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Background: Over the past decades, the analysis metabolic connectivity patterns has received significant attention in exploring the underlying mechanism of human behaviors, and the neural underpinnings of brain neurological disorders. Brain network can be considered a powerful tool and play an important role in the analysis and understanding of brain metabolic patterns. With the advantages and emergence of metabolic-based network analysis, this study aims to systematically review how brain properties, under various conditions, can be studied using Fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography (FDG-PET) images and graph theory, as well as applications of this approach. Additionally, this study provides a brief summary of graph metrics and their uses in studying and diagnosing different types of brain disorders using FDG-PET images. Main body: In this study, we used several databases in Web of Science including Web of Science Core Collection, MEDLINE to search for related studies from 1980 up to the present, focusing on FDG-PET images and graph theory. From 68 articles that matched our keywords, we selected 28 for a full review in order to find out the most recent findings and trends. Our results reveal that graph theory and its applications in analyzing metabolic connectivity patterns have attracted the attention of researchers since 2015. While most of the studies are focusing on group-level based analysis, there is a growing trend in individual-based network analysis. Although metabolic connectivity can be applied to both neurological and psychiatric disorders, the majority of studies concentrate on neurological disorders, particularly Alzheimer's Disease and Parkinson's Disease. Most of the findings focus on changes in brain network topology, including brain segregation and integration. Conclusion: This review provides an insight into how graph theory can be used to study metabolic connectivity patterns under various conditions including neurological and psychiatric disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Oropharyngeal carcinomas are characterized by an increasing incidence and a relatively good prognosis. Nonetheless, a considerable number of patients develops metachronous distant metastases; identification of these patients is an urgent medical need. Methods This is a retrospective multicenter evaluation of 431 patients. All patients underwent [18F]-FDG positron emission tomography (PET). The cohort was split into an explorative group (n = 366) and a validation group (n = 65). Lesions were manually delineated in the explorative group and automatically delineated by a convolutional neuronal network (CNN) in the validation group. Quantitative PET parameters standardized uptake value (SUV), metabolic tumor volume (MTV), and total lesion glycolysis (TLG) were calculated for primary tumors (prim) and tumor plus lymphnodes (all). Association of parameters with freedom from distant metastases (FFDM) and overall survival (OS) was tested by cox regression analyses. Results In the explorative group, univariate analyses revealed an association of metric MTVprim (p = 0.022), MTVall (p

Background: Myocardial viability is utilized in the decision-making process for suitability of revascularization in patients with coronary artery disease and depressed left ventricular (LV) function. Aims: The aim of this study was to compare the accuracy of dobutamine stress echocardiography (DSE) with the 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (18F-FDG PET) for the identification of viable myocardium in patients with previous myocardial infarction and LV dysfunction. Settings and Design: This was a prospective observational study done at Nizam’s Institute of Medical Sciences. Materials and Methods: Patients with coronary artery disease with previous myocardial infarction with significant LV dysfunction were included in the study. Statistical Analysis: Categorical variables were presented in number and percentage (%), and continuous variables were presented as mean ± standard deviation. Student’s paired t-test was applied to test the difference between the outcomes of 18F-FDG PET and dobutamine stress echo. The statistical software SPSS 17.0 version was used in the analysis of the data. Results: In our study population, the mean LV ejection fraction was 35.1%. A total of 800 myocardial segments were evaluated with resting two-dimensional echocardiography examination, of which 250 (31.2%) were normal and 550 (68.8%) were abnormal segments. The dysfunctional 550 segments were further assessed with DSE followed by 18F-FDG PET. In our study, 453 segments were viable on 18F-FDG PET and 407 segments viable on DSE (P = 0.001). Viability was detected by both modalities in 88.1% and discordance in 11.9% of segments. These results yielded a positive predictive value of 97.8% and negative predictive value of 61.1% of DSE. Conclusions: On considering 18F-FDG PET a gold standard for detection of viable myocardial segments, DSE has shown a sensitivity of 87.6% and specificity of 90.7%. Thus, DSE can be used as a good alternate to 18F-FDG PET where facility for FDG PET is not available. However, patients detected to have nonviable dysfunctional segments on DSE can be evaluated further with 18F-FDG PET for confirmation of viability.

Background: Myocardial viability is utilized in the decision-making process for suitability of revascularization in patients with coronary artery disease and depressed left ventricular (LV) function. Aims: The aim of this study was to compare the accuracy of dobutamine stress echocardiography (DSE) with the 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (18F-FDG PET) for the identification of viable myocardium in patients with previous myocardial infarction and LV dysfunction. Settings and Design: This was a prospective observational study done at Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences. Materials and Methods: Patients with coronary artery disease with previous myocardial infarction with significant LV dysfunction were included in the study. Statistical Analysis: Categorical variables were presented in number and percentage (%), and continuous variables were presented as mean ± standard deviation. Student's paired t -test was applied to test the difference between the outcomes of 18F-FDG PET and dobutamine stress echo. The statistical software SPSS 17.0 version was used in the analysis of the data. Results: In our study population, the mean LV ejection fraction was 35.1%. A total of 800 myocardial segments were evaluated with resting two-dimensional echocardiography examination, of which 250 (31.2%) were normal and 550 (68.8%) were abnormal segments. The dysfunctional 550 segments were further assessed with DSE followed by 18F-FDG PET. In our study, 453 segments were viable on 18F-FDG PET and 407 segments viable on DSE (P = 0.001). Viability was detected by both modalities in 88.1% and discordance in 11.9% of segments. These results yielded a positive predictive value of 97.8% and negative predictive value of 61.1% of DSE. Conclusions: On considering 18F-FDG PET a gold standard for detection of viable myocardial segments, DSE has shown a sensitivity of 87.6% and specificity of 90.7%. Thus, DSE can be used as a good alternate to 18F-FDG PET where facility for FDG PET is not available. However, patients detected to have nonviable dysfunctional segments on DSE can be evaluated further with 18F-FDG PET for confirmation of viability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

INTRODUCTION: Brain glucose hypometabolism, indexed by the fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography ([18F]FDG‐PET) imaging, is a metabolic signature of Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the underlying biological pathways involved in these metabolic changes remain elusive. METHODS: Here, we integrated [18F]FDG‐PET images with blood and hippocampal transcriptomic data from cognitively unimpaired (CU, n = 445) and cognitively impaired (CI, n = 749) individuals using modular dimension reduction techniques and voxel‐wise linear regression analysis. RESULTS: Our results showed that multiple transcriptomic modules are associated with brain [18F]FDG‐PET metabolism, with the top hits being a protein serine/threonine kinase activity gene cluster (peak‐t(223) = 4.86, P value < 0.001) and zinc‐finger–related regulatory units (peak‐t(223) = 3.90, P value < 0.001). DISCUSSION: By integrating transcriptomics with PET imaging data, we identified that serine/threonine kinase activity–associated genes and zinc‐finger–related regulatory units are highly associated with brain metabolic changes in AD. Highlights: We conducted an integrated analysis of system‐based transcriptomics and fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography ([18F]FDG‐PET) at the voxel level in Alzheimer's disease (AD).The biological process of serine/threonine kinase activity was the most associated with [18F]FDG‐PET in the AD brain.Serine/threonine kinase activity alterations are associated with brain vulnerable regions in AD [18F]FDG‐PET.Zinc‐finger transcription factor targets were associated with AD brain [18F]FDG‐PET metabolism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Fluorine-18 Fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography (18F-FDG PET) represents a valuable functional molecular imaging technique. Through non-invasive means, 18F-FDG PET allows for the assessment of glucose metabolic activity in living biological systems. Its utility in oncology is well established, with applications in tumor diagnosis, staging, and treatment monitoring. The purpose of this study is to conduct a literature review assessing the indicative value and effect on the clinical management of 18F-FDG PET/CT for various cancer types based on the current literature. Materials and Methods: An inclusive search of the PubMed, Google Scholar, and Science Direct databases was performed to identify relevant studies published from 2022 to the present. Records were screened according to predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. A full-text review of the eligible studies was independently conducted by two reviewers. Results: Twenty-one primary research articles met the inclusion criteria and encompassed several cancer types. Evidence demonstrates superior detection, characterization, and staging compared with anatomical imaging alone. Advantages have been substantiated for head/neck, lung, and brain cancers, as well as lymphomas. The significant associations between 18F-FDG uptake and clinical features validated the molecular profiling capacity. Conclusion: 18F-FDG PET provides crucial metabolic tumor information, augmenting conventional approaches. Specific diagnostic values have been established for diverse oncological applications. While technical refinements are ongoing, 18F-FDG PET plays an expanding role in multimodal cancer algorithms according to guidelines. Continued investigation aims to further optimize these techniques and clarify their comparative effectiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Progressive apraxia of speech (PAOS) is a neurodegenerative motor-speech disorder that most commonly arises from a four-repeat tauopathy. Recent studies have established that progressive apraxia of speech is not a homogenous disease but rather there are distinct subtypes: the phonetic subtype is characterized by distorted sound substitutions, the prosodic subtype by slow and segmented speech and the mixed subtype by a combination of both but lack of predominance of either. There is some evidence that cross-sectional patterns of neurodegeneration differ across subtypes, although it is unknown whether longitudinal patterns of neurodegeneration differ. We examined longitudinal patterns of atrophy on MRI, hypometabolism on 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose-PET and tau uptake on flortaucipir-PET in a large cohort of subjects with PAOS that had been followed for many years. Ninety-one subjects with PAOS (51 phonetic, 40 prosodic) were recruited by the Neurodegenerative Research Group. Of these, 54 (27 phonetic, 27 prosodic) returned for annual follow-up, with up to seven longitudinal visits (total visits analysed = 217). Volumes, metabolism and flortaucipir uptake were measured for subcortical and cortical regions, for all scans. Bayesian hierarchical models were used to model longitudinal change across imaging modalities with PAOS subtypes being compared at baseline, 4 years from baseline, and in terms of rates of change. The phonetic group showed smaller volumes and worse metabolism in Broca's area and the striatum at baseline and after 4 years, and faster rates of change in these regions, compared with the prosodic group. There was also evidence of faster spread of hypometabolism and flortaucipir uptake into the temporal and parietal lobes in the phonetic group. In contrast, the prosodic group showed smaller cerebellar dentate, midbrain, substantia nigra and thalamus volumes at baseline and after 4 years, as well as faster rates of atrophy, than the phonetic group. Greater hypometabolism and flortaucipir uptake were also observed in the cerebellar dentate and substantia nigra in the prosodic group. Mixed findings were observed in the supplementary motor area and precentral cortex, with no clear differences observed across phonetic and prosodic groups. These findings support different patterns of disease spread in PAOS subtypes, with corticostriatal patterns in the phonetic subtype and brainstem and thalamic patterns in the prosodic subtype, providing insight into the pathophysiology and heterogeneity of PAOS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given the prevalence of dementia and the development of pathology-specific disease-modifying therapies, high-value biomarker strategies to inform medical decision-making are critical. In vivo tau-PET is an ideal target as a biomarker for Alzheimer's disease diagnosis and treatment outcome measure. However, tau-PET is not currently widely accessible to patients compared to other neuroimaging methods. In this study, we present a convolutional neural network (CNN) model that imputes tau-PET images from more widely available cross-modality imaging inputs. Participants (n = 1192) with brain T1-weighted MRI (T1w), fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG)-PET, amyloid-PET and tau-PET were included. We found that a CNN model can impute tau-PET images with high accuracy, the highest being for the FDG-based model followed by amyloid-PET and T1w. In testing implications of artificial intelligence-imputed tau-PET, only the FDG-based model showed a significant improvement of performance in classifying tau positivity and diagnostic groups compared to the original input data, suggesting that application of the model could enhance the utility of the metabolic images. The interpretability experiment revealed that the FDG- and T1w-based models utilized the non-local input from physically remote regions of interest to estimate the tau-PET, but this was not the case for the Pittsburgh compound B-based model. This implies that the model can learn the distinct biological relationship between FDG-PET, T1w and tau-PET from the relationship between amyloid-PET and tau-PET. Our study suggests that extending neuroimaging's use with artificial intelligence to predict protein specific pathologies has great potential to inform emerging care models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (18F-FDG PET) represents a valuable functional molecular imaging technique. Through non-invasive means, 18F-FDG PET allows for the assessment of glucose metabolic activity in living biological systems. Its utility in oncology is well established, with applications in tumor diagnosis, staging, and treatment monitoring. The purpose of this study is to conduct a systematic review assessing the indicative value and effect on the clinical management of 18F-FDG PET/CT for various cancer types based on the current literature. Materials and Methods: An inclusive search of the PubMed, Google Scholar, and Science Direct databases was performed to identify relevant studies published from 2022 to the present. Records were screened according to predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. A full-text review of the eligible studies was independently conducted by two reviewers. Results: Twenty-one primary research articles met the inclusion criteria and encompassed several cancer types. Evidence demonstrates superior detection, characterization, and staging compared with anatomical imaging alone. Advantages have been substantiated for head/neck, lung, and brain cancers, as well as lymphomas. The significant associations between 18F-FDG uptake and clinical features validated the molecular profiling capacity. Conclusion: 18F-FDG PET provides crucial metabolic tumor information, augmenting conventional approaches. Specific diagnostic values have been established for diverse oncological applications. While technical refinements are ongoing, 18F-FDG PET plays an expanding role in multimodal cancer algorithms according to guidelines. Continued investigation aims to further optimize these techniques and clarify their comparative effectiveness.

BackgroundConcordance between cortical atrophy and cortical glucose hypometabolism within distributed brain networks was evaluated among cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarker-defined amyloid/tau/neurodegeneration (A/T/N) groups.MethodWe computed correlations between cortical thickness and fluorodeoxyglucose metabolism within 12 functional brain networks. Differences among A/T/N groups (biomarker normal [BN], Alzheimer's disease [AD] continuum, suspected non-AD pathologic change [SNAP]) in network concordance and relationships to longitudinal change in cognition were assessed.ResultsNetwork-wise markers of concordance distinguish SNAP subjects from BN subjects within the posterior multimodal and language networks. AD-continuum subjects showed increased concordance in 9/12 networks assessed compared to BN subjects, as well as widespread atrophy and hypometabolism. Baseline network concordance was associated with longitudinal change in a composite memory variable in both SNAP and AD-continuum subjects.ConclusionsOur novel study investigates the interrelationships between atrophy and hypometabolism across brain networks in A/T/N groups, helping disentangle the structure-function relationships that contribute to both clinical outcomes and diagnostic uncertainty in AD.

INTRODUCTION: Poor sleep quality is associated with cognitive outcomes in Alzheimer's disease (AD). We analyzed the associations between self‐reported sleep quality and brain structure and function in cognitively unimpaired (CU) individuals. METHODS: CU adults (N = 339) underwent structural magnetic resonance imaging, lumbar puncture, and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) questionnaire. A subset (N = 295) performed [18F] fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography scans. Voxel‐wise associations with gray matter volumes (GMv) and cerebral glucose metabolism (CMRGlu) were performed including interactions with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) AD biomarkers status. RESULTS: Poorer sleep quality was associated with lower GMv and CMRGlu in the orbitofrontal and cingulate cortices independently of AD pathology. Self‐reported sleep quality interacted with altered core AD CSF biomarkers in brain areas known to be affected in preclinical AD stages. DISCUSSION: Poor sleep quality may impact brain structure and function independently from AD pathology. Alternatively, AD‐related neurodegeneration in areas involved in sleep–wake regulation may induce or worsen sleep disturbances. Highlights: Poor sleep impacts brain structure and function independent of Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology.Poor sleep exacerbates brain changes observed in preclinical AD.Sleep is an appealing therapeutic strategy for preventing AD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report a 58-year-old male with a histopathologically proven grade 2 (G2) pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasm and multiple abdominal node metastases by use of a laparoscopic pancreatic body and tail resection procedure, plus abdominal lymph node dissection. A primary pancreatic tail neuroendocrine tumor sized 20 × 25 mm was detected by contrast-enhanced computed tomography, somatostatin receptor scintigraphy (SRS), and fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) examinations and pathologically diagnosed as a pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor (PNET, G2) based on positive immunostaining for somatostatin receptor (SSTR) type 2. Of three metastatic histopathological lymph nodes, two measured 18 × 21 and 10 × 12 mm, respectively, with whole strong SSTR immunostaining showing moderate uptake in SRS findings, whereas the other node, sized 8 × 10 mm, had strong SSTR immunostaining only in a small 6 × 6-mm-sized portion and showed no uptake in SRS findings, likely because of the limited spatial resolution of scintigraphy. On the other hand, only the largest node (18 × 21 mm) was visualized by FDG-PET. SRS may be useful for metastatic lymph node diagnosis based on SSTR immunostaining, though a disadvantage is the spatial resolution limitation.

Background: New diagnostic criteria of Progressive Supranuclear Palsy (PSP) have highlighted the interest of Eye Movement Records (EMR) at the early stage of the disease. Objectives: To investigate the metabolic brain correlates of ocular motor dysfunction using [18F] Fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography (FDG-PET) in early PSP. Methods: Retrospective observational descriptive study on longitudinal data with patients who underwent EMR and FDG-PET at the stage of suggestive and possible PSP according to Movement Disorders Society criteria. Longitudinal follow-up enables to confirm diagnosis of probable PSP. Using the Statistical Parametric Mapping software, we performed whole-brain voxel-based correlations between oculomotor variables and FDG-PET metabolism. Results: Thirty-seven patients with early PSP who fulfilled criteria of probable PSP during the follow-up were included. Decrease in the gain of vertical saccades correlated with reduced metabolism in Superior Colliculi (SC). We also found a positive correlation between mean velocity of horizontal saccades and SC metabolism as well as dorsal nuclei in the pons. Finally, increase in horizontal saccades latencies correlated with decrease of posterior parietal metabolism. Conclusions: These findings suggest the early involvement of SC in saccadic dysfunction in the course of PSP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction We report a rare case of abdominal wall abscess caused by ileal diverticulitis that developed along the midline below the umbilicus and resembled a urachal carcinoma. Case presentation A 76‐year‐old woman with diabetes presented with abdominal enlargement below the umbilicus. Computed tomography revealed a well‐enhanced mass, which was visualized on magnetic resonance imaging as a continuous mass connected to the restiform structure, extending from the umbilicus to the bladder. As the mass showed high uptake on 18F‐fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography, urachal carcinoma was suspected, and surgery was subsequently performed. As the tumor adhered to the ileum, partial resection of the small intestine was required. The pathological diagnosis was abdominal wall abscess associated with ileal pseudodiverticulitis. Conclusion Although abdominal wall abscess caused by ileal diverticulitis is rare, it should be considered as a differential diagnosis of urachal carcinoma.

Aims: To estimate the proportions of specific hypometabolic patterns and their association with neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS) in patients with cognitive impairment (CI). Methods: This multicenter study with 1037 consecutive patients was conducted from December 2012 to December 2019. 18F‐FDG PET and clinical/demographic information, NPS assessments were recorded and analyzed to explore the associations between hypometabolic patterns and clinical features by correlation analysis and multivariable logistic regression models. Results: Patients with clinical Alzheimer's disease (AD, 81.6%, 605/741) and dementia with Lewy bodies (67.9%, 19/28) mostly had AD‐pattern hypometabolism, and 76/137 (55.5%) of patients with frontotemporal lobar degeneration showed frontal and anterior temporal pattern (FT‐P) hypometabolism. Besides corticobasal degeneration, patients with behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia (36/58), semantic dementia (7/10), progressive non‐fluent aphasia (6/9), frontotemporal lobar degeneration and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (3/5), and progressive supranuclear palsy (21/37) also mostly showed FT‐P hypometabolism. The proportion of FT‐P hypometabolism was associated with the presence of hallucinations (R = 0.171, p = 0.04), anxiety (R = 0.182, p = 0.03), and appetite and eating abnormalities (R = 0.200, p = 0.01) in AD. Conclusion: Specific hypometabolic patterns in FDG‐PET are associated with NPS and beneficial for the early identification and management of NPS in patients with CI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Approximately 40% of dementia cases could be delayed or prevented acting on modifiable risk factors including hypertension. However, the mechanisms underlying the hypertension–dementia association are still poorly understood. Methods: We conducted a cross‐sectional analysis in 2048 patients from the MEMENTO cohort, a French multicenter clinic‐based study of outpatients with either isolated cognitive complaints or mild cognitive impairment. Exposure to hypertension was defined as a combination of high blood pressure (BP) status and antihypertensive treatment intake. Pathway associations were examined through structural equation modeling integrating extensive collection of neuroimaging biomarkers and clinical data. Results: Participants treated with high BP had significantly lower cognition compared to the others. This association was mediated by higher neurodegeneration and higher white matter hyperintensities load but not by Alzheimer's disease (AD) biomarkers. Discussion: These results highlight the importance of controlling hypertension for prevention of cognitive decline and offer new insights on mechanisms underlying the hypertension–dementia association. Highlights: Paths of hypertension–cognition association were assessed by structural equation models.The hypertension–cognition association is not mediated by Alzheimer's disease biomarkers.The hypertension–cognition association is mediated by neurodegeneration and leukoaraiosis.Lower cognition was limited to participants treated with uncontrolled blood pressure.Blood pressure control could contribute to promote healthier brain aging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Aortic infection without prior intervention or aneurysm is exceedingly rare. We report the presentation, diagnosis, management, and outcome of patients with this unusual entity. Methods: Retrospective chart and imaging review of patients with primary aortic infection. Results: 5 patients (3 male, mean age 71.2 years) presented between 2014 and 2022. All had abdominal, back, or flank pain. Four had constitutional symptoms. All were evaluated with a complete blood count; 3 had leukocytosis. Both serum C-reactive protein (CRP) and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) were elevated in the 4 patients evaluated with these tests. All were studied with peripheral blood culture on the first hospital day prior to any antibiotic administration. Blood culture was positive in only 1 patient. Computed tomography (CT) scan showed periaortic inflammation without aneurysm in all. Fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (PET) was obtained in 3 and a radiolabeled leukocyte single-photon emission CT (SPECT) scan was performed in 2. All demonstrated periaortic concentration of the radioisotope consistent with inflammation or infection. Intraoperative cultures were positive in 3. One patient who had a negative intraoperative culture was examined with broad range polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and DNA sequencing which identified a causative bacterium. The other patient with a negative intraoperative culture had periaortic abscess but was on antibiotics preoperatively, potentially confounding the culture. All patients underwent in-situ repair with rifampin impregnated polyester (N = 2), cryopreserved aortic allograft (N = 2), or autogenous femoral vein (N = 1). No patient developed recurrent infection or aortic related complications following surgery with an average follow up of 31.8 months (range 8-88 months). Conclusions: Patients with primary aortic infection present similarly with the triad of abdominal or back pain, laboratory markers of infection, and imaging demonstrating periaortic inflammation. Patients were treated successfully with in-situ repair. Preoperative identification of a causative organism was difficult, and PCR may be useful to help identify an organism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Limbic age‐related TDP‐43 encephalopathy neuropathologic change (LATE‐NC) is common in advanced age and can underlie a clinical presentation mimicking Alzheimer's disease (AD). We studied whether an autopsy‐derived fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG‐PET) signature of LATE‐NC provides clinical utility for differential diagnosis of amnestic dementia patients. Methods: Ante mortem FDG‐PET patterns from autopsy‐confirmed LATE‐NC (N = 7) and AD (N = 23) patients were used to stratify an independent cohort of clinically diagnosed AD dementia patients (N = 242) based on individual FDG‐PET profiles. Results: Autopsy‐confirmed LATE‐NC and AD groups showed markedly distinct temporo‐limbic and temporo‐parietal FDG‐PET patterns, respectively. Clinically diagnosed AD dementia patients showing a LATE‐NC–like FDG‐PET pattern (N = 25, 10%) were significantly older, showed less abnormal AD biomarker levels, lower APOE ε4, and higher TMEM106B risk allele load. Clinically, they exhibited a more memory‐predominant profile and a generally slower disease course. Discussion: An autopsy‐derived temporo‐limbic FDG‐PET signature identifies older amnestic patients whose clinical, genetic, and molecular biomarker features are consistent with underlying LATE‐NC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background The aim of this study was to compare Dynamic Susceptibility Contrast Enhanced MRI (DSC-MRI) and PET with [18F]flurodeoxyglucose (FDG-PET) in the diagnosis of Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) and amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment (aMCI). Methods Twenty-seven age-and sex-matched patients with AD, 39 with aMCI and 16 controls underwent brain DSC-MRI followed by FDG-PET. Values of relative Cerebral Blood Volume (rCBV) and rCBV z-scores from frontal, temporal, parietal and PCG cortices were correlated with the rate of glucose metabolism from PET. Sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of DSC-MRI and FDG-PET in the diagnosis of AD and aMCI were assessed and compared. Results In AD, hypoperfusion was found within all the examined locations, while in aMCI in both parietal and temporal cortices and left PCG. FDG-PET showed the greatest hypometabolism in parietal, temporal and left PCG regions in both AD and aMCI. FDG-PET was more accurate in distinguishing aMCI from the controls than DSC-MRI. In the AD and combined group (AD + aMCI) there were numerous correlations between DSC-MRI and FDG-PET results. Conclusions In AD the patterns of hypoperfusion and glucose hypometabolism are similar, thus DSC-MRI may be a competitive method to FDG-PET. FDG-PET is a more accurate method in the diagnosis of aMCI.

We report a 58-year-old male with a histopathologically proven grade 2 (G2) pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasm and multiple abdominal node metastases by use of a laparoscopic pancreatic body and tail resection procedure, plus abdominal lymph node dissection. A primary pancreatic tail neuroendocrine tumor sized 20 × 25 mm was detected by contrast-enhanced computed tomography, somatostatin receptor scintigraphy (SRS), and fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) examinations and pathologically diagnosed as a pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor (PNET, G2) based on positive immunostaining for somatostatin receptor (SSTR) type 2. Of three metastatic histopathological lymph nodes, two measured 18 × 21 and 10 × 12 mm, respectively, with whole strong SSTR immunostaining showing moderate uptake in SRS findings, whereas the other node, sized 8 × 10 mm, had strong SSTR immunostaining only in a small 6 × 6-mm-sized portion and showed no uptake in SRS findings, likely because of the limited spatial resolution of scintigraphy. On the other hand, only the largest node (18 × 21 mm) was visualized by FDG-PET. SRS may be useful for metastatic lymph node diagnosis based on SSTR immunostaining, though a disadvantage is the spatial resolution limitation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: We investigated the association between alpha-synuclein (α-syn) pathology and brain glucose metabolism across the cognitive spectrum of Alzheimer's disease (AD) co-pathologies., Methods: Fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) data from 829 Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative participants (648 cognitively impaired [CI], 181 unimpaired [CU]) were compared between α-syn seed amplification assay (SAA) positive and negative groups. Interactions with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) AD biomarkers were examined., Results: SAA+ was associated with widespread hypometabolism among CI individuals, particularly in posterior cortical regions, independent of CSF amyloid and tau levels in the occipital lobes. Regional hypometabolism mediated the effect of α-syn SAA on disease severity in CI individuals, independent of CSF amyloid and tau levels. There were no influences of SAA on FDG-PET in CU individuals., Discussion: This study supports a model in which α-syn aggregation influences metabolic dysfunction, which then influences clinical disease severity, independent of AD. SAA+ could help optimize participant selection and outcome measures for clinical trials in AD., Highlights: α-synuclein seed amplification positivity (SAA+) was associated with hypometabolism in cognitively impaired individuals. Hypometabolism mediated the influence of α-synuclein on disease severity. Occipital hypometabolism in SAA+ was independent of cerebrospinal fluid levels of Alzheimer's disease pathology. These findings can optimize future clinical trials targeting α-synuclein pathology., (© 2025 The Author(s). Alzheimer's & Dementia published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of Alzheimer's Association.)

Introduction: This study presents a novel multi-view learning approach for machine learning (ML)-based Alzheimer's disease (AD) diagnosis., Methods: A diffusion model is proposed to synthesize the fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG PET) view from the magnetic resonance imaging T1 weighted imaging (MRI T1WI) view and incorporate two synthesis strategies: one-way synthesis and two-way synthesis. To assess the utility of the synthesized views, we use multilayer perceptron (MLP)-based classifiers with various combinations of the views., Results: The two-way synthesis achieves state-of-the-art performance with a structural similarity index measure (SSIM) at 0.9380 and a peak-signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) at 26.47. The one-way synthesis achieves an SSIM at 0.9282 and a PSNR at 23.83. Both synthesized FDG PET views have shown their effectiveness in improving diagnostic accuracy., Discussion: This work supports the notion that ML-based cross-domain data synthesis can be a useful approach to improve AD diagnosis by providing additional synthesized disease-related views for multi-view learning., Highlights: We propose a diffusion model with two strategies to synthesize fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG PET) from magnetic resonance imaging T1 weighted imaging (MRI T1WI). We raise multi-view learning with MRl T1Wl and synthesized FDG PET for Alzheimer's disease (AD) diagnosis. We provide a comprehensive experimental comparison for the synthesized FDG PET view. The feasibility of synthesized FDG PET view in AD diagnosis is validated with various experiments. We demonstrate the ability of synthesized FDG PET to enhance the performance of machine learning-based AD diagnosis., (© 2024 The Author(s). Alzheimer's & Dementia published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of Alzheimer's Association.)

1. SEMITEP assessed whether men with good-prognosis metastatic seminoma could be treated with fewer cycles of chemotherapy based on interim fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (FDG-PET/CT). 2. A majority of patients could benefit from excellent outcomes with limited chemotherapy using early FDG-PET/CT as an indicator of response. In metastatic seminoma, a strategy is needed for selecting patients for less intensive chemotherapy, to limit toxicities. To assess whether men with good-prognosis metastatic seminoma could be treated with two cycles of etoposide-cisplatin (EP) followed by only one cycle of carboplatin (CARBO) based on negative interim fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET)/computed tomography (CT). A nonrandomised, multicentre, phase 2 trial was conducted (NCT01887340). All patients with baseline-positive FDG-PET/CT received EP for two cycles. After completing the first two cycles, the patients underwent a second FDG-PET/CT to assess the response. Patients with positive FDG-PET/CT proceeded directly to two additional EP cycles; those who achieved FDG-PET/CT negativity received one cycle of CARBO. The proportion of patients with negative interim FDG-PET/CT who received carboplatin was determined. Between 2013 and 2017, 102 patients were enrolled. After the first two EP cycles, FDG-PET/CT was available in 98 patients. Overall, 67 patients (68.4%; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 58.2–77.4) had negative FDG-PET/CT and proceeded to a single CARBO cycle. Twenty-seven patients (27.6%; 95% CI: 19.0–37.5) had positive FDG-PET/CT after two EP cycles. The 3-yr progression-free survival rate was 90.0% (95% CI: 74.4–96.5) in the EP group and 90.8% (95% CI: 81.4–95.7) in the CARBO group. The cumulative incidences of peripheral neuropathy and ototoxicity were significantly higher in the EP group. Omission of two cycles of EP based on negative FDG-PET/CT after two cycles of chemotherapy appears to be feasible. However, the absence of consensus criteria for FDG-PET/CT interpretation and the short follow-up need additional studies. This strategy does not warrant routine integration yet. Men with good-prognosis metastatic seminoma were treated with fewer cycles of chemotherapy based on interim fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (FDG-PET/CT). Omission of two cycles of chemotherapy based on negative FDG-PET/CT after two initial cycles appears to be feasible, thereby limiting the burden of treatment and toxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The aim of this study was to compare Dynamic Susceptibility Contrast Enhanced MRI (DSC-MRI) and PET with [18F]flurodeoxyglucose (FDG-PET) in the diagnosis of Alzheimer's Disease (AD) and amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment (aMCI). Methods: Twenty-seven age-and sex-matched patients with AD, 39 with aMCI and 16 controls underwent brain DSC-MRI followed by FDG-PET. Values of relative Cerebral Blood Volume (rCBV) and rCBV z-scores from frontal, temporal, parietal and PCG cortices were correlated with the rate of glucose metabolism from PET. Sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of DSC-MRI and FDG-PET in the diagnosis of AD and aMCI were assessed and compared. Results: In AD, hypoperfusion was found within all the examined locations, while in aMCI in both parietal and temporal cortices and left PCG. FDG-PET showed the greatest hypometabolism in parietal, temporal and left PCG regions in both AD and aMCI. FDG-PET was more accurate in distinguishing aMCI from the controls than DSC-MRI. In the AD and combined group (AD + aMCI) there were numerous correlations between DSC-MRI and FDG-PET results. Conclusions: In AD the patterns of hypoperfusion and glucose hypometabolism are similar, thus DSC-MRI may be a competitive method to FDG-PET. FDG-PET is a more accurate method in the diagnosis of aMCI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cortical sources of resting state electroencephalographic (EEG) delta (2-4 Hz) and low-frequency alpha (8-10.5 Hz) rhythms show abnormal activity (i.e., current density) in patients with dementia due to Alzheimer's disease (AD). Here, we hypothesized that abnormality of this activity is related to relevant disease processes as revealed by cortical hypometabolism typically observed in AD patients by fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography. Resting state eyes-closed EEG data were recorded in 19 AD patients with dementia and 40 healthy elderly (Nold) subjects. EEG frequency bands of interest were delta and low-frequency alpha. EEG sources were estimated in these bands by low-resolution brain electromagnetic tomography (LORETA). Fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography images were recorded only in the AD patients, and cortical hypometabolism was indexed by the so-called Alzheimer's discrimination analysis tool (PALZ) in the frontal association, ventromedial frontal, temporoparietal association, posterior cingulate, and precuneus areas. Results showed that compared with the Nold group, the AD group pointed to higher activity of delta sources and lower activity of low-frequency alpha sources in a cortical region of interest formed by all cortical areas of the PALZ score. In the AD patients, there was a positive correlation between the PALZ score and the activity of delta sources in the cortical region of interest (p < 0.05). These results suggest a relationship between resting state cortical hypometabolism and synchronization of cortical neurons at delta rhythms in AD patients with dementia.

Abstract Background Well-differentiated fetal adenocarcinoma (WDFA) of the lung is a rare disease that resembles fetal lung tubules. Most of previous reports concerning WDFA have focused on histological features, while there are few reports describing radiological features. In addition, there are no reports evaluating the difficulty of intraoperative diagnosis of WDFA with frozen section. We report a case of WDFA and review the radiological features of WDFA including the findings of F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) and assess the difficulty of intraoperative diagnosis with frozen section. Case presentation A chest radiography performed in a 20-year-old female revealed a mass in the hilum of the right lung. Computed tomography revealed a well-defined mass measuring 3.5 × 3.0 cm in diameter in the right upper lobe, whereas PET showed a high accumulation of FDG. The most likely diagnosis was clinical T2aN0M0 stage 1B non-small cell lung cancer. A right S3 segmentectomy was performed via thoracotomy, and a benign tumor that was possibly an adenoma was intraoperatively diagnosed based on frozen section analysis. The mass was a solid tumor measuring 2.9 × 2.5 cm in diameter. Microscopically, the tumor comprised abundant glands with single or double layers of nonciliated cells and bronchial structures resembling a fetal lung. Rounded morules of polygonal cells were frequently observed. Immunohistochemistry revealed that nuclei and cytoplasm of the tumor cell were positive for β-catenin. Finally, the postoperative pathological diagnosis was well-differentiated fetal adenocarcinoma of the lung, and completion right upper lobectomy and mediastinal lymph node dissection were conducted 1 month after the initial segmentectomy. No residual tumor or lymph node metastasis was identified, and the final pathological stage was pT1cN0M0 stage 1A3. The patient did not wish to receive any adjuvant therapy. At the 1-year follow-up, no evidence of recurrence was noted. Conclusions Here, we report a rare case of well-differentiated fetal adenocarcinoma of the lung that was difficult to diagnose based on radiological evaluations including FDG-PET and intraoperative diagnosis using frozen section analysis.

Introduction: Brain glucose hypometabolism, indexed by the fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography ([ 18 F]FDG-PET) imaging, is a metabolic signature of Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the underlying biological pathways involved in these metabolic changes remain elusive., Methods: Here, we integrated [ 18 F]FDG-PET images with blood and hippocampal transcriptomic data from cognitively unimpaired (CU, n = 445) and cognitively impaired (CI, n = 749) individuals using modular dimension reduction techniques and voxel-wise linear regression analysis., Results: Our results showed that multiple transcriptomic modules are associated with brain [ 18 F]FDG-PET metabolism, with the top hits being a protein serine/threonine kinase activity gene cluster (peak-t (223)  = 4.86, P value < 0.001) and zinc-finger-related regulatory units (peak-t (223)  = 3.90, P value < 0.001)., Discussion: By integrating transcriptomics with PET imaging data, we identified that serine/threonine kinase activity-associated genes and zinc-finger-related regulatory units are highly associated with brain metabolic changes in AD., Highlights: We conducted an integrated analysis of system-based transcriptomics and fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography ([ 18 F]FDG-PET) at the voxel level in Alzheimer's disease (AD). The biological process of serine/threonine kinase activity was the most associated with [ 18 F]FDG-PET in the AD brain. Serine/threonine kinase activity alterations are associated with brain vulnerable regions in AD [ 18 F]FDG-PET. Zinc-finger transcription factor targets were associated with AD brain [ 18 F]FDG-PET metabolism., (© 2024 The Author(s). Alzheimer's & Dementia published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of Alzheimer's Association.)

Background: 18 F-Fluorodeoxyglucose ( 18 F-FDG) positron emission tomography (PET)/magnetic resonance (MR) can identify inflammation and fibrosis, which are high-risk features in cardiac sarcoidosis., Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether the involvement of certain myocardial segments is associated with higher risk compared to others., Methods: One hundred twenty-four patients with suspected clinical sarcoidosis underwent 18 F-FDG-PET/MR. Late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) and focal 18 F-FDG uptake were evaluated globally and in the 16 myocardial segments. Presence of LGE was defined when the percentage of LGE exceeded 5.7% globally (relative to myocardial volume) and in each myocardial segment. Patients were followed up for 5.5 years. Events were defined as ventricular arrhythmia (VA) (including sustained ventricular tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation, and appropriate implantable cardioverter-defibrillator discharge), heart failure hospitalization, or all-cause death., Results: Mean age was 57.1 ± 8.9 years, and 39.5% were female. Twenty-two patients (17.6%) had an event during follow-up, and 9 (7.2%) presented with VA. LGE and 18 F-FDG uptake were more frequent in patients with than without events (36.4% vs 7.8%, P = .001). Presence of LGE and 18 F-FDG in the basal anterior segment were independent predictors for events after adjustment for left ventricular ejection fraction and relative enhanced volume (LGE: odds ratio [1.2-92.4], P = .034; 18 F-FDG: odds ratio 5.5 [1.1-27.5], P = .038). LGE presence in basal to mid-anterior, mid-anteroseptal, and basal to mid-inferoseptal segments was an independent predictor of VA. Presence of 18 F-FDG in basal to mid-anterior, mid-inferoseptal and mid-inferior segments was an independent predictor of VA., Conclusion: Involvement of specific myocardial segments, particularly basal to mid-anterior and mid-septal segments, is associated with higher rates of events in patients with suspected cardiac sarcoidosis., Competing Interests: Disclosures The authors have no conflicts to disclose., (Copyright © 2024 Heart Rhythm Society. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background "Functional" [18F]-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-fPET) is a new approach for measuring glucose uptake in the human brain. The goal of FDG-fPET is to maintain a constant plasma supply of radioactive FDG in order to track, with high temporal resolution, the dynamic uptake of glucose during neuronal activity that occurs in response to a task or at rest. FDG-fPET has most often been applied in simultaneous BOLD-fMRI/FDG-fPET (blood oxygenation level–dependent functional MRI fluorodeoxyglucose functional positron emission tomography) imaging. BOLD-fMRI/FDG-fPET provides the capability to image the 2 primary sources of energetic dynamics in the brain, the cerebrovascular haemodynamic response and cerebral glucose uptake. Findings In this Data Note, we describe an open access dataset, Monash DaCRA fPET-fMRI, which contrasts 3 radiotracer administration protocols for FDG-fPET: bolus, constant infusion, and hybrid bolus/infusion. Participants (n = 5 in each group) were randomly assigned to each radiotracer administration protocol and underwent simultaneous BOLD-fMRI/FDG-fPET scanning while viewing a flickering checkerboard. The bolus group received the full FDG dose in a standard bolus administration, the infusion group received the full FDG dose as a slow infusion over the duration of the scan, and the bolus-infusion group received 50% of the FDG dose as bolus and 50% as constant infusion. We validate the dataset by contrasting plasma radioactivity, grey matter mean uptake, and task-related activity in the visual cortex. Conclusions The Monash DaCRA fPET-fMRI dataset provides significant reuse value for researchers interested in the comparison of signal dynamics in fPET, and its relationship with fMRI task-evoked activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Cardiac sarcoidosis (CS) is an inflammatory disease with various clinical presentations depending on the extension of cardiac involvement. The disease is often clinically silent, therefore diagnosis is challenging. Case summary We discuss the case of a middle-aged highly active individual presenting with an occasional finding of low heart rate during self-monitoring. The electrocardiogram shows a Mobitz 2 heart block; thanks to multimodality imaging CS was diagnosed and corticosteroid therapy improved cardiac conduction. Discussion To our knowledge, this is one of the first documented cases of occasional, early findings of CS in a middle-aged highly active individual who presented with cardiac conduction involvement. Despite the very early diagnosis, multimodality imaging suggested an advanced disease with no oedema detection at the cardiac magnetic resonance. Nevertheless, prompt corticosteroid therapy was able to improve clinical conduction. Although non-sustained ventricular arrhythmias were detected, electrophysiological study allowed to discharge the patient safely without implantable cardioverter-defibrillator implantation. Light-to-moderate physical activity was allowed at mid-term follow-up. A multidisciplinary evaluation should be considered to resume a high-intensity training. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The objective is to evaluate incidental detection of COVID-19 lung involvement in asymptomatic individuals who undergo fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography-computerized tomography (PET/CT) scans for oncologic indications. Patients and Methods: The study was conducted in a tertiary care oncology hospital and included patients who were asymptomatic for COVID-19 infection and underwent FDG PET/CT scans for standard oncologic indications between April 15, 2020, and September 30, 2020. Patients who showed CO-RADS category 4/5 changes (high level of suspicion) on the CT chest component of the PET/CT study were considered for analysis. CT severity score, presence of FDG uptake, and maximum standardized uptake value of FDG avid lung involvement were noted and correlated with reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) test. Results: 1982 PET/CT scans were performed, 78 (3.9%) patients showed lung changes with high degree of suspicion of COVID-19 pneumonia (CO-RADS 4/5). Hematolymphoid and head-neck cancer were the most common tumor types (23%), and restaging/response evaluation was the most common PET/CT indication. Of the patients who underwent RT-PCR testing, 70% showed a positive result. The mean CT severity score was 6 (standard deviation 5.9) with no significant difference seen between the RT-PCR positive and negative groups. FDG avidity in lung lesions was noted in 41 out 57 (72%) patients. A significant correlation was seen between the RT-PCR positivity and FDG uptake in lung lesions. Conclusion: A small but significant proportion of patients undergoing routine oncologic PET/CT scans showed incidental COVID-19 lung involvement. Lung involvement in these asymptomatic patients showed a low CT severity score in all patients and FDG avidity in majority. Timely detection of such incidental cases can initiate further confirmatory RT-PCR testing and isolation measures that not only influence patient's cancer treatment protocols but also have a larger community impact of limiting the spread of infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sarcoidosis is a multisystem disease with dominant pulmonary involvement (90%). Isolated extrapulmonary involvement is less common. Skeletal muscle (1-2%) involvement is even rare. We report a 40 year old lady presented with easy fatigability, low grade fever for 5-6 months and generalized myalgias. Examination revealed pallor, a receding hair line, hepatomegaly and proximal muscle weakness. Investigations revealed anemia, hypercalcemia and raised serum ACE level. During hospital stay patient developed right sided hemiparesis (acute vasculitic infarct in left parietal cortex). A FDG-PET scan was done which revealed that the muscles of upper and lower limbs showed diffuse, heterogenous areas of increased FDG avidity suggestive of myositis. Final diagnosis of extrapulmonary sarcoidosis (presenting as myositis along with CNS vasculitis and hypercalcemia) was made. Patient showed marked improvement in her symptoms with immunosuppressive therapy. This case is a rare manifestation of extrapulmonary sarcoidosis and emphasizes the role of FDG-PET in diagnosing these cases.

Introduction: We assessed the influence of education as a proxy of cognitive reserve and age on the dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) metabolic pattern. Methods: Brain 18F‐fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography and clinical/demographic information were available in 169 probable DLB patients included in the European DLB‐consortium database. Principal component analysis identified brain regions relevant to local data variance. A linear regression model was applied to generate age‐ and education‐sensitive maps corrected for Mini‐Mental State Examination score, sex (and either education or age). Results: Age negatively covaried with metabolism in bilateral middle and superior frontal cortex, anterior and posterior cingulate, reducing the expression of the DLB‐typical cingulate island sign (CIS). Education negatively covaried with metabolism in the left inferior parietal cortex and precuneus (making the CIS more prominent). Discussion: These findings point out the importance of tailoring interpretation of DLB biomarkers considering the concomitant effect of individual, non–disease‐related variables such as age and cognitive reserve. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Cardiac sarcoidosis (CS) is an inflammatory granulomatous process of the myocardium that can be asymptomatic or have several different clinical phenotypes. One of its rarely described presentations consists of hypertrophy of the septal myocardium, similar to hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). Isolated cardiac sarcoidosis that haemodynamically mimics hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM) has been rarely described in the literature. Case summary A 64-year-old Caucasian female previously diagnosed with non-critical aortic stenosis presented with pre-syncope, and echocardiography showed significant obstruction based on left ventricular outflow tract gradients, confirmed by cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR), concerning for a phenocopy of HCM. Septal myectomy was performed and pathology specimen revealed non-caseating granulomata consistent with cardiac sarcoidosis. She was started on oral corticosteroids and initial cardiac fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) done after 1 month of treatment was negative. Repeat FDG-PET 15 months later, in the setting of haemodynamic decompensation, demonstrated diffuse FDG uptake in the myocardium without extra-cardiac involvement. Discussion Our case brings together two entities: isolated cardiac sarcoidosis and its presentation mimicking HOCM, which has been very rarely described in the literature. And it also shows the scenario of surgical pathology diagnosis of sarcoidosis that was not suspected by initial CMR or FDG-PET, despite adequate preparation, only appearing on repeat FDG-PET done 15 months later. Isolated cardiac sarcoidosis should remain a differential diagnosis for any non-ischaemic cardiomyopathy without a clear cause, despite imaging evidence of HCM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of antioxidants in cellular-level post-ischemia/reperfusion injury of the testis and to validate these effects with 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography. Methods: Fifty-six adult male rats were randomly divided into seven groups—Group 1: sham; Group 2: ischemia/reperfusion only group; Group 3: ischemia was induced and vitamin E (100 mg/kg) was administered intraperitoneally 30 min before reperfusion; Group 4: vitamin E was given intraperitoneally without ischemia/reperfusion; Group 5: ischemia was induced and coenzyme Q10 (10 mg/body weight) was administered intraperitoneally 30 min before reperfusion; Group 6: coenzyme Q10 was administered intraperitoneally without ischemia/reperfusion; Group 7: ischemia was induced and coenzyme Q10 + vitamin E was administered intraperitoneally 30 min before reperfusion. After detorsion, fluorodeoxyglucose was applied to all groups according to the animals' weight and fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography was performed after 1 h. In pursuit of imaging, orchiectomy was performed for histopathological and biochemical evaluations. Results: A significant effect of group on catalase, maximum standardized uptake value, and seminiferous tubule diameters (p < 0.005) was observed. According to this, combining ischemia/reperfusion with vitamin E increased the maximum standardized uptake value significantly higher than in all other groups; in addition, catalase was significantly higher than in Groups 4–6. Histopathological outcomes revealed that "sham" had significantly larger seminiferous tubule diameter than Groups 2–4. Also, "ischemia/reperfusion" was the only group which had significantly smaller seminiferous tubule diameters than Groups 6 and 7. Conclusion: In contrast to vitamin E, coenzyme Q10 provided remarkable regression of oxidative stress–induced enzymes and revealed consistent effects on histopathological outcomes, which were validated with fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography imaging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Isolated cardiac sarcoidosis (ICS) accounts for 5%-10% of patients with sarcoidosis. It can involve atrioventricular node causing heart block, as well as the basal septum, papillary muscles, focal regions in the free wall, and the myocardium being more commonly involved. The diagnosis is achieved on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and endomyocardial biopsy. Recently, Fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography and computed tomography (F-18 FDG PET) has been incorporated in the diagnosis as well as management algorithm. We describe an interesting case of ICS detected on F-18 FDG PET and MRI and discuss its role in the management of this rare presentation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sarcoidosis is a multisystem disease with dominant pulmonary involvement (90%). Isolated extrapulmonary involvement is less common. Skeletal muscle (1-2%) involvement is even rare. We report a 40 year old lady presented with easy fatigability, low grade fever for 5-6 months and generalized myalgias. Examination revealed pallor, a receding hair line, hepatomegaly and proximal muscle weakness. Investigations revealed anemia, hypercalcemia and raised serum ACE level. During hospital stay patient developed right sided hemiparesis (acute vasculitic infarct in left parietal cortex). A FDG-PET scan was done which revealed that the muscles of upper and lower limbs showed diffuse, heterogenous areas of increased FDG avidity suggestive of myositis. Final diagnosis of extrapulmonary sarcoidosis (presenting as myositis along with CNS vasculitis and hypercalcemia) was made. Patient showed marked improvement in her symptoms with immunosuppressive therapy. This case is a rare manifestation of extrapulmonary sarcoidosis and emphasizes the role of FDG-PET in diagnosing these cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Well-differentiated fetal adenocarcinoma (WDFA) of the lung is a rare disease that resembles fetal lung tubules. Most of previous reports concerning WDFA have focused on histological features, while there are few reports describing radiological features. In addition, there are no reports evaluating the difficulty of intraoperative diagnosis of WDFA with frozen section. We report a case of WDFA and review the radiological features of WDFA including the findings of F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) and assess the difficulty of intraoperative diagnosis with frozen section. Case presentation: A chest radiography performed in a 20-year-old female revealed a mass in the hilum of the right lung. Computed tomography revealed a well-defined mass measuring 3.5 × 3.0 cm in diameter in the right upper lobe, whereas PET showed a high accumulation of FDG. The most likely diagnosis was clinical T2aN0M0 stage 1B non-small cell lung cancer. A right S3 segmentectomy was performed via thoracotomy, and a benign tumor that was possibly an adenoma was intraoperatively diagnosed based on frozen section analysis. The mass was a solid tumor measuring 2.9 × 2.5 cm in diameter. Microscopically, the tumor comprised abundant glands with single or double layers of nonciliated cells and bronchial structures resembling a fetal lung. Rounded morules of polygonal cells were frequently observed. Immunohistochemistry revealed that nuclei and cytoplasm of the tumor cell were positive for β-catenin. Finally, the postoperative pathological diagnosis was well-differentiated fetal adenocarcinoma of the lung, and completion right upper lobectomy and mediastinal lymph node dissection were conducted 1 month after the initial segmentectomy. No residual tumor or lymph node metastasis was identified, and the final pathological stage was pT1cN0M0 stage 1A3. The patient did not wish to receive any adjuvant therapy. At the 1-year follow-up, no evidence of recurrence was noted. Conclusions: Here, we report a rare case of well-differentiated fetal adenocarcinoma of the lung that was difficult to diagnose based on radiological evaluations including FDG-PET and intraoperative diagnosis using frozen section analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bone metastasis during the early stages of gastric cancer is rare, and synchronous bone metastasis is even less common. The present report outlines a case of a small early gastric cancer, which was detected due to bone metastasis. A 63-year-old man was referred to Fukuyama Medical Center with back pain and anorexia of 2 weeks' evolution. MRI revealed multiple metastatic lesions in the thoracic and spinal bone. Fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography revealed focal uptake in the lesser curvature of the stomach and in the spinal bone, pelvic and thigh bone, but uptake was not detected in the stomach. Esophagogastroduodenoscopy revealed a 10 mm slightly elevated lesion with a central depression in the middle-third of the stomach. Endoscopic ultrasonography confirmed that the tumor was confined to the mucosa. A biopsy specimen acquired from the gastric lesion indicated signet-ring cell carcinoma, and the specimen acquired from the lumbar spine revealed cell aggregation such as that found in signet-ring cell carcinoma. The patient received first-line chemotherapy with S-1 and cisplatin, and second-line chemotherapy with nab-paclitaxel. However, the patient died 120 days after consultation at Fukuyama Medical Center. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alzheimer's disease (AD) and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) are the 2 most common causes of dementia. We compared the regional metabolism on 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (PET) among 21 control subjects and cognitively impaired patients due to DLB (N = 63) and AD (N = 38). All participants underwent 18F-Florbetaben (FBB) PET, and all DLB patients had abnormality on dopamine transporter PET. Both the FBB-positive DLB (N = 38) and FBB-negative DLB (N = 25) groups had increased metabolism in the bilateral central cerebellum, posterior putamen, and somatomotor cortices compared with the control and AD groups. Compared with the control group, the DLB and AD groups commonly exhibited hypometabolism in the bilateral lateral temporal, temporo-parietal junction, posterior cingulate, and precuneus cortices. Both DLB groups had additional hypometabolism in the bilateral thalami and dorsolateral prefrontal cortices, whereas the AD group did in the bilateral entorhinal cortices and hippocampi. Our results suggest that hypermetabolism in the somatomotor cortex, posterior putamen, or central cerebellum could be a useful imaging biomarker for detecting DLB patients, while entorhinal/hippocampal hypometabolism could be a specific biomarker for AD. • There is a DLB-specific hypermetabolic pattern compared with AD and controls. • The pattern involves the somatomotor cortex, posterior putamen, and central cerebellum. • Metabolism in the parietal lobe is commonly decreased in DLB and AD. • AD-specific hypometabolism involves the entorhinal cortex and hippocampus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inflammatory pseudotumor (IPT) of the liver is a rare benign disease. IPTs generally develop as solitary nodules, and cases with multiple lesions are uncommon. We herein report a case of multiple IPTs of the liver that spontaneously regressed. A 70-year-old woman with a 10-year history of primary biliary cholangitis and rheumatoid arthritis visited our hospital to receive a periodic medical examination. Abdominal ultrasonography revealed multiple hypoechoic lesions, with a maximum size of 33 mm, in the liver. Contrast-enhanced computed tomography revealed low-attenuation areas in the liver with mild peripheral enhancement at the arterial and portal phases. We first suspected metastatic liver tumors, but fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography, magnetic resonance imaging and contrast-enhanced ultrasonography suggested the tumors to be inconsistent with malignant nodules. A percutaneous biopsy showed shedding of liver cells and abundant fibrosis with infiltration of inflammatory cells. Given these findings, we diagnosed the multiple tumors as IPTs. After careful observation for two months, the tumors almost vanished spontaneously. Physicians should avoid a hasty diagnosis of multiple tumors based solely on a few clinical findings, and a careful assessment with various imaging modalities should be conducted.

We present a case of Anti-IgLON 5 encephalitis with Lewy body dementia. 18F fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (18F-FDG PET/CT) scan and 99 mTc-TRODAT-1 SPECT/CT scan were done. 99 mTc-TRODAT-1 scan findings revealed severely reduced concentration of dopamine transporter in bilateral basal ganglia, suggestive of a degenerative parkinsonian disorder. 18F-FDG PET scan findings were suggestive of moderate-to-severe hypometabolism in the bilateral parieto-temporal and bilateral occipital cortices including the primary visual cortices, supporting Lewy body spectrum disease with associated hypermetabolism in the bilateral sensorimotor cortices, bilateral basal ganglia, thalami, brain stem, and bilateral cerebellar hemispheres suggestive of inflammatory pathology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 69-year-old woman with chronic hepatitis B was admitted to our hospital with a hepatic tumor. The levels of 2 tumor markers, carcinoembryonic antigen and carbohydrate antigen 19-9, were slightly elevated; however, the α-fetoprotein and protein levels induced by vitamin K antagonist II were within the normal limits. Abdominal ultrasonography showed a well-defined peripheral hypoechoic mass that was isoechoic and homogeneous on the inside. Computed tomography showed a poorly enhanced tumor of 13 mm in diameter in the 5th segment of the liver. Fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography showed a slight uptake (maximum standard uptake value 3.4) by the hepatic tumor. These findings suggested cholangiocellular carcinoma, and we performed anterior segmentectomy of the liver. A histopathological examination showed a hepatic pseudolymphoma. The patient’s postoperative course was uneventful, and she remains alive without recurrence 5 months after undergoing surgery. In most cases, hepatic pseudolymphoma is preoperatively diagnosed as a malignant tumor and a definite diagnosis is made after resection. It is therefore necessary to consider hepatic pseudolymphoma as a differential diagnosis in patients with hepatic tumors.

Abstract Background Alice in Wonderland syndrome (AIWS) is a rare neuropsychiatric syndrome that typically manifests in distortion of extrapersonal visual image, altered perception of one’s body image, and a disturbed sense of the passage of distance and time. Several conditions have been reported to contribute to AIWS, although its biological basis is still unknown. Here, we present the first case demonstrating a clear concurrence of recurrent depressive disorder and AIWS. The clinical manifestations and pre- and post-treatment fluorodeoxyglucose positron-emission tomographic (FDG-PET) images provide insights into the psychopathological and biological basis of AIWS. Case presentation We describe a 63-year-old Japanese male who developed two distinct episodes of major depression concurrent with AIWS. In addition to typical AIWS perceptual symptoms, he complained of losing the ability to intuitively grasp the seriousness of news and the value of money, which implies disturbance of high-order cognition related to estimating magnitude and worth. Both depression and AIWS remitted after treatment in each episode. Pre-treatment FDG-PET images showed significant hypometabolism in the frontal cortex and hypermetabolism in the occipital and parietal cortex. Post-treatment images showed improvement of these abnormalities. Conclusions The clinical co-occurrence of depressive episodes and presentation of AIWS can be interpreted to mean that they have certain functional disturbances in common. In view of incapacity, indifference, devitalization, altered perception of one’s body image, and disturbed sense of time and space, the features of AIWS analogous to those of psychotic depression imply a common psychopathological basis. These high-order brain dysfunctions are possibly associated with the metabolic abnormalities in visual and parietotemporal association cortices that we observed on the pre- and post-treatment FDG-PET images in this case, while the hypometabolism in the frontal cortex is probably associated with depressive symptoms.

Gastric schwannoma is a relatively rare tumor arising from Auerbach plexus in the muscle layer of the gastric wall, and constitutes 0.1% to 0.2% of all gastric tumors and 5% of benign non-epithelium—related gastric tumors. We report the case of a 49-year-old woman in whom upper gastrointestinal endoscopy revealed an approximately 2-cm submucosal tumor on the anterior wall of the fornix of the stomach. Contrast-enhanced computed tomography revealed a homogeneously enhanced lesion (~ 17 mm) in the upper third of the stomach as well as a lesion (~ 25 mm) on the left kidney that was strongly enhanced in the early phase. An 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography scan revealed high accumulation that is characteristic of gastric tumors. The possibility of malignancy was not completely excluded, and the gastric tumor was resected by non-exposed endoscopic wall-inversion surgery. The patient was discharged with a good prognosis 5 days after surgery. In conclusion, non-exposed endoscopic wall-inversion surgery is a minimally invasive and effective method for resecting small gastric submucosal tumors (diameters < 3 cm) for which preoperative diagnosis is difficult. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We describe an 81-year-old man with immunoglobulin G4-related disease (IgG4-RD) presenting with submandibular gland, lymph node, lung, kidney, aortic wall, and prostate lesions with concomitant gastric cancer. After curative surgical treatment of the gastric cancer, corticosteroid therapy for progressively decreasing renal function was started. Before starting steroid therapy, fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography-computed tomography revealed multiple lesions of IgG4-RD but no metastasis of the cancer. However, the patient died 3 months after initiation of corticosteroid therapy because of recurrence of the gastric cancer. In this case, the imaging features of IgG4-tubulointerstitial nephritis dramatically changed during the clinical course of co-existing gastric cancer. The imaging features of the present case may provide clues to the pattern of spread of IgG4 lesions in the kidney. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]