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Background/Objectives: The definition of physical literacy (PL) needs to be explored by researchers from educational, public health, and sports organisations in Chinese culture; an adequate definition and theoretical framework of PL can then be embraced within different contexts and according to cultural influences. Methods: This meta-narrative synthesis of literature in this area included a series of planning, search, mapping, appraisal, synthesis, and recommendation phases. The literature was translated into English and circulated among international experts to seek suggestions. A total of 74 articles were included in the PL definition synthesis and 28 were included for philosophical synthesis in this study. Results: Based on three rounds of discussions, the final agreement was reached among panel members regarding the defining statements and practical and theoretical models of PL in Chinese culture. According to consensus, PL is the integration of physical, perceptual, cognitive, psychological, and behavioural capabilities, echoing with the need for an active, healthy, and fulfilling lifestyle, which involves continuous positive interactions with the environment and embodied engagement in physical activities for life. The framework addressed five domains (physical, sensory-perceptual, cognitive, psychological, and behavioural) and one important overlapping factor (dynamic environment). A further explanation was provided in the defining statement to assist in understanding the concept. Conclusion: It is suggested that the cultural interpretation and historical background of PL in Chinese discourse should be addressed and respected. The development of a specific cultural definition statement of PL in one country could provide implications for PL researchers worldwide.

Abstract This study aimed to examine how satellite fans perceived the risk of COVID-19 and its influence on their emotions (i.e., nostalgia, depression, and frustration), well-being, and intention to travel to the stadium of European Professional Football Leagues (EPFL) teams in the future. A total of 511 EPFL fans in Singapore participated in this study. Results showed that the perceived risk of COVID-19 increased depression and frustration; satellite fans who felt frustrated were more likely to feel depressed and nostalgic, and nostalgia positively affected well-being and travel intention. In addition, we found that the satellite fans who felt well were more likely to visit the stadium of their favorite EPFL teams. We identified the buffering role of nostalgia, which contributes to advancing the literature on sports tourism development and provides a deeper understanding of the behaviors of sports fans during the COVID-19 pandemic.

The purpose of this study was to construct and validate a "Perceived Physical Literacy Instrument" (PPLI) for physical education teachers. Based on literature review and focus group interviews, an 18-item instrument was developed for the initial tests. This self-report measure, using a 5-point Likert scale, formed the PPLI and was administered to 336 physical education teachers in Hong Kong. The sample was randomly split, and exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses resulted in a 9-item, 3-factor scale. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) item loadings ranged from 0.69 to 0.87, and Cronbach's alpha ranged from 0.73 to 0.76. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) showed that the construct demonstrated good fit to the model. The PPLI thus appeared to be reliable and valid to measure the perceived physical literacy of physical education teachers. It is argued that the instrument can be used for both research and applied purposes and potential uses for the instrument in physical education, medical and health settings are discussed.

This study aimed to develop a Female Sports Spectator Motivation Scale to assess the factors that influence female consumer behavior at sports events. In Study 1, the Delphi method was employed to identify key factors and develop scale items. Participants ( n = 410) were selected from the regular Chinese Professional Baseball League season in Taiwan. Study 2 involved participants ( n = 413) from the same season, and a multiple linear regression analysis was conducted to assess the predictive validity. Descriptive statistics, exploratory factor analysis, and confirmatory factor analysis were utilized to validate the scale. The results identified stress reduction, emotional connection, game content, aesthetics, self-realization, economics, and social facilitation as influential factors in female sports spectator behavior. This research contributes to a more comprehensive understanding of female sports fans and lays the groundwork for tailored approaches to engage and cater to this important and growing market segment.

Background/objective: The literature has discussed the potential for nurturing, integrating, and optimizing physical literacy to thereby enhance quality of life. Progression could be made through the disposition of acquiring movements and engaging in physical activity, but data supporting such an argument remains limited. This cross-sectional study attempted to empirically investigate these two variables by assessing the levels of motivation and satisfaction among university students in Taiwan. The hypothesis posited a positive correlation between physical literacy and quality of life, with the mediating effects of motivation and satisfaction taken into consideration. Methods: By applying the time segregation method, participants were asked to complete a set of questionnaires at the beginning and the end of the first semester during the 2021 – 2022 academic year. The initial phase involved gathering demographic information and assessing the perceived physical literacy score. The scores for motivation, satisfaction, and quality of life were measured in the subsequent phase. SmartPLS version 3.3 was used to conduct data analysis. After ratifying the model's goodness-of-fit, partial least squares structural equation modeling was used to test the hypotheses in the research model. Results: A total of 388 students (male n = 320, female n = 68; mean age: 18.5 years) participated in this study. Moderate explanatory power was found in the relationships of perceived physical literacy to physical education satisfaction (β PPLI → PES = 0.137, t = 6.439, R2 = 0.642) and motivation (β PPLIA → SIMS = 0.511, t = 32.701, R2 = 0.607). Results then indicated that motivation is the mediator of the relationship between physical literacy and physical education satisfaction (β PPLI → SIMS → PES = 0.373, t = 4.015). Furthermore, this satisfaction mediated the relationship between physical literacy and quality of life (β PPLI → PES → QoLS = 0.070, t = 4.47). Conclusion: This study connected theoretical knowledge regarding physical literacy with practice, suggesting that ongoing physical education may nurture the habit of lifelong participation in physical activity, thus further improving quality of life.

Introduction: This study aims to develop and validate the Chinese version of the value co-creation experience scale (CVCCE) to assess the overall value co-creation among Taiwanese Esports consumers. This research is essential for understanding the experiential aspects of value co-creation in Taiwan's rapidly growing Esports industry. Methods: The study was conducted in three stages. First, the English version of the scale was translated into Chinese, ensuring clarity and appropriateness for subsequent application. Second, a sample of 452 Taiwanese Esports consumers was analyzed using Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) to verify the scale's factor structure, reliability, and validity. Multi-group invariance tests were also conducted to examine the effects across different groups. Third, the CFA process was replicated with a separate sample of 242 Taiwanese Esports consumers to further validate the scale's construct validity. Behavioral loyalty was included as a criterion variable to confirm criterion-related validity. Results: The EFA identified six factors--hedonic experience, cognitive experience, social experience, personal experience, pragmatic experience, and economic experience--comprising 16 items. The CFA results indicated a good model fit for the scale, demonstrating cross-group invariance and a strong positive correlation with behavioral loyalty. Conclusion: The CVCCE developed in this study is a reliable and valid measurement tool tailored to the Esports context. It provides a robust method for examining consumers' overall value co-creation experiences, offering valuable insights for researchers and practitioners in the Esports industry to better understand consumer engagement and value co-creation dynamics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BAGUAROUND: Mindfulness bas been shown to bave positive effects on students'cognitive function, socialinteraction, and mental health. In tbecontextof pbysical education, being aware of bodily and mental sensations during skill learning is essential for motivating participation. PURPOSE: This study was to investigate tbe impact of mindfulness pedagogy on motivation in physical education using a quasi-experimental design. METHODS: The participants in four university physical education classes were randomly assigned to either an experimental group (n = 69) or a control group (n = 68). Botb groups underwent 18 weeks of pbysical education courses, with mindfulness pedagogy being incorporated into tbe classes of the experimental group. The data were analyzed using mixed-design two-way ANOVAs to assess differences between groups and over time. FINDINGS: The results reveal a significant interaction between groups in terms of mindfulness states (mind and body) and amotivation. These findings suggest tbat mindfulness pedagogy can improve students' awareness of their current mental and physical state, leading to enhanced motivation to participate in physical education courses. CONCLUSIONS: Mindfulness plays a significant role in helping students establisb and achieve goals within physical education. These adjustments require students to engage in cognitive focus regarding their commitment to physical activity while simultaneously managing otber responsibilities. By cultivating mindfulness pedagogy, individuals can effectively align their actions witb their internalized values, resulting in a reduction in learned belplessness, including feelings of ineffectiveness, lack of purpose, or internal resistance toward an action. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the well-being and the quality of life of college students participating in physical education classes. We consider this study to be relevant because during the COVID-19 pandemic we tested whether the boost in effective activity among physical education class participants affected well-being and quality of life. A sectional questionnaire survey was conducted across Taiwan in 2019–2020. Data were collected in two stages within 6 months from a sample of 1011 university students in Taiwan (328 male, 683 female). A series of one-way ANOVAs was adopted to examine each outcome across groups and time phases. The results provide support for a positive relationship between well-being (β = 0.25, p < 0.001), and quality of life (β = 0.92, p < 0.001), supporting our expectations. Findings from our study suggest that physical activity was positively associated with mental health; and participation in physical activity had an effect on the well-being and quality of life in college students.

Professional sport is one of the essential core industries for the development of the sports industry, divided into two categories: team and individual sports. The main development feature of professional basketball is to compete through the home-and-away system's operation and establish a good emotional foundation with the residents through the home operation, which in turn creates recognition and support for the team and enhances the profits of the basketball organization. In recent years, Southeast Asia has developed a multinational professional basketball league, which covers nine countries. The "Formosa Dreamers" professional basketball team, a joint venture of Chinese entrepreneurs and has become the first professional basketball team in Taiwan, has chosen Changhua County as the home court. This report's objective was to explore the localization and home business strategies of professional basketball games and to summarize further and analyze the characteristics of the home business strategy of Formosa Dreamers to establish the foundation for the future development of home business sports events in Taiwan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Objective: The purpose of this study is to examine the reliability and validity of "Perceived Physical Literacy Instrument" (PPLI) questionnaire in adolescents. Methods: Based on physical literacy literature, a 9-item instrument was developed for initial tests. The self-report measure was administered to 1945 adolescents in Hong Kong. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was used to examine a three-factor structure of physical literacy. A chi-square difference test analysed several competing models and compared the results between the proposed models (i.e., a three-factor solution) and other alternative models (i.e., a one-factor or two-factor solution). Furthermore, the measurement invariance across gender groups was examined by using multiple-group confirmatory factor analysis. Mean scores for physical literacy factors were also examined by demographic characteristics. Results: Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) showed that the construct demonstrated a good fit to the model. For convergent validity, our results, evaluating the factor loading of each items, the values of composite reliability (CR) and the average variance extracted (AVE) of the three factors, revealed that the three-factor validity of physical literacy was satisfactory. The chi-square difference test between models was significant indicating that all the latent variables had satisfactory discriminant validity. Moreover, the findings of measurement invariance showed that the PPLI is invariant across gender. Conclusions: The PPLI thus appeared to be reliable and valid as a measure of the perceived physical literacy of adolescents. Thus, along with other validated instruments, protocols and research designs, the PPLI could be widely used to test adolescents' self-perception of physical literacy and their own physical and mental health conditions and thereby health. Physical education professionals may thus recommend appropriate intervention programmes for younger generations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract This study investigates the effects of the sport education model on physical literacy and its subsequent impact on daily physical activity levels among university students. Through mediation analysis, this study seeks to uncover the role of situational motivation in these effects. The participants in this study consist of 188 university students (male n = 132, female n = 70; mean age: 18.53 years) who were exposed to an 8-class, 10-lesson season as part of their physical education curriculum. Self-report measures were collected at baseline (1st lesson), post-intervention (10th lesson), and follow-up phases (5 weeks after). The results reveal significant mediation effects at the post-intervention (β = 0.201, t = 3.576, p

This study examines the relationships among perceived price, quality, and value and their impact on the intent to participate in marathon events. An online questionnaire survey was administered to individuals who had participated in a marathon within the past ten years. Participants were selected using purposive sampling. A total of 609 valid responses were collected. The results showed that both perceptions of price and quality of marathon events are significant predictors of intention to participate in marathon events. Moreover, participants’ perceived value mediated the impacts of perceived price and quality on behavioral intention. The findings offer key implications, including ways to promote active participation in marathon events. In addition, the findings emphasize the need to account for and fully understand perceived price and quality when designing marketing strategies aimed at attracting marathon participants.

Background/Objective: The purpose of this study is to examine the reliability and validity of “Perceived Physical Literacy Instrument” (PPLI) questionnaire in adolescents. Methods: Based on physical literacy literature, a 9-item instrument was developed for initial tests. The self-report measure was administered to 1945 adolescents in Hong Kong. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was used to examine a three-factor structure of physical literacy. A chi-square difference test analysed several competing models and compared the results between the proposed models (i.e., a three-factor solution) and other alternative models (i.e., a one-factor or two-factor solution). Furthermore, the measurement invariance across gender groups was examined by using multiple-group confirmatory factor analysis. Mean scores for physical literacy factors were also examined by demographic characteristics. Results: Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) showed that the construct demonstrated a good fit to the model. For convergent validity, our results, evaluating the factor loading of each items, the values of composite reliability (CR) and the average variance extracted (AVE) of the three factors, revealed that the three-factor validity of physical literacy was satisfactory. The chi-square difference test between models was significant indicating that all the latent variables had satisfactory discriminant validity. Moreover, the findings of measurement invariance showed that the PPLI is invariant across gender. Conclusions: The PPLI thus appeared to be reliable and valid as a measure of the perceived physical literacy of adolescents. Thus, along with other validated instruments, protocols and research designs, the PPLI could be widely used to test adolescents' self-perception of physical literacy and their own physical and mental health conditions and thereby health. Physical education professionals may thus recommend appropriate intervention programmes for younger generations. Keywords: Perceived physical literacy, Adolescents, Instrument validation, Confirmatory factor analysis