and Type-5: aluminum sulfate. All experiments were conducted at the following doses: 0, 1.25, 2.5, 5, 10 and 20 mL. Total solids of the solid fraction (g-nr³) were analyzed in a longitudinal study. A parallel experiment was conducted to compare the treatments at a fixed dose of 20 mL. The analysis was carried out using Generalized Linear Models (GLM) and Generalized Estimating Equations (GEE). These were used because the response variable did not follow a normal distribution; this was confirmed by Shapiro-Wilk test. The Gamma distribution was considered in both GEE and GLM approaches. All equations evidenced a positive effect of the doses on flocculation. Quantity of the total solids was dependent on flocculant type, with values ranging from 8,444 to 21,070 g-rrr³, for Type-1 and Type-2, respectively. No significant differences were evidenced between Type-2, Type-4 and Type-5 flocculants; these all demonstrated higher total solid values. Type-1 and Type-3 flocculants should not be considered for use due to inefficiency. The quantity of biofertilize feasible for production in this swine industry would be dependent on the flocculant type used