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Made available in DSpace on 2018-12-11T17:02:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2016-04-28 The seasonal climate drivers of the carbon cycle in tropical forests remain poorly known, although these forests account for more carbon assimilation and storage than any other terrestrial ecosystem. Based on a unique combination of seasonal pan-tropical data sets from 89 experimental sites (68 include aboveground wood productivity measurements and 35 litter productivity measurements), their associated canopy photosynthetic capacity (enhanced vegetation index, EVI) and climate, we ask how carbon assimilation and aboveground allocation are related to climate seasonality in tropical forests and how they interact in the seasonal carbon cycle. We found that canopy photosynthetic capacity seasonality responds positively to precipitation when rainfall is < 2000ĝ€-mmĝ€-yrĝ'1 (water-limited forests) and to radiation otherwise (light-limited forests). On the other hand, independent of climate limitations, wood productivity and litterfall are driven by seasonal variation in precipitation and evapotranspiration, respectively. Consequently, light-limited forests present an asynchronism between canopy photosynthetic capacity and wood productivity. First-order control by precipitation likely indicates a decrease in tropical forest productivity in a drier climate in water-limited forest, and in current light-limited forest with future rainfall < 2000ĝ€-mmĝ€-yrĝ'1. Author(s) 2016. Remote Sensing Division National Institute for Space Research - INPE São José Dos Campos CIRAD UMR Ecologie des Forêts de Guyane INRA UMR EEF 1137 INRA UMR Ecologie des Forêts de Guyane Department of Biology University of Antwerp National Center for Monitoring and Early Warning of Natural Disasters - CEMADEN São José Dos Campos School of Geography University of Leeds Institute of Botany University of Hohenheim Laboratory for Wood Biology and Xylarium Royal Museum for Central Africa Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências de Florestas Tropicais Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia Embrapa Florestas Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation School of Biological Sciences University of Tasmania Institute of Geography University of Erlangen-Nuremberg Laboratory of Geo-information Science and Remote Sensing Wageningen University Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Natureza Laboratóio de Botânica e Ecologia Vegetal Universidade Federal Do Acre Instituto Pirenaico de Ecologia Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (IPE-CSIC) Instituto Boliviano de Investigacion Forestal (IBIF) Santa Cruz de la Sierra Centro de Energia Nuclear Na Agricultura Laboratóio de Ecologia Isotópica Universidade de SÃo Paulo Departamento de Botânica Universidade Federal Do Paraná Departamento de Botânica Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora (UFJF) Programa de Pós-Graduação Ecologia e Manejo de Recursos Naturais Universidade Federal Do Acre Departamento de Ecologia Do Instituto de Biociências Universidade de São Paulo (USP) UMR 5174 Laboratoire Evolution et DiversitéBiologique CNRS and UniversitéPaul Sabatier Biological Sciences Department University of Zambia Department of Biology University of Missouri-St. Louis Coordenação de Pesquisas em Biodiversidade Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia Departamento de Engenharia Florestal Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV) Departamento de Engenharia Florestal Universidade Federal Do Paraná Centro de Ciêcias Biológicas e da Natureza Laboratório de Botânica e Ecologia Vegetal Universidade Federal Do Acre Prefeitura Municipal de Rio Branco Département Hommes Natures Sociétés Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) et UMR 208 Patrimoines Locaux et Gouvernance, Cedex 05 Dept. Forest and Wood Science University of Stellenbosch Meisterschule Ebern für das Schreinerhandwerk Floresta Estadual de Assis Tanzania Forestry Research Institute (TAFORI), P.O. Box Departamento de Ciências Florestais Universidade de São Paulo Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz Departamento de Engenharia Florestal - DEF Universidade Estadual Do Centro-Oeste Departamento de Ciências Florestais Centro de Ciências Rurais Universidade Federal de Santa Maria Departamento de Botânica Laboratório de Fisiologia Vegeta Universidade de Brasília Instituto de Ciências Biológicas World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), P.O. Box Coordenação de Pesquisa em Ecologia Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, C.P. 478 Departement of Land Resource Management Northern Territory Government Research Institute for Environment and Livelihoods Charles Darwin University Department of Biological Sciences Mount Holyoke College Department of Earth System Science Stanford University Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign Department of Plant Ecology Albrecht von Haller Institute of Plant Sciences University of Göttingen Departamento de Engenharia Florestal Universidade Do Estado de Santa Catarina - UDESC Tropical Peat Research Institute Biological Research Division Malaysian Palm Oil Board Departamento de Botânica Instituto de Ciências Biologicas Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Division of Science and Environmental Policy California State University Monterey Bay Departamento de Biologia Universidade Federal de Sergipe Programa Forestal Colegio de Postgraduados Department of Geosciences and Geography University of Helsinki School of Geography and the Environment University of Oxford Departamento de Solos e Engenharia Agrícola Universidade Federal Do Paraná Laboratoria de Dendrochronologia y Anatomia de Maderas Espinoza Universidad Nacional de Loja Research Institute for the Environment and Livelihoods Charles Darwin University Center for Forest Disturbance Science USDA Forest Service Department of Biological Sciences Florida International University Graduate School of Agriculture Kyoto University Institut Français de Pondicherry UMR AMAP (BotAnique et BioinforMatique de l'Architecture des Plantes) IRD Tree Ring and Environmental History Laboratory Instituto Argentino de Nivología Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales - CONICET Department of Earth and Environment Southeast Environmental Research Center Florida International University Departamento de Biologia Aplicada FCAV Universidade Estadual Paulista UNESP UR BandSEF (Biens et Services des Écosystèmes Forestiers Tropicaux) CIRAD School of Geosciences University of Edinburgh CarboForExpert HJ Andrews Experimental Forest Oregon State University Ibama PRONAT - Programa de Pós-Graduação em Recurso Naturais Universidade Federal de Roraima - UFRR School of Biological Sciences University of Aberdeen Departamento de Ciências Ambientais Universidade Federal Do Amapá Embrapa Cocais Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation Instituto Boliviano de Investigacion Forestal (IBIF) Universidad Autonoma Gabriel René Moreno Department of Forest Vegetation Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute (FFPRI) Núcleo de Estudos e Pesquisas Ambientais (NEPAM) Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP) Embrapa Roraima Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation Crop Production Systems in the Tropics Georg-August-Universit Departamento de Engenharia Florestal Centro de Educação Superior Norte Universidade Federal de Santa Maria College of Life and Environmental Sciences University of Exeter Departamento de Biologia Aplicada FCAV Universidade Estadual Paulista UNESP

Made available in DSpace on 2021-06-25T11:03:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2021-06-01 Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) The Cerrado is the most diverse tropical savanna in the world. As a fire-prone ecosystem, natural fire in the Cerrado shapes plant communities and drives evolutionary processes. Human activities and landscape management can alter natural fire regimes and reshape Cerrado dynamics, making biodiversity conservation a challenge, particularly in densely populated areas. We reconstructed the historical fire regime of three protected areas (PA) and their buffer zones in São Paulo state to understand how current fire exclusion policies are affecting fire regimes and to measure how human-climate-fire relationships can change in areas under different land management. We used Landsat satellite imagery, from 1984 to 2017, with 30 m of spatial resolution and 16 days of temporal resolution. In total, we mapped 49,471 ha of burned area, and we detected variations in fire frequency and fire size among sites. PA dominated by open savanna in Itirapina concentrated 93 % of all observed fires, while PA dominated by forest-like formations in Assis represented only 2% of the fires. Annual rainfall showed a very weak relationship (R2 = 0.04) with annual total burned area, while the rainfall split between dry and wet seasons showed a tendency to have a fuel moisture effect which determined the vegetation available to burn in the dry season (R² = 0.09). Fire regimes in PA were similar to those observed in buffer zones suggesting that fire-exclusion policies do not effectively prevent fires in PA that are surrounded by an anthropic matrix where fire is often used. When we included human factors in addition to rainfall, our models explained 44 % of variation of burned areas. We conclude that fire regimes in São Paulo Cerrado have been modified by humans and that fire exclusion is not a suitable policy for protected areas in this fire-prone ecosystem. Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) Instituto de Biociências Departamento de Ecologia, Avenida 24-A 1515 Centro Universitário Faculdades Integradas de Ourinhos Departamento de Agronomia, Ourinhos Biological and Environmental Sciences Faculty of Natural Sciences Stirling University Instituto Florestal Floresta Estadual de Assis, Cx Postal 104 Universidade Estadual do Maranhão (UEMA) Programa de Pós-graduação em Agricultura e Ambiente Universidade Estadual do Maranhão (UEMA) Programa de Pós-graduação em Geografia Natureza e Dinâmica do Espaço Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) Instituto de Biociências Departamento de Ecologia, Avenida 24-A 1515 FAPESP: #2014/12728-1 CNPq: #303179/2016-3

Made available in DSpace on 2021-06-25T10:23:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2021-03-01 Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) Open grassy vegetation and forests share riparian zones across the Neotropical savannas, characterizing alternative stable states. However, factors determining the occurrence and maintenance of each vegetation type are yet to be elucidated. To disentangle the role of environmental factors (soil properties and groundwater depth) constraining tree colonization of wet grasslands in the Cerrado, we assessed tree establishment during the early seedling and sapling stages and the influence of these factors on leaf gas exchange and leaf water potential of tree saplings. Three functionally distinct tree species were studied: (1) flood-tolerant species characteristic of gallery forests, (2) flood-intolerant species characteristic of seasonally dry savannas, and (3) generalist species found in both gallery forests and seasonally dry savannas. Savanna species was constrained by waterlogging, especially at the sapling stage, with restricted stomatal conductance and leaf water potential, resulting in low carbon assimilation, decreased plant size, and high mortality (above 80%). The gallery forest and the generalist species, however, were able to colonize the wet grasslands and survive, despite the low seedling emergence (below 30%) and sapling growth constrained by low gas exchange rates. Soil waterlogging is, therefore, an effective environmental filter that prevents savanna trees from expanding over wet grasslands. However, colonization by trees adapted to a shallow water table cannot be constrained by this or other soil properties, turning the wet grasslands dependent on natural disturbances to persist as an alternative state, sharing the waterlogged environments with the gallery forests in the Cerrado region. Instituto de Biociências Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) Instituto de Biologia Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Caixa Postal 6109 Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias UNESP Instituto Florestal Floresta Estadual de Assis, Caixa Postal 104 Faculdade de Ciências e Letras UNESP Instituto de Biociências Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias UNESP Faculdade de Ciências e Letras UNESP CNPq: 141443/2016-2 FAPESP: 15/24093-3 CNPq: 302897/2018-6 CNPq: 303179/2016-3

Made available in DSpace on 2018-11-12T17:28:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2016-06-01. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2021-07-14T17:52:01Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 S2236-89062016000200301.pdf: 1508497 bytes, checksum: b4140e6ebd36c94f3fafa1bbbbd099e3 (MD5) RESUMO Restaurar o Cerrado é um desafio para a ciência e a prática, que depende de experimentação. Comparamos, pela eficácia ecológica e custos, a semeadura direta em linhas ou a lanço, plantio de mudas e regeneração natural assistida ou passiva, para restaurar a vegetação de Cerrado em pastos abandonados em Canarana, MT. Após 22 meses, registramos 112 espécies lenhosas na área experimental como um todo, 16 das quais foram plantadas, evidenciando alta resiliência do Cerrado em pastos abandonados. A riqueza não diferiu entre tratamentos, mas a semeadura direta resultou em alta dominância de uma única espécie e baixa diversidade. Por outro lado, a semeadura direta em linhas proporcionou densidade superior aos outros tratamentos. O plantio de mudas, que apresentou custos mais elevados, não resultou em densidade ou riqueza superiores aos outros tratamentos. Resiliência, custos e metas (recobertura, exploração econômica ou biodiversidade) conduzem a diferentes decisões entre técnicas para a restauração do Cerrado. ABSTRACT Cerrado restoration has been a challenge for science and practice, which depends on experimentation. We compared the ecological efficacy and costs of direct seeding in rows, broadcast seeding, planting nursery-raised seedlings, and assisted natural or passive regeneration, to restore the Cerrado vegetation in old pastures at Canarana, MT. After 22 months, we recorded 112 woody species in the entire experimental area, from which only 16 were planted, demonstrating the high resilience of Cerrado vegetation in abandoned pastures. Richness did not differ among treatments, but direct seeding resulted in high dominance of a single species and low diversity. On the other hand, direct seeding in rows provided higher woody plant density than the other treatments. The higher costs of planting seedlings did not result in either higher richness or density. Resilience, costs and the restoration goal (recovery, commercial exploitation, or biodiversity) lead to different decisions among restoration techniques for Cerrado vegetation. Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho Embrapa Agrossilvipastoril Universidade de São Paulo Escola de Engenharia de São Carlos Instituto Florestal, Floresta Estadual de Assis Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho

The presence of invasive alien species in protected areas is of concern and studies that prove its impacts to management actions are to be applied. This study was developed to evaluate the impacts caused by the presence of Syzygium cumini and Adenanthera pavonina on the structure and diversity of the tree component of the vegetation of the Lago Azul State Park, Paraná, and provide subsidies for management. We tested the hypothesis that formation of dense canopy cover of S. cumini is a negative effect on regeneration of vegetation in secondary forests. Through a phytosociological study it was found that the presence of exotic species in prominent positions in the amount of importance is altering the structural aspects of vegetation. Furthermore, negative relationships between canopy cover and density of plants and species diversity in the upper and middle strata of vegetation were observed. Was also found negative influence on regeneration of vegetation below the canopy had lower affluence, diversity and density compared to an area without the influence of the species. These impacts should be caused by the formation of dense canopy that prevents the entry of sunlight, or the ability of the plant to release allelopathic compounds in the soil. About A. pavonina the hypotheses tested were that the species diversity in areas occupied by A. pavonina is lower than in non-occupied areas and the species that are presenting invasive potential in the area due to its dispersal potential. These hypotheses were confirmed as the species showed high importance values in the phytosociological survey in the invaded area, which resulted in significant differences in the diversity compared to other areas of the area and that the species has dispersed more than 100 m away from the source of dispersion. Therefore even if not present in recent checklists of invasive alien species, A. pavonina is a species should be considered invasive for Brazilian flora and thus actions to control and possible eradication are required. Because of this we tested experimentally physical and chemical control methods of A. pavonina in Lago Azul State Park, Paraná, and the responses of control over the regeneration of woody vegetation. In a field experiment adults were ringed and young were cut with and without application of the herbicide Triclopyr, and with maintenance and removal of biomass from the cuts. Only treatments of the herbicide were effective in controlling exotic. There was an increase of diversity after the experiment which shows that removal of exotic can contribute to the recovery environment. The recovery of the regeneration vegetation occurred similarly between all the treatments indicating that removal of biomass from the local management is not required. Continued monitoring is necessary because despite the increased diversity, the exotic is still present in regeneration. A presença de espécies exóticas invasoras em unidades de conservação é preocupante, e são necessários estudos que comprovem seus impactos para que ações de manejo sejam aplicadas. Avaliou-se os impactos causados pela presença de Syzygium cumini e Adenanthera pavonina sobre a estrutura e a diversidade do componente arbóreo da vegetação do Parque Estadual Lago Azul, Paraná, além de fornecer subsídios para o manejo. Testou-se a hipótese de que formação de densa cobertura de copa de S. cumini está interferindo negativamente na regeneração da vegetação das florestas secundárias. Por meio de um estudo fitossociológico foi possível demonstrar que a presença da espécie exótica, ocupando posições de destaque no valor de importância, está alterando os aspectos estruturais da vegetação nativa em recuperação. Além disso, foram observadas relações negativas entre a cobertura de copa da espécie e a densidade e diversidade de plantas nos estratos superior e intermediário da vegetação. Também foi verificada influência negativa sobre a regeneração da vegetação abaixo da copa, que teve a riqueza, diversidade e densidade mais baixa em comparação com uma área sem influência da espécie. Estes impactos devem ser causados pela formação de copa densa que impede a entrada de luz solar, ou ainda pela capacidade da planta em liberar compostos alelopáticos no solo. Com relação à A. pavonina as hipóteses avaliadas foram: I. a diversidade de espécies vegetais em áreas ocupadas pela espécie é menor que em áreas não ocupadas, e II. a espécie está apresentando potencial invasor na área devido ao seu potencial dispersor. Estas hipóteses foram confirmadas já que a espécie apresentou altos valores de importância no levantamento fitossociológico realizado na área invadida, que refletiu em diferenças significativas na diversidade, se comparada a outras áreas da unidade e ainda que a espécie já se dispersou há mais de 100 m de distância da fonte de dispersão. Desta forma, mesmo sem registro nos recentes check-lists de espécies exóticas invasoras, A. pavonina é uma espécie que deve ser considerada invasora de florestas em restauração e desta forma ações para o controle e possível erradicação da mesma são necessárias. Por isso, testou-se experimentalmente métodos físicos e químicos de controle desta espécie na área e as respostas desses sobre a regeneração da vegetação arbórea. Em um experimento de campo os indivíduos adultos foram anelados e os jovens cortados com e sem aplicação do herbicida Triclopir, e ainda com manutenção e retirada de biomassa proveniente dos cortes. Apenas os tratamentos que utilizaram o herbicida foram eficazes no controle da exótica. Houve incremento de diversidade após o experimento, o que mostra que a retirada da exótica pode contribuir para a recuperação do ambiente. A recuperação da vegetação ocorreu de forma similar entre todos os tratamentos, indicando que a retirada da biomassa do local de manejo não é necessária. A continuidade no monitoramento é imprescindível, pois apesar do aumento de diversidade, ainda há registro da mesma na regeneração. 74 f

Made available in DSpace on 2014-09-30T18:18:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2013-10-01Bitstream added on 2014-10-01T14:04:13Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 S0100-67622013000500006.pdf: 240853 bytes, checksum: cf3c87d29f968495ced2aee01981c793 (MD5) A utilização de ecossistemas naturais como meta a ser atingida e a seleção de indicadores para monitoramento dos projetos são temas controversos na ciência e na prática da restauração. Analisamos a vegetação ripária em quatro remanescentes de Floresta Estacional Semidecidual, para verificar se alguns atributos dessas comunidades se repetem em diferentes locais, podendo ser referência para esta região fitogeográfica. Instalamos dez parcelas de 100 m² em cada local, amostramos plantas lenhosas com altura ≥ 0,5 m, divididas em estrato regenerante (DAP < 5 cm) e estrato arbóreo (DAP ≥ 5 cm) e classificamos as espécies com base em atributos funcionais, raridade e status de ameaça. Contabilizamos lianas, pteridófitas e árvores com epífitas. As variáveis estruturais de densidade (estrato arbóreo e regenerante e árvores com epífitas), área basal e cobertura de copas não diferiram entre locais. Foram pouco variáveis entre as áreas a riqueza rarefeita para 100 indivíduos no estrato arbóreo, a riqueza total estimada por Jackknife e as proporções de espécies raras, tolerantes à sombra, de crescimento lento e zoocóricas. Porém, analisando-se a proporção de indivíduos na comunidade, somente a tolerância à sombra foi pouco variável. Para as outras variáveis analisadas não existem padrões que possam ser considerados referência para esta região fitogeográfica. No entanto, ainda que para algumas variáveis existam padrões, sua utilização como meta da restauração depende de: 1) prazos longos para monitoramento de projetos e, sobretudo, 2) estudos que demonstrem que os ecossistemas restaurados podem, um dia, igualar aos ecossistemas pré-existentes. The use of natural ecosystems as a goal to be achieved and the selection of indicators to evaluate restoration success are controversial issues in both Science and practice of ecosystem restoration. Four remnants of riparian vegetation were assessed in the region of Seasonally Semideciduous Forest in order to verify if some attributes of this plant community varied among sites and if they could be used as reference for this region. Ten plots of 100 m² were established in each site and woody plants with height ≥ 50 cm, separated in upper stratum (dbh ≥ 5 cm) and lower stratum (dbh < 5 cm), and classified by functional traits, rarity and status in red lists. Terrestrial ferns, lianas and trees with epiphytes were all accounted. Density (in both layers, and trees with epiphythes), basal area, and canopy cover did not differ among areas. Rarefied richness and total estimated richness, as well as the proportion of species by dispersal syndrome, shade tolerance, growth rhythm, and rarity follow a regional pattern, which can be considered as reference for riparian forests in this ecological region. Whether or not these values can be used as restoration goals depends on: 1) long term assessment of restoration success, and 2) scientific evidence that restored ecosystems can reach such values. Universidade de São Paulo Escola de Engenharia de São Carlos Centro de Recursos Hídricos e Ecologia Aplicada Universidade Estadual Paulista Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas, Campus de Botucatu Instituto Florestal do Estado de São Paulo Secretaria do Meio Ambiente Floresta Estadual de Assis Universidade Estadual Paulista Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas, Campus de Botucatu

Made available in DSpace on 2022-04-29T07:12:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2013-09-01 Knowing the attributes of the most suitable species to overcome the obstacles in different environmental conditions is an important tool for ecological restoration. To evaluate the comparative performance of native Cerrado species being cultivated at an arboretum (Assis State Forest, Assis, SP, Brazil), we categorized 106 species by the following attributes: average annual increment in height and crown diameter, survival rates, frequency of herbivory, frost susceptibility and seed dispersal syndrome. The score of each attribute may vary from 1 to 3, and the value of a species for restoration was generated from the sum of the scores for the different attributes converted to the scale of 0 to 100. Analyzing the species altogether, survival was 70%, the average annual increment was 30 cm in height and 21 cm in crown diameter. Only 8% of the species showed high susceptibility to frost and 17% high frequency of herbivory. Eighteen species had scores above 80, being the first Annona crassiflora, Cecropia pachystachya, Enterolobium gummiferum, Plathymenia reticulata e Protium heptaphyllum. In this group are the species that gather the highest number of favorable attributes for the restoration of Cerrado vegetation. We generated two separate lists of ten species of higher value, one for the cerrado sensu stricto and the other for cerradão - the forest type of cerrado vegetation. We believe that using these species accelerates the recovery of vegetation structure and thus provide the restoration of ecological processes of ecosystems undergoing restoration. At the end of the list are species of low scores, which, if used, can lead to higher costs or delay in the recovery of structure and ecological processes of the ecosystem being restored. UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Av. Dom Antônio 2100, Caixa Postal 65, 19806-900 Assis, SP Instituto Florestal Floresta Estadual de Assis, Caixa Postal 104, 19802-970, Assis, SP UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Av. Dom Antônio 2100, Caixa Postal 65, 19806-900 Assis, SP