Search

There has been a significant disproportion between the accessibility of regular structure materials and their interest in the ongoing past. Then again the late check quarry waste is bounteously accessible and the removal of waste plastics is a greatest test, as continued reusing of Poly Ethylene Terephthalate containers represents a potential threat of being changed to a cancer-causing material and just a little extent of PET bottles are being reused. Right now endeavor has been made to make of fly debris block by utilizing soil filled plastic container and accessible steel work were tied on the external surface of plastic bottles for the security of thermal impacts. The plastic bottle bricks produced have the properties, for example, perfect and in any event, completing, with unimportant water assimilation, expanded compressive quality, cost financial and corrosive protection from fulfill the expanding demand of customary building materials. This experimental study helps to understand the reuse of PET bottles for temporary residential structures.

A series of laboratory model tests have been carried out to examine the behavior of non-encased and geogrid encased conventional aggregate column (CAC) and fly ash brick bats column (FAC) resting on soft clay soil. In the present study, a series of load tests were carried out in a circular model tank of size 300 mm diameter and 400 mm height on soft clay soil with one, two and three columns of conventional aggregate (CA) and fly ash brick bats (FA). The experimental variables fixed in this study were aggregate type (CA and FA), encasement depth (non-encased, partially encased and fully encased), different length to diameter (l/d) ratio (8 and 10) and diameter of columns (30 mm and 40 mm). Based on the experimental results, it was seen that CAC have higher load capacity than FAC and the improvement was 2.72 times greater than untreated soft soil. The fully encased geogrid CAC possess higher load carrying capacity and the order of improvement was 3.63 times larger than untreated soft soil. In addition to that the load capacity of CAC and FAC increased with increasing the l/d ratio and diameter of CAC and FAC. The 40 mm diameter FAC possesses higher load capacity and the load capacity improvement was identified as 1.12 times greater than 30 mm diameter FAC. Further, the experimental results were validated by numerical analysis.

Population explosion, changing lifestyles, and a lack of housing facilities have created an acute shortage of affordable housing all over the globe. This essential part of the infrastructure of a country has put pressure on several governments to come up with new decisions to boost the rate of construction. UN Habitat (2016) emphasized this need, as only 13% of the cities in the world have sufficient affordable housing. Encouraging local authorities to work on some advanced techniques and alternative building typology with locally available resources could resolve this problem and simultaneously avoid depletion of natural resources. The present study deals with the development of alkali-activated bricks using co-fired blended ash, an industrial waste. As a preliminary study, the benefits of tailoring construction materials for large-scale housing construction using locally available wastes have been demonstrated. Physico-mechanical, thermal, and durability properties of the developed bricks were evaluated. As compared to a fly ash brick, the developed alkali-activated brick is 11% light in weight, which has 56% higher compressive strength and 62% lower thermal conductivity. Techno-economic aspect was evaluated with respect to long-lasting product optimization and modularization. The viability of the brick was evaluated and optimized using a slum housing project in Nagpur, India, by the computational method. The study resulted 7% cost reduction, 21% reduction in embodied energy, and 17% reduction in operational energy over the existing practice of construction. These statistics emphasize the strategy for energy conservation and low-cost housing construction.

Flyash is waste industrial by-product from thermal power plants used as a raw material for Brick manufacturing. These Flyash bricks are proposed as an alternative to the conventional burnt clay bricks avoiding the consumption of clay to ease the stress on an exhaustible resource which also threatens the sustainability of our environment. But flyash as a material has its own problems as well as lot of stress on one material could lead to demand ultimately affecting the construction industry. To negate this prospect several industrial waste materials such as Ground granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBS), Granite powder (GP), Foundry sand (FS), Bottom ash (BA), Bagasse ash (BHA), Steel slag (SS), Quarry dust (QD) and Rice husk ash (RHA) which are considered environment friendly are chosen to partially replace flyash in flyash bricks. This would surely reduce the consumption of flyash thus leading to conservation. The selected industrial waste materials are replaced at 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% separately. The casted specimen along with a control specimen is tested for their compressive strength, water absorption and efflorescence. As bricks are generally compressive members and their moisture content affects both the strength and durability. Efflorescence indicate the presence of salts and water absorption shows the moisture content of the brick. Thus, the brick specimen are tested for the above-mentioned tests and the results are recorded. 100% replacement of the waste materials in FA bricks can be achieved using the mixes GGBS, GP, FS, BHA, SS and QD for safe waste disposal and use of important minerals in waste materials in view of compressive strength. Average water absorption for all the waste material mixes in bricks was lower than the limit specified in IS code. Bricks with replacement of SBA and RHA represent nil and slight efflorescence respectively. The efflorescence of FS mix bricks is nil for all the percentage replacement as the calcium oxide and ferric oxide percentages in FS is way lower than the FA Bricks. This research findings could broaden the perspective of replacement of flyash in flyash bricks and enhance their effectiveness.

This research project presents the results on a comparative study for the use of Cow dung Ash and Wood ash as partial replacement in the production of Fly ash brick. Cow dung are often wont to manufacture bricks which are eco-friendly and far cheaper. Cow dung ash is obtained by drying cow dung under sun then burning it. Huge amount of ash generation are causing waste disposal problems. Cow dung is employed as fuel for the domestic purpose, which generates solid waste as ash. Wood ash is that the inorganic and organic residue remaining after combustion of wood or unbleached wood fiber. The physical and chemical properties of wood ash vary significantly counting on many factors. Through this study an effort was made to match the properties of the ash brick adding the wood ash and cow dung ash as a partial replacement. The method of manufacturing traditional bricks from kiln is expensive and causes pollution. Using cow dung ash and Wood ash the pollution caused by the development materials are often decreased to a far extent. We used 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% of Cow dung ash and Wood ash and therefore obtained maximum strength at 5% replacement of Cow Dung ash and 15% replacement of wood ash. Studies were done to acknowledge the properties of bricks using fly ash with partial replacement of cow dung ash and Wood ash. In this project we are trying to compare and study the effective properties of brick by introducing Cow dung ash and Wood ash as supplementary materials in the fly ash brick.

Our project was built with cenosphere material and low-density brick. The cenosphere bricks may be lighter and stronger than traditional fly ash bricks. Cement is used to replace the cenosphere in fly ash bricks in the following proportions: 230mm x 100mm x 75mm sample size for blend percentage of cenosphere, fly ash, and quarry dust. The results show how compressive strength and water absorption vary with curing age for mixed proportions of the materials mentioned previously. Then we can use the 230mm x 100mm x 75mm specimen size to cast bricks with various mix proportions of cenosphere, fly ash, and quarry dust. The weight, compressive strength, and water absorption of the cenosphere with various proportions of fly ash bricks were then compared. Via comprehensive laboratory work, this investigation is primarily based on optimizing the compressive strength of newly formed bricks thus minimizing weight density and water absorption. A definitive goal of undertaking this point as project work is to recognize factors influencing the different properties of bricks.

Low-dimensional nanomaterials such as graphene can be used as a reinforcing agent in building materials to enhance the strength and durability. Common building materials burnt red soil bricks and fly ash bricks were reinforced with various amounts of graphene, and the effect of graphene on the strength of these newly developed nanocomposites was studied. The fly ash brick nanocomposite samples were cured as per their standard curing time, and the burnt red soil brick nanocomposite samples were merely dried in the sun instead of being subjected to the traditional heat treatment for days to achieve sufficient strength. The water absorption ability of the fly ash bricks was also discussed. The compressive strength of all of the graphene-reinforced nanocomposite samples was tested, along with that of some standard (without graphene) composite samples with the same dimensions, to evaluate the effects of the addition of various amounts of graphene on the compressive strength of the bricks.

The ambient gamma radiation around the Bellary thermal power plant was measured by Scintillometer of NaI (Tl) detector. The ambient gamma radiation level is mainly dependent upon the activity of primordial radionuclides present in soil and building materials. The activity of natural radionuclides presents in the soil and building materials of some villages around the Bellary thermal power plant is labelled by gamma-ray spectroscopy. The activity of natural radionuclides in soil such as 226Ra, 232Th and 40K varies from 24 to 86.2 Bq·kg−1, 45 to 115 Bq·kg−1 and 145 to 910 Bq·kg−1 with a mean value of 32.5, 79 and 640 Bq·kg−1, respectively. The total measured annual effective dose rate of gamma varies from 0.85 to 1.37 mSv·year−1 and the total calculated annual effective dose rate varies from 0.88 to 1.47 with a mean value of 1.18 mSv·year−1. The measured and calculated values of ambient gamma radiation are very nearer to each other and show positive correlation with a correlation coefficient of 0.44. All the measured radiological indices in soil and building materials are lower than the safe level limit except fly ash bricks, fly ash brick shows a value higher than the safe level limit. The fly ash emitted from the thermal power plant enhances the radiation level in nearby villages. The results are presented and analyzed in this paper.

Masonry is a heterogeneous material with the most complex, non-linear, anisotropic behaviour among all other construction materials (steel, concrete, etc.). Both masonry compressive strength and bond strength are two important parameters for structural design. A wide range of experimental studies considering two types of fly ash bricks and three grades of cement mortar is conducted to check the influence of masonry bond strength on its compressive strength. During the compressive strength test on stack bonded prisms, it is seen that when the brick–mortar bond strength is poor, the prism failure is also accompanied by a failure of the brick–mortar bond. The experimental result in the present study also reveals that with the increase in shear bond strength compressive strength increases indicating the existence of a correlation between these two important parameters. The correlation between compressive strength and shear bond strength of masonry is investigated and an analytical model is suggested accordingly.

Lateral loads such as wind and inertial forces from earthquakes are resisted by the bond strength of brick masonry structures. The consideration of uncertainty in both load and resistance c...

Manufacturing of bricks, using clay or fly ash, is one of the major contributors to greenhouse gas emissions as their manufacturing involves utilization of coal and cement. To overcome this limitation, alternative construction materials are developed by author using industrial and agro wastes like cotton mill waste, recycled paper mill waste, and rice husk ash. This work aims at performing a sustainability assessment of burnt clay bricks and bricks made of industrial and agro wastes used for brickwork in a low-cost house. The criteria considered for the assessment are economic, environmental, social, and technical aspects for manufacture of bricks and use of different bricks for brickwork. For the evaluation of environmental criterion, a life cycle assessment (LCA) tool is used. Overall sustainability index (SI) is calculated for alternatives based on the various criteria using MIVES approach. The relative SIs of clay and fly ash bricks, were 0.25 and 0.26, respectively. Overall, bricks made of industrial and agro wastes are found more sustainable with the highest SI for cotton waste bricks (0.94). Sensitivity analysis also confirmed that brickwork from waste based bricks is more sustainable compared to brickwork made from clay brick or fly ash brick.

In order to solve the limitations of masonry structures, such as poor seismic performance, complicated construction techniques, and energy wastage of wall materials, a new type of confined autoclaved fly-ash-brick wall was proposed and its mechanical performance was analyzed. An axial compression test of autoclaved fly-ash-brick short columns was carried out to analyze the failure mode and obtain the constitutive parameters of the brick. Meanwhile, a low-cyclic loading test of an assembly using an autoclaved fly-ash-brick wall was carried out to prove the correctness of the numerical model. Under multiple influencing parameters, the seismic performance of the assembly of autoclaved fly-ash-brick walls was analyzed by a numerical-simulation method. The results show that (1) the seismic performance of the assembled autoclaved fly-ash-brick walls is better than that of cast-in-place masonry walls, (2) low-strength mortar leads to premature cracking, which is unfavorable to earthquake resistance of the walls, and (3) the bearing capacity of the wall is increased and then decreased with the increase of the vertical compressive stress, so the number of layers of brick masonry structural should be limited. In addition, some construction measures were proposed to improve the mechanical performance of assembled autoclaved fly-ash-brick walls.

Various studies have confirmed that high thermal resistance in roof & wall can reduce the heat transfer load of the buildings. In this study, experimental investigation of the effects of some sustainable features (such as green roof, reflective coated roof & Fly ash brick (FAB) etc.) on the building has been conducted in the Indian context. For the purpose, two scaled building models i.e. Model I (conventional design) & Model II (green design) have been examined with different design configurations. The sensible heat transfer (SHT) load of the building is reduced by 21% - 29% through the use of FAB with cavity wall in place of Fired clay brick (FCB) wall. The load reduction increases to 26% - 44% by using FAB cavity wall with reflective coating on the roof. This reduction further increases to 64% - 68% with FAB cavity wall along with green roof. In this final scenario, the monthly electrical energy saving for air-conditioning is approximately 5.1 kWhe/m2 per unit envelope area, with associated reduction in GHG emissions up to 6.36 kg CO2eq/m2 per unit envelope area, assuming continuous operation of HVAC systems.

Brick is one of major construction material and is widely used in construction. Cost of clay brick is considerably increased due to its higher demand, transportation, unavailability of raw materials and environmental restrictions. Moreover, fly ash based un-burnt bricks are commonly used because of its availability as well as superior performance. In the recent years, lot of clay and fly ash brick production units has been started due to their demand. At the same time, quality controls of in-situ bricks which are directly supplied to the construction are not adequately controlled. Brick quality is significantly influenced by its raw materials such as clay and fly ash. Moreover, characteristics of fly ash and clay vary to a greater extent in different regions in India. A comprehensive evaluation of quality of in-situ bricks from different units is not available in the existing literature. In the study, clay bricks and unburnt fly ash bricks were collected from different production units and their characteristics were evaluated. Moreover concrete paver blocks were collected from seven different manufacturers and quality of paver specimens were assessed. Results from the study showed that considerable variations in fly ash bricks compared to standards specifications. However similar characteristics were observed for clay bricks. High strength was observed for precast paver concrete specimens than minimum requirement.

Utilization sago husk as brick’s filler is aimed not only to be insulator for burning process, as shown on sawdust and reed, but also to reduce bad environmental impact indeed. Therefore, it is paramount importance to obtain range of composition of sago husk, as filler upon fly ash brick’s production that results proper quality as building material. Some standard i.e. ASTM C 67-14, ASTM D 2487-06, and SNI 15-2094, 2000 are used in this this research as minimum requirements and quality control of each steps of brick’s production. Eight compositions of sago husk mixed with clay and fly ash i.e. 1.3%, 1.7%, 2%, 2.3%, 2.6%, 2.9%, 3.1%, and 3.3%, will be evaluated on its dimension, weight, initial rate of absorption and compressive strength. The results show that sago husk as filler upon brick’s production decreases the compressive strength of fly ash brick, yet meet the minimum requirement. All composition meet requirement from ASTM C 67-14, ASTM D 2487-06, and SNI 15-2094, 2000. In terms of environmental impact, there might be significant values in reduction of sago husk waste in the river stream, since based on demand analysis, the waste still can be used for admixture of structural bricks.

Masonry is the oldest method of construction and is composed of masonry units and mortar. The traditional masonry units like burnt bricks and conventional cement blocks are not considered as sustainable. Burnt brick consumes fossil fuel and top fertile soil. Hence there is a need to develop and use alternatives to traditional masonry units. Geopolymer technology is one among many alternatives in which complete elimination of cement is achieved without compromising the strength and durability. This technique makes use of supplementary cementitious materials like fly ash, Ground granulated blast furnace slag, etc. as binders [1]. The objective of this project is to study the effect of fly ash and alccofine on the physical and mechanical properties of geopolymer masonry bricks at different replacement levels of fly ash with 0, 10, 20, 30, 40% of alccofine and comparing the optimum results with fly ash brick [2, 3]. The polymerization is done with the help of alkaline activators. Sodium silicate and sodium hydroxide are the alkaline activators used. It is proposed to study the properties such as compressive strength, water absorption, density etc. and these properties are compared with that of that of fly ash bricks [4, 5].

The chief principle of this paper is to optimize the location of vertical air space within composite walls based on thermal unsteady response state parameters that include admittance, transmittance, attenuation factor, and time lag. For computation of these parameters, a MATLAB code has been generated. This code solves 1-D heat flow diffusion equation with convective periodic boundary conditions. Six building construction materials such as laterite stone, burnt brick, mudbrick, reinforced brick, fly ash brick, and concrete block were selected and computations were made for 42 configurations of the composite walls. From this, it is concluded that composite walls with air space located at the outer side of the external wall and the mid-center of the external wall are energy efficient from higher time lag, higher thermal admittance, and lower thermal transmittance perspective and the composite walls with air space located at outer and inner sides of the external walls are the best from the lower decrement factor perspective, among seven studied configurations. The results of the study reduce the air conditioning loads in buildings.

The present paper assesses the safety of existing unreinforced building subjected to earthquake loading, considering uncertainty associated with various material properties. A static pushover analysis was carried out on an equivalent frame model of selected clay and fly ash brick masonry walls using two different load pattern as per ASCE/SEI 41-17. Uncertain material properties that affect the response significantly are identified through sensitivity analysis. The study shows the effect of brick type and mortar grade on the seismic performance of brick masonry wall. It was found from the study that masonry density, elastic modulus, Poisson’s ratio and shear bond strength are the most important material properties which affect the output response.

This article is based on the planning of human movements in different joints to reduce energy and fatigue of the working subjects. For this a simulation model is generated which complies with the constraints of the process. It requires verifying the capability of human postures and movements in different working conditions for the evaluation of effectiveness of the new workplace design. Here, a simple human performance measure is introduced which enables the mathematical model for evaluation of a cost function, i.e., discomfort function and energy expenditure rate. The basic study is to evaluate human performance in the form of cost functions. It aims to optimize the movement of the limbs with the above-mentioned cost factors. The method is tested with a case study of a fly ash brick manufacturing unit using two subjects for stacking bricks in stacking pan. MOO method is used for posture prediction. For an optimized posture prediction cost functions are minimized with less joint discomfort and less energy expenditure.

The conventional burnt clay bricks are usually employed for constructional purposes. However, there is another type of bricks called fly ash bricks that can also be broadly employed in all such works. When compared on the basis of weight and substantiality, this variety of brick is relatively better than the conventional bricks. Its application as chief crude material in the brick manufacturing will formulate adequate possibilities for its strait-laced and beneficial disposal and additionally support in environmental deterioration check to a vaster scope in the neighbouring regions of power manufactories as fly ash is being stockpiled as a rubbish element in great abundance around such power manufactories and producing severe environmental deterioration predicaments. The severe predicaments posed by brick manufacturers inflate unwanted outcomes such as soil erosion, deforestation, unwanted gas exhaustion, etc. As per statistics, 5000 acres of the uppermost cover of soil which formulate around 340 billion tones of clay is emptied out for bricks production, and annually we are able to employ 180 billion tonnes of conventional bricks. Therefore, such environmental predicaments can be subdued to a certain degree if fly ash bricks are employed for constructional purposes in place of conventional bricks and a lot of top covers can be conserved. This study aimed to interpret knowledge concerning about fly ash as a raw material in brick manufacturing and thereby establish and characterize its performances in an usual economical manner.

The present study is mainly focused to address the uncertainty underlying compressive strength of non-conventional bricks along with clay brick using agro and industrial wastes such as sugarcane bagasse ash and waste marble dust; but utilization of both the materials in a single brick is very scanty. Keeping view on this, an attempt was made in the study to understand the effects of sugarcane bagasse ash along with the waste marble dust as the partially replaced material for the production of bricks. However, the compressive strength of brick is the main critical parameter further an extensive study was also done through the probability study. To undertake the current proposal economically; a semi - automatic fly ash brick manufacturing machine was fabricated locally with hydraulically operating system. To prepare the nonconventional brick, three different types of combinations as Type I, II and III were considered and based on the minimum values of the suggested Indian codal provision for compressive strength, with the composition of fly ash brick as fly ash-25 %, sugarcane bagasse ash (SBA)-20 %, sand-30 %, cement-5%, waste marble dust-20 % and for clay bricks as clay of 65 % with SBA 35 % are finalized for further statistical analysis. The study concluded that, the variability of the characteristics compressive strength of both fly ash and clay brick can be described with normal distribution at 5% significance level. The regression analysis for the compressive strength of bricks concluded with a linear relationship with R2 = 0.996 and 0.992 respectively for both the bricks type considered. Further the embedded irregularities in the data of above-mentioned bricks types confirm the adoption of statistical techniques. Owing to the satisfactory results of characteristic compressive strength, the utilization of sustainable fly ash bricks in the present study can be encouraged subjected to the ample availability of raw materials in a locality.

Under the India &ldquo, Housing for all&rdquo, scheme, 20 million urban houses have to be constructed by 2022, which requires the rate of construction to be around 8000 houses/day. Previous results by the team show that present design methods for affordable buildings and structures in India need improvement. The challenges are the disposal of solid waste generated from agro-industrial activities and the energy peak demand in extremely hot and cold seasons. The development of bio-based urban infrastructure which can adapt to the climatic conditions has been proposed. Inclusion of sustainable materials such as agro-industrial by-products and insulation materials has resulted in effective environmental sustainability and climate change adaptability. Precast components are highlighted as a suitable solution for this purpose as well as to fulfil the need of mass housing. India has a lesser record in implementing this prefab technology when compared to a global view. For the first time, a novel and sustainable prefab housing solution is tested for scale-up using industrial waste of co-fired blended ash (CBA) and the results are presented here. A model house of real scale measuring 3 &times, 3 &times, 3 m3 was considered as a base case and is compared with 17 other combinations of model house with varying alignment of prefab panels. Comparison was made with commercially available fly ash brick and CBA brick with a conventional roof slab. A simulation study was conducted regarding cost and energy analysis for all the 18 cases. Various brick and panel compositions with CBA for housing were tried and the superior composition was selected. Similarly, 18 model houses of real scale were simulated, with different combinations of walls made of bricks or panels and different building orientations, to check the impact on energy peak cooling and cost. Results show that peak cooling load can be reduced by six times with bio-based prefab panels. Prefab construction can be considered for mass housing ranging above 100 housing units, each consisting of an area of 25 m2.

Appropriate construction materials with low thermal conductivity are required to control excess heat gain in building surfaces exposed to hot climates. This paper elaborates on the development and application of three sustainable building materials, namely hollow bricks using construction waste, double-glazed windows insulated with ultraviolet (UV) rejection film and reflecting/insulating roof treatment material. The physical, mechanical and thermal properties of the developed materials were investigated. To investigate the thermal performance experimentally, two small-scale models were developed over the study area. A two-room model (M1) built with fly ash brick, double-glazed (plain glass) windows with UV rejection film (W1) and a conventional reinforced cement concrete roof was compared with another two-room model (M2) built with construction waste bricks, double-glazed (commercial glass) windows with UV rejection film (W2) and a reinforced cement concrete roof that underwent a reflecting/insulating treatment. The results showed that the thermal transmittance of the wall and the roof of model M2 was reduced by 73% and 25% respectively compared with the wall and roof of model M1. Temperature analyses revealed that the west and east rooms of M2 were respectively 2·3% and 5·0% cooler than those of M1.

Natural radioactivity levels, 222Rn and 220Rn exhalation rates and radiation hazards of fly ash and fly ash brick used in Baotou, China were determined. The activity concentrations of 226Ra, 232Th, and 40K in fly ash samples ranged from 38.81 to 93.73, 40.34 to 135.17, and 66.92 to 290.86 Bq/kg with an average of 76.52, 109.95, and 170.72 Bq/kg, respectively; while in fly ash brick samples, these radionuclides ranged from 42.43 to 71.60, 76.65 to 208.37, and 94.32 to 489.42 Bq/kg with an average of 53.83, 101.93, and 266.48 Bq/kg, respectively. The exhalation rates of 222Rn and 220Rn in all determined samples were in the range of 1.13-20.50 and 15.60-113.00 mBq/m2s, respectively. The calculated results of the radium equivalent activity, external hazard index, internal hazard index, indoor annual effective dose and outdoor annual effective dose indicated that fly ashes and fly ash bricks collected from some brick factories of Baotou would pose excessive radiation risks to inhabitants and that they are not suitable for use in building construction. The natural radioactivity level of fly ash and fly ash brick needs to be constantly monitored considering the radiation safety of the local residents.

Buildings account for about 40% of total electricity use in the world for artificial cooling and artificial day lighting and they are also responsible for 40% CO 2 emissions. This work reports a comprehensive investigation of thermal performance characteristics which include thermal transmittance, thermal admittance, decrement factor and the time lag for both homogeneous and composite building walls. A computer program with the cyclic admittance method was developed to study unsteady thermal performance characteristics. The Five building materials such as, cellular concrete, mud brick, concrete block, burnt brick and fly ash bricks were selected for the study. The heat transfer characteristics of five homogeneous building walls and their five composite walls were studied in detail. From the results, it is observed that fly ash brick homogeneous walls and their composite walls are energy efficient from the lowest decrement factor and the highest time lag perspective among five homogeneous and five composite walls studied. The decrement factor and time lag values of homogeneous fly ash bricks were observed to be 0.401 and 8.159 h, respectively, whereas the values of composite fly ash brick walls were observed to be 0.342 and 9.199 h, respectively.

The study aims to investigate the impact of Ultrafine Fly Ash (UFFA) blended cement mortar in masonry prism and its failure mechanisms. Class C fly ash (CFA) and UFFA with optimum pulverization time of 120 min and replacement of 50% in cement mortar was examined. Masonry prism made of clay and fly ash brick are exposed for compressive and shear loads to test the real field scenario. UFFA mortar has more specific heat capacity (Cp) due to existence of finer particles. In real time, heat transferring of wall, the brick plays a dominant role on volume basis which balances the enhancement of Cp of mortar efficiently. Interestingly, 50% replacement of UFFA guarantees the additional strength of 8% and 33% over the conventional mortar and masonry prism respectively, due to its size reduction, irregular shape and greater interlocking of hydrated products. Experimental results have been validated numerically using ANSIS workbench 18.

In the vulnerable Arctic environment, the impact of especially hazardous wastes can have severe consequences and the reduction and safe handling of these waste types are therefore an important issue. In this study, two groups of heavy metal containing particulate waste materials, municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) fly and bottom ashes and mine tailings (i.e., residues from the mineral resource industry) from Greenland were screened in order to determine their suitability as secondary resources in clay-based brick production. Small clay discs, containing 20 or 40% of the different particulate waste materials, were fired and material properties and heavy metal leaching tests were conducted before and after firing. Remediation techniques (washing in distilled water and electrodialytical treatment) applied to the fly ash reduced leaching before firing. The mine tailings and bottom ash brick discs obtained satisfactory densities (1669-2007 kg/m3) and open porosities (27.9-39.9%). In contrast, the fly ash brick discs had low densities (1313-1578 kg/m3) and high open porosities (42.1-51. %). However, leaching tests on crushed brick discs revealed that heavy metals generally became more available after firing for all the investigated materials and that further optimisation is therefore necessary prior to incorporation in bricks.

Past experimental studies have shown that fly ash bricks are softer and weaker in comparison with burnt clay bricks and mortar generally used on site. Thus, mechanics of masonry under compression is altered such that the softer bricks are under tri-axial compression and mortar is under bilateral tension. An experimental study was carried out to understand the lateral load response of reinforced concrete (RC) frame infilled with fly ash brick masonry. Results showed that the frame provided reasonably good results in terms of lateral strength, stiffness, deformation, and energy dissipation. Using an analytical model developed from the experimental results a parametric study was carried out to compare the influence of using both fly ash and burnt clay brick masonry as infill in RC frames. Though frames infilled with fly ash brick masonry exhibited slightly lesser lateral strength and stiffness, the degradation in lateral load carrying capacity in post peak regime was significantly more gradual due to soft nature of fly ash bricks. Finally, to understand the possible reasons for the weak and soft nature of fly ash bricks, three types of analyses were carried out to evaluate their chemical and mineralogical composition: X-ray fluorescence analysis, scanning electron microscope associated with energy dispersive spectrometer, and powder X-ray diffraction technique. It was concluded that due to incomplete pozzolanic reaction, fly ash bricks exhibited weak and soft nature. Addition of activators was recommended to improve their stiffness and compressive strength, in case it is required.

Industrial solid wastes such as red mud, fly ash as main raw materials. The unburned brick which mainly composed of red mud, fly ash was produced. The material composition and production technology have been studied. The results showed that the optimum properties can be obtained when unburned brick was produced by 44–55% 1 year's old red mud, 19–30% fly ash, 6–7% lime, 4–6% α-hemi hydrate gypsum, 25–35% Yellow River silt, 2% 42·5 ordinary cement. The best moulding process for the moulding pressure is 15 MPa, the optimum containing water ratio is from 14 to 18% and deposited in room for 12 hours, the compressive strength of the brick in the 28th day is up to 16·71 MPa. They satisfy the demand of MU15 high quality of fly ash brick. The phenomenon of re-alkali and radioactive was suppressed effective through the addition of appropriate amount additives, the comprehensive performance was superior.

To investigate the indoor temperature variations of buildings constructed with different masonry materials, the small scale modelling technique was used. Two small scale models were designed and built as per the standards (SP: 41), one with sugarcane bagasse ash (SBA) bricks and another with commercially available fly ash bricks. In order to assess the indoor temperature of the built model houses, the room temperature recordings were monitored for the period of a year over the study area (Nagpur, Maharashtra, India), which has a composite type of climatic condition. The thermal conduction of the exposed wall assembly was estimated by the surface temperature readings of the built houses. The techno-economic viability for the developed model houses was also carried out. The detailed analysis revealed that the developed SBA brick model house (M-1) was thermally more resistant and economic than the fly ash brick model house (M-2). The study revealed that the SBA bricks are novel, and were found to be a better thermally insulated masonry construction material than the commercially available fly ash bricks.

China has ranked first in the coal fly ash emission in the world. The multipurpose use of the fly ash from power plant waste is always an important topic for the Chinese environmental protection, which has drawn the concern of the government, scientific research departments, manufacturing enterprises and industry experts. This paper introduces an experimental research on how to recycle fly ash effectively, a kind of new technology of making bricks by which fly ash content could be amounted to 50–80 %. The article introduces raw materials of fly ash brick, production process and key control points. It introduces how to change the technical parameters of the existing brick-making mechanical device, optimize the parameters combination and improve the device performance. High-content fly ash bricks are manufactured, which selects wet fly ash from power plants, adding aggregate with reasonable ratio and additives with reasonable dosage, and do the experimental research on manufactured products for properties, production technology and selection about technology parameters of production equipment. All indexes of strength grade, freezing-thawing resisting, and other standards of the studied bricks reached the national standards for building materials industry.