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Aim: Find out the calcium content of the blood reflecting its balance and functional status the calcium regulatory system when it is comorbid for gastroduodenal ulcers (GDU), developed on the background of chronic erosive gastritis (CEG), chronic erosive duodenitis (CED), arterial hypertension (AH) and osteo-articular pathology with the use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and the impact of his changes on the activity ulzerogennogo process, the state of regional microcirculation and the functions of the stomach. To determine the pathogenetic justification for and effectiveness of blockers of slow calcium channels (BSCaC) in complex treatment., Materials and Methods: Examined 132 patients with GDU. All patients were divided into groups: the 1st (n=49) - patients with recurrent of peptic ulcer disease (PUD) and CEG/CED; the 2nd (n=23) - with recurrence of PUD and AH, the 3rd (n=14) - with GDU and osteoarticular pathology, taking NSAIDs. Patients of these three groups for the treatment of erosive ulcerous lesions of gastroduodenal zone (GDZ) has been appointed complex therapy with inclusion of nifedipine. The 4th (control) group consisted of 56 patients with recurrent BU without concomi- tant pathology, applying integrated therapy with nifedipine., Results: The PU relapse, comorbid her over with erosive gastroduodenitis, hypertension, GDU with of osteoarticular pathology and taking NSAIDs is accompanied by a calcium imbalance with increased levels of calcium in the blood, contributing to increase of acid-peptic factor in the formation of hypermotor dyskinesia stomach, disruption of regional microcirculation and repair processes, activa- tion of ulcerogenesis in GDZ. Inclusion in the complex therapy of GDU of nifedipine leads to the recovery of calcium balance, functions of the stomach and regional mi- crocirculation, accelerates the timing and increases the percentage of scarring ulcers., Conclusion: GDU accompanied by dysfunction the calcium regulatory system with increasing levels of blood calcium, contributing to the for- mation of the major pathogenetic mechanisms of ulcerogenesis. BSCaC application in complex therapy of GDU is pathogenetically justified and clinically effective, reduces the excessive drug treatment in the treatment.

Aim: To clarify blood calcium concentrations (BCCs) as an indicator of the functional state of the calcium-regulating system in the concomitant course of recurrent peptic ulcer disease (PUD) and hypertension, by comparing with the severity of a ulcerous process, with changes in regional microcirculation, and with the functions of the stomach. To elucidate the pathogenetic justification for and clinical efficacy of slow calcium channel blockers (SCCBs) in the treatment of this comorbidity., Subjects and Methods: In the case-control study, each patient with recurrent PUD and grade 1, Stage I hypertension (Group 1; n=23) corresponded to a recurrent PUD patient matched for sex, age, and ulcer site (Group 2, n=23). The complex of treatment for these patients included the SCCB nifedipine. A control group consisted of 56 recurrent PUD patients who received combination therapy without nifedipine. All the patients over time underwent clinical and endoscopic examinations and determinations of BCCs, indicators of gastric secretory and motor functions, and regional microcirculation in the gastroduodenal mucosal biopsy specimens., Results: Recurrent PUD was present with a reliable BCC increase that was more substantial when it was associated with hypertension. Calcium imbalance was accompanied by changes in regional microcirculation and gastric secretory and motor functional indicators forming an acid peptic factor, as well as by hypermotor dyskinesia, which were more pronounced in patients with comorbidity. Incorporation of a SCCB into a complex of therapy for recurrent PUD to eliminate the pathogenic effect of blood calcium contributed to more rapid arrest of the clinical symptoms of a recurrence, to elimination of acute-phase microcirculatory disorders in the gastroduodenal zone, and to the recovery of gastric functional indicators. Elevated blood pressure was ruled out during the therapy of concomitant diseases., Conclusion: Incorporation of a SCCB into the combination therapy of recurrent PUD associated with hypertension is pathogenetically sound and clinically effective.

Aim: to determine the condition calcium-regulating system, calcium-phosphate balance in the period of recurrence of peptic ulcer disease and possibility of correction changes in calcium-regulating system (drugs calcitonin, calcium channel-blocking agent, biphosphonate)., Materials and Methods: 220 patients with peptic ulcer recurrence were examined with examinations of parathyrin, calcitonin, calcium and phosphorus in blood, secretbry and motor functions of a stomach., Results: it was established that a recurrence of peptic ulcer disease accompanied by significant increase of parathyrin and calcium in blood, small increase of calcitonin in blood, significant decrease phosphorus in blood. These changes, accompanied by a significant increase of secretory and motor functions of a stomach, reducing production gastromucoproteids. Application in the treatment of peptic ulcer disease calcitrinum, nifedipinum and etidronic acid leads to a significant clinical effect, the normalization of the level of calcium in blood and functions of the stomach., Conclusion: recurrence of peptic ulcer disease has changes in calcium-regulating system. Application in complex treatment of recurrence of peptic hormone C-cells of the thyroid - calcitrinum, calcium channel-blocking agent -- nifedipine and biphosphonate - etidronic acid are clinically effective.

Aim: To elucidate the functional state and value of the calcium-regulating system, calcium and phosphorus metabolism in the pathogenesis and sanogenesis of peptic ulcer (PU); to define the possible ways to correct shifts found in the treatment of disease relapse, by affecting the different levels of their disorders., Subjects and Methods: A total of 220 patients with recurrent PU were examined by determining the blood levels of parathyrin, calcitonin, calcium and phosphorus, as well as gastric secretory and motor functions., Results: Recurrent PU was accompanied by a considerable increase in the blood concentration of parathyroid hormone and calcium, a slight rise in that of calcitonin, and a significant reduction in that of phosphorus. These changes were attended by a substantial increase in gastric acid- and pepsinogen-forming functions, a decrease in the production of gastric mucoproteins, and hypermotor dyskinesia. The use of calcitrin, nifedipine, and etidronic acid, which eliminate dysfunction of the calcium-regulating system at different levels of its impairments, leads to a significant reduction in the time of alleviation of the clinical and endoscopic manifestations of a recurrence., Conclusion: Recurrent PU runs in the presence of calcium-regulating system dysfunction. Incorporation of the thyroid C-cell hormone preparation calcitrin, the slow calcium-channel blocker nifedipine, and etidronic acid bisphosphonate into a complex of treatment for a disease recurrence is pathogenetically sound and clinically effective.

The paper gives the results of analyzing the data of long-term studies of the natural focal pattern of plague in the Gornyi Altai natural focus. It describes a wide range of biological processes occurring in the focus and shows the most important patterns of its functioning as a complex multilevel ecological system. The key features of the formation of the focus have been revealed. The plague focus in South-Western Altai has formed relatively, recently, about half a century ago, then it has intensively developed and its enzootic area and the activity of epizootic manifestations have considerably increased. This process is due to the space-time transformations of the basic ecological and population characteristics of Pallas' pika (Ochotoma pallasi), the principal vector of the pathogen of plague and fleas parasitizing the mammal, which is in turn related to the aridization of mountain steppes in South-Western Altai.

The relative number of plague pathogen strains isolated from some flea species in different Gorno-Altai natural plague foci substantially varies; this indicator also varies with time. These patterns are due to the difference in the structure of multispecies communities of ectoparasites in these areas and their long-term transformation. As of now, the three species Paradoxopsyllus scorodumovi, Ctenophyllus hirticrus, and Amphalius runatus are widely involved in pathogen transmission in all three foci. These ectoparasites should be referred to as main plague vectors. In each focus, they are joined by other flea species, such as Rhadinopsylla dahurica and Amphipsylla primaris in the Ulandryk focus, Frontopsylla hetera, R. dahurica, Paradoxopsyllus kalabukhovi, and Paramonopsyllus scalodae in the Tarkhatin focus, and P. scalonae and P. kalabukhovi in the Kurai focus, which should be classified as an additional vector.

Aim: To elucidate the state and importance of the calcium-regulating system, calcium and phosphorus balances, their impact on ulcer activity, regional microcirculation, and hemostasis during recurrent peptic ulcer disease (PUD)., Subjects and Methods: Sixty patients with recurrent PUD were examined. They underwent determinations of blood parathyrin and calcitonin and blood and urinary calcium and phosphorus levels and studies of regional microcirculation in the gastroduodenal mucosa and systemic hemostatic parameters in addition to clinical and endoscopic examinations., Results: Recurrent PUD is accompanied by a significant blood parathyrin rise and some calcitonin increase and by calcium-phosphorus imbalance. Impaired calcium-regulating system functions attend significant microcirculatory disorders in the gastroduodenal mucosa and hemostatic changes characteristic of consumptive coagulopathy., Conclusion: A clear relationship between calcium-regulating hormone impairments, calcium and phosphorus metabolism with ulcer activity and microcirculatory and hemostatic changes may suggest the found shifts in ulcerogenesis and the pathogenetic substantiation of correction of these disorders may be of importance for the treatment of a disease recurrence.

The article presents the results of development and practical implementation of system of polymerase chain reaction testing in real-time operation mode to detect agent of plague infield material. In laboratory conditions the system demonstrated good results and hence it was applied in conditions of field laboratory of epidemiologic team during planned epizootologic examination of Gorno-Altaisk hot spot of plague. The sampling consisted of more than 1400 objects. It was demonstrated that high sensitivity and specificity is immanent to proposed system. The adaptation of the system to the real time amplifier "Smart Cycler" (Cephid, USA) having some specific technical characteristics makes it possible to consider the proposed test-system as an effective sensitive and precise instrument for screening studies in the process of regular epizootologic examinations of hot spots of plague.

Aim: To evaluate calcium and phosphorus balances during recurrent peptic ulcer disease (PUD) and to estimate the impact of found changes on the course of an ulcerative process, secretory and motor functions in the stomach., Subjects and Methods: Sixty patients with recurrent PUD were examined. They underwent determinations of blood and urinary calcium and phosphorus levels and gastric secretory and motor functions in addition to clinical and endoscopic examinations., Results: Recurrent PUD was shown to be accompanied by significantly elevated blood calcium and substantially decreased blood phosphorus, insignificant hypercalciuria and hyperphosphaturia. These changes were attended by considerably increased acid- and pepsinogen-forming functions of the stomach, lower gastromucoprotein production, and gastric hypermotor dyskinesis. More pronounced shifts in calcium and phosphorus balance were revealed in the acute phase of a disease recurrence in young men with duodenal ulcers., Conclusion: A clear relationship between calcium and phosphorus metabolic disturbances, ulcerative process activity, and gastric functional changes may point to the significance of found shifts in ulcerogenesis and to the pathogenetic substantiation of correction of these disorders in the treatment of a disease recurrence.

Aim: To determine the metabolism of calcium and phosphorus in the period of peptic ulcer recurrence and to compare it with gastric secretion and motility., Materials and Methods: 150 patients with peptic ulcer recurrence were examined. Apart from clinical and endoscopic examinations, the presence of calcium and phosphorus in blood and urine was detected, gastric secretion and motility were determined., Results: It was ascertained that recurrence of peptic ulcer was accompanied by essential increasing of calcium and decreasing phosphorus in blood, insignificant hypercalciuria and hyperphosphaturia. These changes were accompanied by considerable increasing of gastric secretional function, decreasing production of gastromucoproteids and gastric hypermotility. The more significant changes of calcium-phosphorus metabolism were determined in the acute phase of the recurrence in duodenal ulcers in young males., Conclusion: The evident connection between the impairment of calcium and phosphorus metabolism, the activity of peptic ulcer and changes in the function of stomach can show the importance of these changes in pathogenesis of ulcer and the validity of therapeutic correction of these changes in case of the recurrence.

Unlabelled: The arm of the study was to examine the influence parathyrin and calcitonin on the development experimental gastric ulcers of rabbits., Material and Methods: The study involved 87 rabbits. All animals were divided on six groups in dependence on experimental influence (control, trauma celiac plexus, application parathyrin, trauma celiac plexus and introduction parathyrin, application calcitonin, trauma celiac plexus and introduction calcitonin)., Conclusion: Experimental gastric ulcers reproducing of trauma celiac plexus are formed on the background of dysfunction parathyroid glands and C-cell thyroid gland and hypercalcemia. Parathyrin intensifies mechanisms of ulcer's formation, calcitonin prevents from it.

Recurrence of ulcer disease is accompanied by changes in the system of calcium regulation. There is considerable rise of parathyrin of blood in acute phase of ulcer disease, but under the cicatrisation of ulcer parathyrin is normal. Mechanical injury of celiac plexus of rabbits is found to cause multiple gastric erosions and ulcers. Similar changers (and even more expressed) is revealed after introduction of parathormone to rabbits.

Gradual dispersion of an abundant flea species Ctenophyllus hirticrus specific to the Pallas's pika (the main plague carrier), is revealed in the Gorno-Altai natural plague focus on the territory, occupied by two populations of this lagomorph. Spreading of Yersinia pestis in these areas took place a short time later the rise of this ectoparasite's abundance. It is supposed that the colonization of these areas by C. hirticrus was one of the factors determined epizooties spreading within the focus and formation of new sites of stable Y. pestis preservation.

Epizootological role of fleas in the Gorno-Altai natural plague focus (Sailugemsk focus) and numerous data on the flea viability are analyzed and generalized. Information concerning the flea natural infectivity with Yersinia pestis altaica is represented. Ecological peculiarities of some flea species parasitizing the main host, Mongolian pika Ochotona pallasi, and nature of their interrelations with Y. pestis are investigated. It is shown that the flea taxocenosis provides the permanent all year-round circulation of Y. pestis in the Gorno-Altai natural focus. Certain combinations of structural elements of the flea taxocenosis have a dominant significance in determination the circulation process at different phases of the annual epizootic cycle.

Examination of 150 ulcer patients determined that the exacerbation of the disease proceeds against the background of essential augmentation of calcium in the blood, which is most expressed at the acute phase of relapse, at the localization of ulcer in the duodenum, in men of young age. This is accompanied by the rising production of hydrochloric acid and pepsinogen, decrease of production of gastromucoproteins, hypermotor dyskinesia of stomach, hypocoagulation, infringement of microcirculation in the mucous coat of the gastroduodenal zone displayed as microthromboses, plasmorrhagias, hemorrhages. The inclusion of the calcium antagonist Corinfarum in the complex therapy reliably accelerates the liquidation of signs of relapse, reduces terms, increases the percentage of ulcer cicatrisation, and promotes normalization of stomach functions, calcium balance, hemostasis and microcirculation.

Cell-mediated and humoral immunity parameters were investigated at different dates of myocardial infarction and compared with the blood tests. A diagram is proposed correlating changes of immune status to blood test results, as an instrument for the assessment of changes in immune status on the basis of blood composition. Immunologic changes (defense immunodeficiency and developing cytotoxic component) associated with acute myocardial infarction, and disorders of immunologic control persisting to the time of discharge were demonstrated. Immunologic tests with specific antigens help to decipher the nature of immunity disorders detectable on the basis of blood test results.