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A new salamander species of the genus Bolitoglossa is here described from the cloud forests of the western slopes of the Cordillera Oriental of Colombia, in the Cundinamarca department. The most salient characters of this new species are its numerous maxillary and vomerine teeth, its moderate webbing on hands and feet, its short and robust tail, and its chromatic variation. Based on molecular analyses this new species is assigned to the adspersa species group and its status established as the sister species of B. adspersa, with which it was previously confused. Lastly, the distribution, natural history, and conservation status of the new species are discussed.

Amphibians of Sekayu lowland forest have been studied more than a decade, with discoveries of new records of species showing no sign of abating between the years 2003 to 2020, indicating the remarkably rich diversity of anurans in this forest. Despite ceaseless anthropogenic activities in this area, this study successfully recorded 52 species of amphibians from 32 genera in the lowland forest of Sekayu. The species composition consisted of a single species from the family Ichthyophiidae and 51 species of anurans of 31 genera and six families. The number of species recorded has steadily increased especially during more recent surveys from 2015 to 2020. This study augments the total number of amphibian species recorded from Hulu Terengganu by ten additional species, increasing the total to 70 species for the district.

Based on an integrative taxonomical approach, using molecular, morphological, and bioacoustics data, a new species of glassfrog of the genus Centrolene is described from Refugio de Vida Silvestre El Zarza, southern Ecuador. Centrolene zarzasp. nov. is a medium sized species, easily distinguished from all other glassfrogs by its unique combination of characters, such as a shagreen dorsum with elevated warts corresponding to white spots, an evident tympanum, half or more than half of the upper parietal peritoneum covered by iridophores, iridophores absent on all visceral peritonea, including the pericardium, a lobed liver lacking iridophores, males with small projecting humeral spines, the outer edges of forearms and tarsus with a row of enameled warts that often continue into the external edges of Finger IV and/or Toe V, and white or yellowish white iris with thick black reticulations. The new species is closely related to a currently undescribed species and superficially resembles C. condor, C. pipilata, C. solitaria, C. altitudinalis, and C. daidalea. The tadpole and advertisement and courtship calls are described, and the threats to the species survival, mainly represented by habitat loss and contamination due to mining activities, are briefly discussed.

The rainfrogs of the genus Pristimantis are one of the most diverse groups of vertebrates, with outstanding reproductive modes and strategies driving their success in colonizing new habitats. The rate of Pristimantis species discovered annually has increased continuously during the last 50 years, establishing the remarkable diversity found in this genus. In this paper the specifics of publications describing new species in the group are examined, including authorship, author gender, year, language, journal, scientific collections, and other details. Detailed information on the descriptions of 591 species of Pristimantis published to date (June 2022) were analyzed and extracted. John D. Lynch and William E. Duellman are the most prolific authors, yet Latin American researchers have scaled up and continued the description processes since the 1990s. The most common language used for descriptions is English, followed by Spanish. The great majority of authors have described only one species. The largest proportion of authors who have participated in the descriptions is of Ecuadorian nationality. Ecuador is the country with the highest description rate per year (3.9% growth rate). Only 20% of the contributions have included women and only 2% have featured women as principal authors. 36.8% of the species described are in the Not Evaluated or Data Deficient categories under the IUCN global red list. The importance of enhancing the descriptions in Spanish is emphasized and the inclusion based on equal access to opportunities for female researchers in Pristimantis taxonomy is encouraged. In general, if the current trends in Pristimantis descriptions continue, in ten years, a total of 770 or more species described could be expected.

Surveys of Hawaiian macroalgae over the past 15 years have yielded numerous specimens representing species new to science. Calliblepharis yasutakei sp. nov. is here described based on a plant collected at a depth of 98 m from Kapou, Papahânaumokuâkea Marine National Monument, Hawaiʻi. Phylogenetic analyses of three molecular markers (COI, rbcL, and SSU) and analyses of morphological features were used to describe the new species in the family Cystocloniaceae. Calliblepharis yasutakei sp. nov. grouped with C. fimbriata, C. rammediorum, C. occidentalis and C. jolyi in a clade with full support for the rbcL analysis, representing a distinct lineage within the genus. Phylogenetic and vegetative morphological comparisons demonstrated that the new Hawaiian species is most closely related to C. rammediorum from Israel (rbcL similarity of 96.3%), although no female reproductive structures were found to allow a more comprehensive comparison. In order to determine whether C. yasutakei represents the first confirmed report of the genus Calliblepharis in the Hawaiian Islands, phylogenetic and morphological analysis of the Hawaiian Hypnea saidana (=Calliblepharis saidana) specimen accessioned at the Bernice P. Bishop Museum was performed. These analyses demonstrated that this specimen belongs to a new species in the genus Hypnea, which is here described as H. tsudae sp. nov. C. yasutakei, in addition to being a new species, is also reported as the first confirmed record of the genus Calliblepharis in the Hawaiian archipelago, and the description of H. tsudae brings the number of species for this genus in Hawaiʻi to eight.

A new species of Quasipaa is described from Ngoc Linh Mountain of the Kon Tum Massif in central Vietnam. The new species is morphologically distinguishable from its congeners on the basis of a combination of the following diagnostic characters: SVL 79.6–84.3 mm in males and 64.6–69.9 mm in females; head broader than long; vomerine teeth present; external vocal sacs absent; tympanum slightly visible; dorsum with lines of thick ridges and small round tubercles; flanks covered by oval and round tubercles; supratympanic fold present; dorsolateral fold absent; ventrolateral sides, ventral surface of arms, and all fingers with spines in males; the absence of spines on chest and belly in males; toes fully webbed to distal portion of terminal phalanx; in life, dorsum dark brown, chest and belly immaculate white. Phylogenetic analyses found that the genetic divergence of the new species and its congeners ranged from 4.2–5.1% (compared with Quasipaa boulengeri) to 7.6–8.1% (compared with Q. shini) in the 16S gene.

A new species of the genus Tylototriton is described from Ngoc Linh Mountain, Kon Tum Province, in the Central Highlands of Vietnam based on integrative taxonomy, namely by combining molecular and morphological evidence. Tylototriton ngoclinhensis sp. nov. differs from all other congeners based on morphological data, allopatric distribution, and molecular divergence. In terms of genetic divergence, Tylototriton ngoclinhensis sp. nov. distinctly differs from the sister species T. panhai (6.77%) and from T. ngarsuensis (12.36%) based on the mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2 (ND2) gene. Tylototriton ngoclinhensis sp. nov. is a moderate sized and robust salamander species with large cephalic edges, parotoids, and vertebral ridge orange in coloration. The new taxon differs from its congeners by a combination of the following morphological characteristics: size medium (SVL 60.8–66.5 mm, TL 57.6–61.8 mm in males, and SVL 72.5–75.6 mm, TL 62.9–67.9 mm in females); head longer than wide; parotoids very prominent and enlarged, projecting backwards; tail length shorter than snout-vent length; vertebral ridge large, high and glandular in appearance; 14 large and distinct dorsolateral glandular warts; gular fold present; tips of fore and hind limbs overlapping when adpressed along the body; tips of fingers reaching between eye and nostril when foreleg is laid forward; dorsal surface and lateral sides of the head, upper and lower lips, dorsolateral glandular warts, vertebral ridge, the peripheral area of the cloaca and the ventral edge of the tail orange in coloration; the presence of a distinct black line extending from the posterior end of the eye towards the shoulder. Tylototriton ngoclinhensis sp. nov. is restricted to evergreen montane forests near water bodies on Ngoc Linh Mountain. We suggest that the new species should be classified as Endangered (EN) in the IUCN Red List. This new important discovery represents the eighth Tylototriton taxon described from Vietnam, and at the same time constitutes the southernmost distributional record for the whole genus in Asia.

The herpetofauna of São Tomé and Príncipe consists of nine species of amphibians, all endemic, and 21 species of terrestrial reptiles, of which 17 are endemic. Our current knowledge regarding its natural history, ecology, and distribution is limited. Here two important tools are provided to support researchers, conservationists, and local authorities in the identification of the country's herpetofauna: an illustrated key to the herpetofauna of the two islands and surroundings islets and a DNA barcode reference library. The keys allow a rapid and unambiguous morphological identification of all occurring species. The DNA barcodes for the entire herpetofauna of the country were produced from 79 specimens, all of which are deposited in museum collections. The barcodes generated are available in online repositories and can be used to provide unambiguous molecular identification of most of the species. Future applications and use of these tools are briefly discussed.

The present study describesOligogonotylus andinussp. nov.and its life cycle from a rural fish farm in Sopetrán, Antioquia, Colombia. The endemic species of snailAroapyrgus colombiensisand the fishesPoecilia caucanaandAndinoacara latifronsare identified as the first intermediate host, the second intermediate host and the definitive host, respectively. The new species was defined through an integrative approach, combining the traditional morphology of its developmental stages with molecular analyses of the markers ITS2 from ribosomal DNA and COI from mitochondrial DNA. This new species can be distinguished from its congeners by genetic divergence, the position of the vitelline fields, and the number of gonotyls. This work represents the first report of a species of this genus in South America.

Based on what we believe is a complete survey of the previous literature, the citations of the collembola found in Vietnam are recorded. In total, the catalogue includes 350 species in 118 genera from 21families (69 dubious records). For each species the current name is indicated, as well as the basionym and main synonyms with the complete bibliographic reference, the records for different provinces and regions with the authorships, and the general distribution data. When necessary, taxonomic notes are added. The catalog includes 120 bibliographic references (up to December 2021). The main goal of this paper is to promote future studies on the collembolan fauna of Vietnam.

The Hekou Torrent Frog (Amolops shihaitaoi) was recently discovered from southern China and northern Vietnam in 2022. The knowledge about natural history and feeding ecology of this species is virtually lacking.Based on our recent fieldwork in northern Vietnam, we report a new population of A. shihaitaoi from Ha Giang Province. In this study, we provide novel data on the diet of A. shihaitaoi, based on stomach content analyses of 36 individuals (17 males and 19 females). A total of 36 prey categories with 529 items, comprising 515 items of invertebrates and 14 unidentified items, were found in the stomachs of A. shihaitaoi. The dominant prey items of the species were Hymenoptera (Formicidae), Orthoptera (Acrididae), Lepidoptera (Lepidoptera other), Mantodea (Mantidae) and Araneae. The importance index (Ix) of prey categories ranged from 7.1% to 11.5%. Hymenoptera (Formicidae) had the highest frequency of prey items, found in 36 stomachs.

Stirkia dumoserta (R.E.Norris & I.A.Abbott) Barros-Barreto & Maggs, comb. nov. Ceramium dumosertum R.E.Norris & I.A.Abbott, Pacific Science 46 (4): 456 (Norris & Abbott 1992). TYPE LOCALITY. — United States. Hawai’i, Maui Island, intertidal on basalt, Ka’inalimu Bay, Hana. HOLOTYPE. — United States. Hawai’i, Maui Island, intertidal on basalt, Ka’inalimu Bay, Hana, 21.VII.1990, legit I.A. Abbott 20307 (holo-, BISH [BISH 612652])., Published as part of Barros-Barreto, Maria Beatriz, Jaramillo, Maria Alejandra, Hommersand, Max H., Ferreira, Paulo C. G. & Maggs, Christine A., 2023, Phylogenetic analysis of the red algal tribe Ceramieae reveals multiple morphological homoplasies but defines new genera, pp. 13-58 in Cryptogamie, Algologie 20 (2) on page 28, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-algologie2023v44a2, http://zenodo.org/record/7938655, {"references":["NORRIS R. E. & ABBOTT I. A. 1992. - New taxa of Ceramiaceae (Rhodophyta) from Hawai'i. Pacific Science 46 (4): 453 - 465."]}

Campylaephora gardneri (Kylin) Barros-Barreto & Maggs, comb. nov. Ceramium gardneri Kylin, Lunds Universitets Årsskrift, Ny Följd , Andra Afdelningen 37 (2): 29 (Kylin 1941). LECTOTYPE. — United States. California, Monterey County, Pescadero Point (Kylin 1941: 29), 36°33’43.7328”N, 121°57’11.2932”W, on rocks and algae in the lower littoral, V.1916, 2248 N. L. Gardner (lecto-, designated by Cho et al. [2002: 558], UC [UC2076252]). NOTE Cho et al. (2002: 558) noted that there are two tetrasporangial specimens attached on the herbarium sheet of the published exsiccata Phycotheca Boreali-Americana (P. B.- A.)XLV,no.2248, at LD. Cho designated both of these thalli as the lectotype. Isotypes are in UC and NY, and thus published exsiccata (P. B.- A.) in other herbaria holding would also be isotypes., Published as part of Barros-Barreto, Maria Beatriz, Jaramillo, Maria Alejandra, Hommersand, Max H., Ferreira, Paulo C. G. & Maggs, Christine A., 2023, Phylogenetic analysis of the red algal tribe Ceramieae reveals multiple morphological homoplasies but defines new genera, pp. 13-58 in Cryptogamie, Algologie 20 (2) on page 25, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-algologie2023v44a2, http://zenodo.org/record/7938655, {"references":["KYLIN H. 1941. - Californische Rhodophyceen. Lunds Arsskrijt, Ny Foljd, Andra Afdelningen 37: 1 - 51.","CHO T. O., BOO S. M. & HANSEN G. I. 2002. - Structure and reproduction of the genus Ceramium (Ceramiales, Rhodophyta) from Oregon, USA. Phycologia 40: 547 - 71."]}

Campylaephora boydenii (Gepp) Barros-Barreto & Maggs, comb. nov. Ceramium boydenii E.S.Gepp, Journal of Botany, London 42: 164, pl. 460, figs 1-3 (Gepp 1904). HOLOTYPE. — China. Wei-hei-wai, Liu-kung-tao Island. Illustration in Gepp (1904). EPITYPE. — Japan. Sea of Japan, Fukui Prefecture, Echizen, Kuriya, Drift, 5.VII.1971, Hommersand s.n. (epi-, here designated, NCU [NCU-A-0004403]). NOTES In the publication E. S. Gepp did not designate a holotype, but he included (and referred to in the description) an illustration that we designate as the holotype. However, the figures are not very detailed and are not useful for identification. We therefore designate a collection made in Japan by M. Hommersand (specimen NCU-A-0004403) as an epitype. The latter is a very complete specimen, with reproductive structures present, and was the source of tissue for obtaining the DNA sequence data in this study., Published as part of Barros-Barreto, Maria Beatriz, Jaramillo, Maria Alejandra, Hommersand, Max H., Ferreira, Paulo C. G. & Maggs, Christine A., 2023, Phylogenetic analysis of the red algal tribe Ceramieae reveals multiple morphological homoplasies but defines new genera, pp. 13-58 in Cryptogamie, Algologie 20 (2) on page 24, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-algologie2023v44a2, http://zenodo.org/record/7938655, {"references":["GEPP E. S. 1904. - Chinese marine algae. Journal of Botany, London 42: 161 - 166."]}

Yoneshiguea affinis (Setchell & N.L.Gardner) Barros-Barreto, Maggs & M.A.Jaramillo, comb. nov. Ceramium affine Setchell & N.L.Gardner, Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, Series 4, 19: 172 (Setchell & Gardner 1930). TYPE LOCALITY. — Mexico. Baja California, Isla Guadalupe. HOLOTYPE. — Mexico. Baja California, Isla Guadalupe, 25.IV.1924, H.L. Mason no. 36, (holo-, UC [UC2056026]). GENBANK. — DQ458920 (rbc L), MW354769 (COI-5P)., Published as part of Barros-Barreto, Maria Beatriz, Jaramillo, Maria Alejandra, Hommersand, Max H., Ferreira, Paulo C. G. & Maggs, Christine A., 2023, Phylogenetic analysis of the red algal tribe Ceramieae reveals multiple morphological homoplasies but defines new genera, pp. 13-58 in Cryptogamie, Algologie 20 (2) on page 29, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-algologie2023v44a2, http://zenodo.org/record/7938655, {"references":["SETCHELL W. A. & GARDNER N. L. 1930. - Marine algae of the Revillagigedo Islands Expedition in 1925. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, Series 4, 19: 109 - 215."]}

Stirkia interrupta (Setchell & N.L.Gardner) Barros-Barreto & Maggs, comb. nov. Ceramium interruptum Setchell & N.L.Gardner, Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, Series 4, 12: 775, pl. 27, fig. 58 (Setchell & Gardner 1924). TYPE LOCALITY. — United States. California, Eureka, near La Paz. HOLOTYPE. — United States. California, Eureka, near La Paz, V.1917, Marchant no. 78 (holo-, UC)., Published as part of Barros-Barreto, Maria Beatriz, Jaramillo, Maria Alejandra, Hommersand, Max H., Ferreira, Paulo C. G. & Maggs, Christine A., 2023, Phylogenetic analysis of the red algal tribe Ceramieae reveals multiple morphological homoplasies but defines new genera, pp. 13-58 in Cryptogamie, Algologie 20 (2) on page 28, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-algologie2023v44a2, http://zenodo.org/record/7938655, {"references":["SETCHELL W. A. & GARDNER N. L. 1924. - New marine algae from the Gulf of California. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, Series 4, 12: 695 - 949."]}

Stirkia vaga (P.C.Silva) Barros-Barreto & Maggs, comb. nov. Ceramium vagans P.C.Silva, Smithsonian Contributions to Marine Sciences 27: 56 (Silva et al. 1987). Ceramium vagabundum E.Y.Dawson, nom illeg., Pacific Science 11: 121, fig. 27E (as “vagabunde”) (Dawson 1957). TYPE LOCALITY. — Marshall Islands. Eniwetok Atoll, Parry Island. HOLOTYPE. — Marshall Islands. Eniwetok Atoll, Parry Island, 19.VIII.1955, Dawson no. 13620a (holo-, BISH)., Published as part of Barros-Barreto, Maria Beatriz, Jaramillo, Maria Alejandra, Hommersand, Max H., Ferreira, Paulo C. G. & Maggs, Christine A., 2023, Phylogenetic analysis of the red algal tribe Ceramieae reveals multiple morphological homoplasies but defines new genera, pp. 13-58 in Cryptogamie, Algologie 20 (2) on page 29, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-algologie2023v44a2, http://zenodo.org/record/7938655, {"references":["SILVA P. C., MENEZ E. G. & MOE R. L. 1987. - Catalog of the benthic marine algae of the Philippines. Smithsonian Contributions to Marine Sciences 27: 1 - 179.","DAWSON E. Y. 1957. - An annotated list of marine algae from Eniwetok Atoll, Marshall Islands. Pacific Science 11: 92 - 132."]}

Campylaephora kondoi (Yendo) Barros-Barreto & Maggs, comb. nov. Ceramium kondoi Yendo, Botanical Magazine, Tokyo 34: 9 (Yendo 1920). SYNTYPE LOCALITY. — “Hab. in mari Japonia, ad insulam Rishiri, in portu Otaru (Kingo Kondo), portu Hakodate (ipse), prov. Echigo (Nou Fisheries School, no. 12)” (Yendo 1920: 9). LECTOTYPE. — Japan. Hokkaido, Harius (lecto-, designated by Cho et al. [2002: 564], SAP [SAP 67]). NOTES Cho et al. (2002: 564) gave “Harius, Hokkaido, Japan ” as the type locality.

Genus Pseudoceramium Barros-Barreto & Maggs, gen. nov. Terete plants with pseudodichotomous branching and forcipate tips, corticated at the nodes. Cortical development consisting of 7-10 periaxial cells cutting off four cortical initial cells; or cutting of two acropetal cells that laterally form a pseudoperiaxial cell; or two acropetal and two basipetal and a pseudoperiaxial cell. Tetrasporangia originating from periaxial cells uni- or bilaterally, forming 2-3 tetrasporangia covered by cortical cells. TYPE SPECIES. — Pseudoceramium oliveirarum Barros-Barreto, Maggs & M.A.Jaramillo, sp. nov. ETYMOLOGY. — From the Greek pseudes meaning “false”, referring to the pseudoperiaxial cell being cut off laterally from a periaxial cell but then observed in the ring of the periaxial cells., Published as part of Barros-Barreto, Maria Beatriz, Jaramillo, Maria Alejandra, Hommersand, Max H., Ferreira, Paulo C. G. & Maggs, Christine A., 2023, Phylogenetic analysis of the red algal tribe Ceramieae reveals multiple morphological homoplasies but defines new genera, pp. 13-58 in Cryptogamie, Algologie 20 (2) on page 26, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-algologie2023v44a2, http://zenodo.org/record/7938655

Genus Yoneshiguea Barros-Barreto, Maggs & M.A.Jaramillo, gen. nov. Thalli terete with straight apices. Node formed by 4-6 periaxial cells cutting off two acropetal cells. Tetrasporangia formed by periaxial cells, 1-3 per node, naked or partially covered by cortical cells; tetrasporangia unilateral to bilateral (Fig. 1E, K, O). TYPE SPECIES. — Yoneshiguea affinis (Setchell & Gardner) Barros-Barreto, Maggs & M.A.Jaramillo, comb. nov. ETYMOLOGY. — The name was selected to honour a pioneering female Brazilian phycologist, Yocie Yoneshigue-Valentin.

Stirkia brasiliensis (A.B.Joly) Barros-Barreto & Maggs, comb. nov. Ceramium brasiliense A.B.Joly, Boletim da Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras, Universidade de São Paulo, Botânica 14: 148, pl. 18, fig. 1A-D (Joly 1957). TYPE LOCALITY. — Brazil. São Paulo State, Prainha, São Vicente. HOLOTYPE. — Brazil. São Paulo State, Prainha, São Vicente, 20.VII.1955, Joly 24-1955 (holo-, BM [BM000562289])., Published as part of Barros-Barreto, Maria Beatriz, Jaramillo, Maria Alejandra, Hommersand, Max H., Ferreira, Paulo C. G. & Maggs, Christine A., 2023, Phylogenetic analysis of the red algal tribe Ceramieae reveals multiple morphological homoplasies but defines new genera, pp. 13-58 in Cryptogamie, Algologie 20 (2) on page 28, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-algologie2023v44a2, http://zenodo.org/record/7938655, {"references":["JOLY A. B. 1957. - Contribuicao ao conhecimento da flora ficologica marinha da Baia de Santos e Arredores. Boletim da Faculdade de Filosofia da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Botanica 14: 3 - 199."]}

Celeceras pusilla (Harvey) Barros-Barreto & Maggs, comb. nov. Ceramium pusillum Harvey, Phycologia Australica 5: xlvii-xlviii (Harvey 1863). TYPE LOCALITY. — Australia. Victoria, Port Fairy, 38°22’3.19”S, 142°15’26.62”E. LECTOTYPE. — Australia. Victoria, Port Fairy, 38°22’3.19”S, 142°15’26.62”E, Harvey (lecto-, designated by Womersley [1978: 221], TCD[Herb. Harvey, Alg. Aust. Exsicc. 474D]). ISOTYPE. — Australia. Victoria, Port Fairy, 38°22’3.19”S, 142°15’26.62”E (iso-, MEL [MEL 45330])., Published as part of Barros-Barreto, Maria Beatriz, Jaramillo, Maria Alejandra, Hommersand, Max H., Ferreira, Paulo C. G. & Maggs, Christine A., 2023, Phylogenetic analysis of the red algal tribe Ceramieae reveals multiple morphological homoplasies but defines new genera, pp. 13-58 in Cryptogamie, Algologie 20 (2) on page 26, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-algologie2023v44a2, http://zenodo.org/record/7938655, {"references":["HARVEY W. H. 1863. - Phycologia australica: or, a history of Australian seaweeds; comprising coloured figures and descriptions of the more characteristic marine algae of New South Wales, Victoria, Tasmania, South Australia, and Western Australia, and a synopsis of all known Australian algae. Vol. 5. Lovell Reeve, London, 73 p.","WOMERSLEY H. B. S. 1978. - Southern Australian species of Ceramium Roth (Rhodophyta). Marine and Freshwater Research 29 (2): 205 - 257. https: // doi. org / 10.1071 / MF 9780205"]}

Yoneshiguea compta (BØrgesen) Barros-Barreto, Maggs & M.A.Jaramillo, comb. nov. Ceramium comptum BØrgesen, Dansk Botanisk Arkiv 4 (7): 28-29, fig. 10 (BØrgesen 1924). TYPE LOCALITY. — Dominican Republic. Beata Island (Silva et al. 1996: 393). HOLOTYPE. — Dansk Botanisk Arkiv 4 (7): 29, fig.10(BØrgesen 1924).

Genus Stirkia Barros-Barreto & Maggs, gen. nov. Thalli mainly erect, 10-200 mm high, consisting of irregularly branched axes with a wide variation in habit between species.Axes terete, partially to completely corticated, with apices straight to forcipate. Nodes formed by 6-8 periaxial cells each cutting off four cortical initials, two acropetal and two basipetal. Tetrasporangia formed by periaxial cells, unilateral/bilateral to verticillate, 1-3 per node, sometimes in stichidia-like groups immersed in the thalli. The rbc L alignment positions 696- 709 5’ GAACGATATGATCTT 3’ generated in this study. TYPE SPECIES. — Stirkia fujiana (Barros-Barreto & Maggs) Barros-Barreto & Maggs, comb. nov. ETYMOLOGY. — The name Stirkia was chosen to honour Wendy A. Stirk, who worked on growth and morphogenesis of Stirkia juliae (A.Millar) Barros-Barreto & Maggs, comb. nov.

Stirkia horrida (Setchell & N.L.Gardner) Barros-Barreto & Maggs, comb. nov. Ceramium horridum Setchell & N.L.Gardner, Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, Series 4, 12: 777, pl. 26, figs 49, 50, pl. 79 (Setchell & Gardner 1924). TYPE LOCALITY. — Mexico. Sonora, Guaymas. HOLOTYPE. — Mexico. Sonora, Guaymas, V.1917, Marchant no. 91 (holo-, UC [UC1462246])., Published as part of Barros-Barreto, Maria Beatriz, Jaramillo, Maria Alejandra, Hommersand, Max H., Ferreira, Paulo C. G. & Maggs, Christine A., 2023, Phylogenetic analysis of the red algal tribe Ceramieae reveals multiple morphological homoplasies but defines new genera, pp. 13-58 in Cryptogamie, Algologie 20 (2) on page 28, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-algologie2023v44a2, http://zenodo.org/record/7938655, {"references":["SETCHELL W. A. & GARDNER N. L. 1924. - New marine algae from the Gulf of California. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, Series 4, 12: 695 - 949."]}

Stirkia codicola (J.Agardh) Barros-Barreto & Maggs, comb. nov. Ceramium codicola J.Agardh, Lunds Universitets ÅrsSkrift, Andra Afdelningen, Kongl. Fysiografiska Sällskapets i Lund Handlingar 30 (7): 23 (Agardh 1894). Ceramium codiophilum Setchell & N.L.Gardner, Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, Series 4, 22: 89, pl. 8, figs 23, 24 (Setchell & Gardner 1937). TYPE LOCALITY. — United States. California, Santa Cruz. ISOTYPE. — United States. California, Santa Cruz, 36°58’40.0152”N, 122°1’20.244”W, W. G. Farlow LD 20930 (iso-, designated by Cho et al. [2002: 557], UC [UC1859260])., Published as part of Barros-Barreto, Maria Beatriz, Jaramillo, Maria Alejandra, Hommersand, Max H., Ferreira, Paulo C. G. & Maggs, Christine A., 2023, Phylogenetic analysis of the red algal tribe Ceramieae reveals multiple morphological homoplasies but defines new genera, pp. 13-58 in Cryptogamie, Algologie 20 (2) on page 28, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-algologie2023v44a2, http://zenodo.org/record/7938655, {"references":["AGARDH J. G. 1894. - Analecta Algologica, Continuatio II. Lunds Universitets Ars-Skrift, Andra Afdelningen, Kongl. Fysiografiska Sallskapets i Lund Handlingar 30 (7): 1 - 99.","SETCHELL W. A. & GARDNER N. L. 1937. - The Templeton Crocker Expedition of the California Academy of Sciences, 1932. No. 31: A preliminary report on the algae. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, Series 4, 22: 65 - 98.","CHO T. O., BOO S. M. & HANSEN G. I. 2002. - Structure and reproduction of the genus Ceramium (Ceramiales, Rhodophyta) from Oregon, USA. Phycologia 40: 547 - 71."]}

Reinboldiella filicula (Harvey ex Womersley) Barros-Barreto & Maggs, comb. nov. Ceramium filiculum Harvey ex Womersley, Marine and Freshwater Research 29 (2): 238, figs 4E, F, 15 A-E (Womersley 1978). TYPE LOCALITY. — Australia. South Australia, Port Noarlunga. HOLOTYPE. — Australia. South Australia, Port Noarlunga, in low eulittoral pools on offshore reef, on basal leaves of Sargassum lacerifolium (Turner) C.Agardh, 13.III.1977 (holo-, ADU [ADU A47978])., Published as part of Barros-Barreto, Maria Beatriz, Jaramillo, Maria Alejandra, Hommersand, Max H., Ferreira, Paulo C. G. & Maggs, Christine A., 2023, Phylogenetic analysis of the red algal tribe Ceramieae reveals multiple morphological homoplasies but defines new genera, pp. 13-58 in Cryptogamie, Algologie 20 (2) on page 27, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-algologie2023v44a2, http://zenodo.org/record/7938655, {"references":["WOMERSLEY H. B. S. 1978. - Southern Australian species of Ceramium Roth (Rhodophyta). Marine and Freshwater Research 29 (2): 205 - 257. https: // doi. org / 10.1071 / MF 9780205"]}

Carpoblepharis obsoleta (C.Agardh) Barros-Barreto & Maggs, comb. nov. Ceramium obsoletum C.Agardh, Species algarum rite cognitae, cum synonymis, differentiis specificis et descriptionibus succinctis.Voluminis secondi, Sectio prior: 145 (Agardh 1828). TYPE LOCALITY. — South Africa. Cape of Good Hope (Silva et al. 1996: 400). LECTOTYPE. — South Africa. Cape of Good Hope, C.Agardh collection 21490 A, B and C (lecto-, here designated, LD). NOTE The original description does not indicate a type, neither does it mention a specimen that can be designated as holotype. Thus, we designated as lectotype C.Agardh’s collection in Lund Herbarium 21490 A (male plant), B (tetrasporophyte), C (male plant) following Simons 1992 annotations., Published as part of Barros-Barreto, Maria Beatriz, Jaramillo, Maria Alejandra, Hommersand, Max H., Ferreira, Paulo C. G. & Maggs, Christine A., 2023, Phylogenetic analysis of the red algal tribe Ceramieae reveals multiple morphological homoplasies but defines new genera, pp. 13-58 in Cryptogamie, Algologie 20 (2) on page 25, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-algologie2023v44a2, http://zenodo.org/record/7938655, {"references":["AGARDH C. A. 1828. - Species algarum rite cognitae, cum synonymis, differentiis specificis et descriptionibus succinctis. Vol. 2. Sect. 1. Ernst Mauritius, Leipzig, 189 p.","SILVA P. C., BASSON P. W. & MOE R. L. 1996. - Catalogue of the benthic marine algae of the Indian Ocean. University of California Publications in Botany 79: 1 - 1259."]}

Pseudoceramium tenerrimum (G.Martens) Barros-Barreto & Maggs, comb. nov. Ceramium tenerrimum (G.Martens) Okamura, Icones of Japanese Algae IV: 112-114, pl. 179, figs 1-7 (Okamura 1921). — Basionym: Hormoceras tenerrimum G.Martens, Die Tange. Die Preussische Expedition nach Ost-Asien. Nach Theil, Botanischer Theil: 146, pl. VIII, fig. 2 (Martens 1868). TYPE LOCALITY. — Japan. Nagasaki. HOLOTYPE. — Japan. Nagasaki, IV.1861.

Pseudoceramium brevizonatum (H.E.Petersen) Barros-Barreto & Maggs, comb. nov. Ceramium brevizonatum H.E.Petersen in Schmidt, Report on the Danish Oceanographic expeditions 1908-1910 to the Mediterranean and adjacent seas 2: 14, figs 8, 9 (Petersen 1918). SYNTYPE LOCALITIES. — Algeria. Algiers. France. Menton. SYNTYPES. — Silva et al. 1996: 390., Published as part of Barros-Barreto, Maria Beatriz, Jaramillo, Maria Alejandra, Hommersand, Max H., Ferreira, Paulo C. G. & Maggs, Christine A., 2023, Phylogenetic analysis of the red algal tribe Ceramieae reveals multiple morphological homoplasies but defines new genera, pp. 13-58 in Cryptogamie, Algologie 20 (2) on page 26, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-algologie2023v44a2, http://zenodo.org/record/7938655, {"references":["PETERSEN P. E. 1918. - Algae (excl. calcareous algae). Report on the Danish Oceanographic expeditions 1908 - 1910 to the Mediterranean and adjacent seas. Vol. 2. Copenhagen, 20 p.","SILVA P. C., BASSON P. W. & MOE R. L. 1996. - Catalogue of the benthic marine algae of the Indian Ocean. University of California Publications in Botany 79: 1 - 1259."]}

Barros-Barreto, Maria Beatriz, Jaramillo, Maria Alejandra, Hommersand, Max H., Ferreira, Paulo C. G., Maggs, Christine A. (2023): Phylogenetic analysis of the red algal tribe Ceramieae reveals multiple morphological homoplasies but defines new genera. Cryptogamie, Algologie 20 (2): 13-58, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-algologie2023v44a2, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/cryptogamie-algologie2023v44a2

Pseudoceramium paniculatum (Okamura) Barros-Barreto & Maggs, comb. nov. Ceramium paniculatum Okamura, Icones of Japanese algae IV: 114, pl. 179, figs 8-16 (Okamura 1921). TYPE LOCALITY. — Japan. Iwaki Province, Kamahara. HOLOTYPE. — Japan. Iwaki Province, Kamahara, M. K. Nemoto (holo-, SAP [Herb. Okamura, Alg. Jap. Exsic. n. 2]!)., Published as part of Barros-Barreto, Maria Beatriz, Jaramillo, Maria Alejandra, Hommersand, Max H., Ferreira, Paulo C. G. & Maggs, Christine A., 2023, Phylogenetic analysis of the red algal tribe Ceramieae reveals multiple morphological homoplasies but defines new genera, pp. 13-58 in Cryptogamie, Algologie 20 (2) on page 27, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-algologie2023v44a2, http://zenodo.org/record/7938655, {"references":["OKAMURA K. 1921. - Icones of Japanese algae. Vol. IV: 63 - 149."]}

Stirkia juliae (A.Millar) Barros-Barreto & Maggs, comb. nov. Ceramium juliae A.Millar, Australian Systematic Botany 15: 494, figs 1-12 (2002). TYPE LOCALITY. — Australia. New South Wales, Honeysuckle Point, Twofold Bay. HOLOTYPE. — Australia. New South Wales, Honeysuckle Point, Twofold Bay, 15 m deep, 37°05’57”S, 149°56’21”E, 4.II.1992, A. Millar s.n. (holo-, NSW [NSW605422], slide 12-97)., Published as part of Barros-Barreto, Maria Beatriz, Jaramillo, Maria Alejandra, Hommersand, Max H., Ferreira, Paulo C. G. & Maggs, Christine A., 2023, Phylogenetic analysis of the red algal tribe Ceramieae reveals multiple morphological homoplasies but defines new genera, pp. 13-58 in Cryptogamie, Algologie 20 (2) on page 28, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-algologie2023v44a2, http://zenodo.org/record/7938655

Celeceras novae-zelandiae (J.Agardh) Barros-Barreto & Maggs, comb. nov. Microcladia novae-zelandiae J.Agardh, Lunds Universitets Arsskrift Andra Afdelningen, Kongl. Fysiografiska Sällskapets i Lund Handlingar 33 (9): 35 (Agardh 1897). TYPE LOCALITY. — New Zealand. South Island, Clair, Dunedin. HOLOTYPE. — New Zealand. South Island, Clair, Dunedin, 25.XII.1896, J. C. Smith, Herb. Agardh 21963 (holo-, LD [LD 2100380])., Published as part of Barros-Barreto, Maria Beatriz, Jaramillo, Maria Alejandra, Hommersand, Max H., Ferreira, Paulo C. G. & Maggs, Christine A., 2023, Phylogenetic analysis of the red algal tribe Ceramieae reveals multiple morphological homoplasies but defines new genera, pp. 13-58 in Cryptogamie, Algologie 20 (2) on page 25, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-algologie2023v44a2, http://zenodo.org/record/7938655, {"references":["AGARDH J. G. 1897. - Analecta Algologica, Continuato IV. Lunds Universitets Arsskrift Andra Afdelningen, Kongl. Fysiografiska Sallskapets i Lund Handlingar 33 (9): 1 - 106."]}

Stirkia pacifica (Collins) Barros-Barreto & Maggs, comb. nov. Ceramium pacificum (Collins) Kylin, Lunds Universitets Årsskrift, Ny Följd, Andra Afdelningen 21 (9): 65 (Kylin 1925). — Basionym: Ceramium rubrum var. pacificum Collins, Geological Survey. Victoria Memorial Museum, Bulletin 1: 125 (Collins 1913). Ceramium washingtoniense Kylin, Lunds Universitets Årsskrift, Ny Följd, Andra Afdelningen 21 (9): 62 (Kylin 1925). — Type: United States. Washington, False Bay, San Juan Island, 24.VII.1924, H. Kylin (LD [LD 1265409]). TYPE LOCALITY. — United States. Monterey, California (Cho et al. 2002: 565). LECTOTYPE. — United States. Monterey, California (lecto-, designated by Cho et al. [2002: 565], FH)., Published as part of Barros-Barreto, Maria Beatriz, Jaramillo, Maria Alejandra, Hommersand, Max H., Ferreira, Paulo C. G. & Maggs, Christine A., 2023, Phylogenetic analysis of the red algal tribe Ceramieae reveals multiple morphological homoplasies but defines new genera, pp. 13-58 in Cryptogamie, Algologie 20 (2) on pages 28-29, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-algologie2023v44a2, http://zenodo.org/record/7938655, {"references":["KYLIN H. 1925. - The marine red algae in the vicinity of of the Biological Station at Friday Harbor, Wash. Lunds Universitets Arsskrift, Ny Foljd, Andra Afdelningen 21 (9): 1 - 87.","COLLINS F. S. 1913. - The marine algae of Vancouver Island. Geological Survey. Victoria Memorial Museum, Bulletin 1: 99 - 137.","CHO T. O., BOO S. M. & HANSEN G. I. 2002. - Structure and reproduction of the genus Ceramium (Ceramiales, Rhodophyta) from Oregon, USA. Phycologia 40: 547 - 71."]}

Pseudoceramium inkyui (T.O.Cho, Fredericq & S.M.Boo) Barros-Barreto & Maggs, comb. nov. Ceramium inkyui T.O.Cho, S.Fredericq & S.M.Boo, Journal of Phycology 39: 237, figs 2-6 (Cho et al. 2003). TYPE LOCALITY. — South Korea. Kyungju, on cliff below the lighthouse in Gampo. HOLOTYPE (TETRASPOROPHYTE). — South Korea. Kyungju, on cliff below the lighthouse in Gampo, 8.IX.1999 (holo-, CNUK [CNUK c000215])., Published as part of Barros-Barreto, Maria Beatriz, Jaramillo, Maria Alejandra, Hommersand, Max H., Ferreira, Paulo C. G. & Maggs, Christine A., 2023, Phylogenetic analysis of the red algal tribe Ceramieae reveals multiple morphological homoplasies but defines new genera, pp. 13-58 in Cryptogamie, Algologie 20 (2) on page 27, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-algologie2023v44a2, http://zenodo.org/record/7938655, {"references":["CHO T. O., FREDERICQ S. & BOO S. M. 2003. - Ceramium inkyuii sp. nov. (Ceramiaceae, Rhodophyta) from Korea: A new species based on morphological and molecular evidence. Journal of Phycology 39: 236 - 47."]}

Pseudoceramium clarionense (Setchell & N.L.Gardner) Barros-Barreto & Maggs, comb. nov. Ceramium clarionense Setchell & N.L.Gardner, Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, Series 4, 19: 170, pl. 7, figs 25-27 (Setchell & Gardner 1930). TYPE LOCALITY. — Mexico. Revillagigedo Archipelago, Isla Clarión. HOLOTYPE. — Mexico. Revillagigedo Archipelago, Isla Clarión, VI.1925, H.L. Mason no. 75 (holo-, CAS [CAS 173620])., Published as part of Barros-Barreto, Maria Beatriz, Jaramillo, Maria Alejandra, Hommersand, Max H., Ferreira, Paulo C. G. & Maggs, Christine A., 2023, Phylogenetic analysis of the red algal tribe Ceramieae reveals multiple morphological homoplasies but defines new genera, pp. 13-58 in Cryptogamie, Algologie 20 (2) on page 27, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-algologie2023v44a2, http://zenodo.org/record/7938655, {"references":["SETCHELL W. A. & GARDNER N. L. 1930. - Marine algae of the Revillagigedo Islands Expedition in 1925. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, Series 4, 19: 109 - 215."]}

Pseudoceramium oliveirarum Barros-Barreto, Maggs & M.A.Jaramillo, gen. nov., sp. nov. Plants mainly erect, 10-200 mm high, pseudodichotomously branched. Axes partially corticated, with apices strongly forcipate.Nodes formed by 8-9 periaxial cells each cutting off laterally 1-2 pseudoperiaxial cells. Periaxial cells also cut off two acropetal cells. Tetrasporangia formed by periaxial cells, unilateral/bilateral to verticillate, 1-3 per node, partially covered by cortical cells. TYPE LOCALITY. — Brazil. Espírito Santo, Costão, Itapemirim. HOLOTYPE. — Brazil. Espírito Santo, Costão, Itapemirim, 04.III.2004, M. B. Barreto no. 47 (holo-, RB [RB 420029]). GENBANK. — DQ458932 (rbc L), MW354756 (LSU), MW354770 (COI-5P). ETYMOLOGY. — The epithet oliveirarum was chosen to honour Eurico Cabral de Oliveira Filho and Mariana Cabral de Oliveira, father and daughter who are exemplary Brazilian phycologists. NOTES This new species circumscribes a previously known taxon, widely distributed on the Brazilian coasts, usually identified as Ceramium brevizonatum var. caraibicum. Detailed morphology and distribution are shown in Barros-Barreto & Yoneshigue-Valentin (2001) and Barros-Barreto et al. (2006). Its main morphological character is the node formed of 1-2 acropetal cells layers, 3-16 µm high, and periaxial cells cutting off 1-2 pseudoperiaxial cells 14-32 µm high. Axial cells are 60-140 µm in diameter and 42-142 µm high; 1-2 protruding unilateral tetrahedral tetrasporangia are partially covered by cortical cells 40-80 µm in diameter. This species is erected because it differs from Ceramium brevizonatum H.E.Petersen in having pseudoperiaxial cells and has a 3-4% genetic divergence for rbc L., Published as part of Barros-Barreto, Maria Beatriz, Jaramillo, Maria Alejandra, Hommersand, Max H., Ferreira, Paulo C. G. & Maggs, Christine A., 2023, Phylogenetic analysis of the red algal tribe Ceramieae reveals multiple morphological homoplasies but defines new genera, pp. 13-58 in Cryptogamie, Algologie 20 (2) on page 26, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-algologie2023v44a2, http://zenodo.org/record/7938655, {"references":["BARROS-BARRETO M. B. & YONESHIGUE-VALENTIN Y. 2001. - Aspectos morfologicos do genero Ceramium (Ceramiaceae, Rhodophyta) no Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Hoehnea 28: 77 - 110.","BARROS-BARRETO M. B., MCIVOR L., MAGGS C. A. & GOMES FERREIRA P. C. 2006. - Molecular systematics of Ceramium and Centroceras (Ceramiaceae, Rhodophyta) from Brazil. Journal of Phycology 42 (4): 905 - 921. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1529 - 8817.2006.00237. x"]}

Campylaephora sungminbooi (J.R.Hughey & G.H.Boo) Barros-Barreto & Maggs, comb. nov. Ceramium sungminbooi J.R.Hughey & G.H.Boo, Botanica Marina 59 (4): 215, figs 1-5 (21-16) (Hughey & Boo 2016). TYPE LOCALITY. — South Korea. Jindo, Hoedong, 34°25’20.6”N, 126°20’50.5”E (Hughey & Boo 2016: 215). HOLOTYPE (TETRASPOROPHYTE). — South Korea. Jindo, Hoedong, 34°25’20.6”N, 126°20’50.5”E, attached to pebbles on the mudflat, 28.II.2002, S.M. Boo, G.Y. Cho & E.C. Yang s.n. (holo-, CNUK [CNU065811]). ISOTYPES. — South Korea. Jindo, Hoedong, 34°25’20.6”N, 126°20’50.5”E, 28.II.2002 (iso-, CNUK [CNU065809, CNU065810])., Published as part of Barros-Barreto, Maria Beatriz, Jaramillo, Maria Alejandra, Hommersand, Max H., Ferreira, Paulo C. G. & Maggs, Christine A., 2023, Phylogenetic analysis of the red algal tribe Ceramieae reveals multiple morphological homoplasies but defines new genera, pp. 13-58 in Cryptogamie, Algologie 20 (2) on page 25, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-algologie2023v44a2, http://zenodo.org/record/7938655, {"references":["HUGHEY J. R. & BOO G. H. 2016. - Genomic and phylogenetic analysis of Ceramium cimbricum (Ceramiales, Rhodophyta) from the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans supports the naming of a new invasive Pacific entity Ceramium sungminbooi sp. nov. Botanica Marina 59 (4): 211 - 222. https: // doi. org / 10.1515 / bot- 2016 - 0036"]}

Stirkia sinicola (Setchell & N.L.Gardner) Barros-Barreto & Maggs, comb. nov. Ceramium sinicola Setchell & N.L.Gardner, Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, Series 4, 12: 773, pl. 25, figs 40, 41, pl. 75 (Setchell & Gardner 1924). TYPE LOCALITY. — Mexico. Baja California, Ensenada Bay. HOLOTYPE. — Mexico. Baja California, Ensenada Bay, 7.IV.1921, Ivan M. Johnston no. 67b (holo-, UC [UC1859340])., Published as part of Barros-Barreto, Maria Beatriz, Jaramillo, Maria Alejandra, Hommersand, Max H., Ferreira, Paulo C. G. & Maggs, Christine A., 2023, Phylogenetic analysis of the red algal tribe Ceramieae reveals multiple morphological homoplasies but defines new genera, pp. 13-58 in Cryptogamie, Algologie 20 (2) on page 29, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-algologie2023v44a2, http://zenodo.org/record/7938655, {"references":["SETCHELL W. A. & GARDNER N. L. 1924. - New marine algae from the Gulf of California. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, Series 4, 12: 695 - 949."]}

Although amphibian consumption by humans has been reported globally, this practice is not well studied despite its direct implications to the decline of amphibian populations. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) recognizes the need to document the use and trade of species to be considered in assessing their extinction risk. Here the consumption of Duellmanohyla ignicolor tadpoles is documented. It is a micro endemic species categorized as Near Threatened (NT) consumed in a traditional dish called “caldo de piedra” (stone soup) prepared by the Chinantec people (Tsa Ju Jmí’) in Oaxaca, Mexico. Through conversations with local people and stream monitoring, the behavior of tadpoles of this species was documented and aspects of their exploitation and habitat use described. Places where caldo de piedra is still consumed were determined and using a spatial analysis with Geographic Information Systems, the distribution of the species in relation to those localities was analyzed. A number of other areas where tadpoles of this species might also occur and be exploited is predicted. In conclusion, the school behaviour, surface feeding, and the preference for deeper waterbodies that these tadpoles exhibit makes them vulnerable to being caught in large quantities. As they are consumed locally, are not commercialized, and the species distribution range is wider than caldo de piedra consumption, this implies a low risk for their populations. However, the tadpoles’ reliance on streams with depths x̄ = 60 cm and flux x̄ = 0.65 m/s reduces the availability of sites for their optimal development.

Mexico is a megadiverse country with high endemicity in its herpetofauna. We examine how species richness, proportion of state and country endemic species, and proportion of species in a category of conservation concern using listings in the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List and the Secretaría del Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales (SEMARNAT) in 27 of 32 Mexican states are related to environmental and human demographic and socioeconomic variables. Amphibian and reptile species richness were positively related to latitude range and number of physiographic regions and negatively related to latitude. The proportion of state endemic amphibian species in a state was negatively related to latitude whereas no variables influenced the proportion in reptiles. The proportion of country endemics in a state was positively related to human population density and the number of physiographic regions and negatively related to per capita gross domestic product (GDP) and latitude range for amphibians; it was positively related to human population density and elevation range and negatively related to latitude range for reptiles. The proportion of amphibian species in an IUCN category of concern in a state was positively related to human population density and negatively related to latitude; for reptiles, it was negatively related to human population density. The proportion of SEMARNAT-listed species in a state was positively related to human population density for both amphibians and reptiles and negatively related to latitude range for amphibians. Our analyses found that larger macroecological patterns (e.g., latitudinal species gradient, heterogeneity-richness relationships) and human population density play important roles in determining the richness and conservation status of Mexican amphibians and reptiles.