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Resumen Este trabajo se ocupa de analizar una serie de cuestiones que se desprenden de los sucesos ocurridos en Ezeiza, el 20 de junio de 1973, en el contexto de la vigilia por el regreso a la Argentina de Juan Domingo Perón. En tal sentido, en primer lugar se pretenderá definir si la conceptualización “masacre”, semánticamente, mantiene un correlato con los eventos desarrollados durante esa jornada. En segundo lugar, se buscará analizar si es posible aseverar, que la izquierda peronista en su conjunto fue la víctima ingenua de una matanza perpetrada intencionalmente para desplazar a Cámpora y copar el poder. Por último, se tratará de examinar cómo el 20 de junio de 1973, se evidenciaron las contradicciones existentes entre la conducción de Montoneros y Perón, y cómo estas diferencias acabaron cristalizándose en los incidentes ocurridos. Abstract This work focuses on analyzing a series of issues that took place during June 20th 1973 in Ezeiza in the context of the eve for the return of Juan Domingo Perón to Argentina. In first place, it will be attempted to define if the concept of “Massacre”, in a semantic way, keeps a correlation with the events that developed during that day. Secondly, an analysis will be made to see if it is possible to asseverate that the “Peronist left-wing movement” was an innocent victim of a bloodbath made intentionally to displace Cámpora and take the power. Finally, we will examine how on June 20th 1973 the contradictions between Montoneros and Perón became evident and how these differences, in the end, were reflected in the incidents.

Sera from Dengue Fever (DF) and Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever/Dengue Shock Syndrome (DHF/DSS) laboratory confirmed cases collected at day 5 of onset and one year later were tested for ADCC activity to DEN-1 and DEN-2 viruses. ADCC response was examined by specific 51Cr release assay. No ADCC activity was detected in acute sera from DF cases, on the contrary, all acute sera from DHF/DSS cases showed ADCC positive response. Sera collected one year after infection demonstrated ADCC activity. The lack of an ADCC in vitro response observed for acute DF sera could be due to an in vivo consumption of IgG1 and IgG3 antibodies, able to induce ADCC. In individuals with a secondary infection, ADCC activity could start soon after the onset of fever and by day 5 no antibodies with ADCC activity would be detected because of its consumption. This could also explain the detection of ADCC antibodies in the convalescent sera taken one year after infection, in which those antibodies have been recovered. A shift from a Th1-type cytokine response in mild illness (DF) to a Th2-type cytokine response resulting in severe DHF has been proposed by some authors. Therefore, considering that no consumption occurred in acute patients, it is possible that the shift from Th1- to Th2-cytokine pattern could induce a decrease in the ADCC activity explaining why, at day 5 of disease onset, antibodies with ADCC activity were detected in DHF/DSS cases but not in DF cases. This findings support a protective role of the ADCC mechanism during the mild disease, dengue fever. This preliminary report represents one of the scarce studies of ADCC in dengue patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Purpose: Caring is an essential value in nursing, it's crucial in pediatric hemato-oncology: we tested the Nurse Caring Behavior Scale (NCBS) in this setting. Methods: The NCBS is a 14-item validated psychometric questionnaire: caregivers and nurses adapted versions were used. Descriptive statistics and exploratory factor analysis (EFA) were used. Results: The questionnaires were completed by 188 caregivers and 193 nurses. The two data sets were suitable for EFA and fitted with one-solution factor analysis; factor loading showed values >0.40 (>0.60 for caregivers). The mean scores were: 4.5 (range: 1-5) for caregivers and 4.7 (range: 1-5) for nurses. Conclusion: The two validated versions can be used on a wider nurses and caregivers sample and provide an instrument for the development of nursing protocols based on caring., (© Copyright 2023 Springer Publishing Company, LLC.)

Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Spirometra (Cestoda: Diphyllobothriidea) affects humans and some species of domestic and wild animals which eventually interact with humans. In this article, we report three new cases of Spirometra decipiens (Diesing, 1850) infection observed in two intermediate hosts and one definitive host, in Cuba. Genetic and morphological identification of S. decipiens in two snakes and a domestic dog were carried out by molecular means and routine histological study using hematoxylin-eosin staining, respectively. Taken together, the anatomical location, the host species infected with the specimens and their morphological and genetic features, all the samples were identified as S. decipiens . In each of the three cases, PCR assays using specific primers amplified bands that corresponded to S. decipiens species. To our knowledge, this paper is the first report of S. decipiens in species of Cuban endemic fauna and in the Caribbean islands. These species constitute a real or potential risk of transmission of Spirometra to humans in Cuba.

A myriad of reasons, or a combination of them, have been alluded to in order to explain the lower susceptibility of children to SARS-CoV-2 infection and the development of severe forms of COVID-19. This document explores an additional factor, still little addressed in the medical literature related to the matter: nonspecific resistance to SARS-CoV-2 that could be generated by vaccines administered during childhood. The analysis carried out allows one to conclude that a group of vaccines administered during childhood is associated with a lower incidence and severity of SARS-CoV-2 infection among pediatric ages. Looking from an epidemiological perspective, this conclusion must be taken into consideration in order to ensure greater rationality in the design and implementation of prevention and control actions, including the administration of the COVID-19 vaccine, for these ages.

There is an increasing attention to the emerging health problem represented by the clinical and functional long-term consequences of SARS-CoV-2 infection, referred to as postacute COVID-19 syndrome. Clinical, radiographic, and autopsy findings have shown that a high rate of fibrosis and restriction of lung function are present in patients who have recovered from COVID-19. Patients with active TB, or those who have recovered from it, have fibrotic scarred lungs and, consequently, some degree of impaired respiratory function. Helminth infections trigger predominantly type 2 immune responses and the release of regulatory and fibrogenic cytokines, such as TGF-β. Here, we analyze the possible consequences of the overlapping of pulmonary fibrosis secondary to COVID-19 and tuberculosis in the setting of sub-Saharan Africa, the region of the world with the highest prevalence of helminth infection.

Sub-Saharan Africa is the region of the world with the highest prevalence of helminth infections. To protect themselves from the defensive mechanisms of their respective hosts, helminths modulate their immune responses. This modulation has relevant clinical and epidemiological consequences, including the inhibition of inflammatory processes that characterize infection by other microorganisms. Severe Pneumocystis pneumonia is characterized by an intense inflammatory reaction that can lead to death. Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome is the main predisposing factor to the development of pneumocystosis. Although the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy has led to a notable decline in the incidence of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-associated complications, pneumocystosis continues to be an important global health problem. Despite the high incidence of human immunodeficiency virus infection in the sub-Saharan region, the prevalence of Pneumocystis pneumonia there has been lower than expected. Several factors, or combinations thereof, may contribute to this evolution. Here, we hypothesize the possible role of helminth immune modulation as an important issue at play. On the other hand, and looking ahead, we believe that the immune modulation achieved by helminths may be an important factor to consider during the design and evaluation processes of vaccines against Pneumocystis jirovecii to be used in Sub-Saharan Africa. The requirements of a balanced triggering of different types of immune responses for controlling the infection produced by this microorganism, as observed during experiments in animal models, support this final consideration.

The results of the genotypic characterization of Pneumocystis jirovecii are described in lung tissue samples from 41 Cubans who died of AIDS with pneumocystosis between 1995 and 2008. Histological sections of the lung preserved as formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tissue were examined. PCR amplification and nucleotide sequencing of the two mitochondrial genes (large and small) of the pathogen allowed verification of a predominance of genotype 3 (85T/248C) of the large mitochondrial gene and genotype 3 (160A/196T) of the small mitochondrial gene over a period of 14 years (1995-2008). These results suggest that the 85T/248C//160A/196T genotype circulates with the highest frequency (81.3%) among AIDS patients in Cuba. Multilocus analysis indicates a limited circulation of pathogen genotypes on the island with the existence of a clonal genotype with an epidemic structure. Furthermore, it appears that circulating strains of P. jirovecii have not developed mutations related to sulfonamide resistance. Taken together, the data in this study revealed important elements about pneumocystosis in Cuban patients dying of AIDS and the usefulness of formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded samples to carry out molecular epidemiology studies of P. jirovecii .

Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Objectives: to compare the cohort and case-control approaches to evaluate the health effects of an incinerator., Design: dispersion maps have been used to identify subjects exposed to the pollutants from the considered incinerator. Both cohort and case-control approaches have been applied to the study population to evaluate the following outcome: hospitalization for cardiovascular and respiratory causes between 2012 and 2014. The same two approaches have been applied to simulated populations, to which the risk and the base prevalence of the outcome have been varied., Setting and Participants: a total of 218,445 subjects living in 7 municipalities impacted from the fallout of the incinerator of Busto Arsizio (Lombardy Region, Northern Italy) have been included in this study. For the simulated analysis the samples of 100,000 subjects have been used, with age and sex standardization on Italian population of year 2000., Main Outcome Measures: the cohort approach estimated the risk ratio to have been hospitalized for the subjects exposed to the pollutants compared to the non-exposed subjects, while the case-control approach estimated the odds ratio for the cases to be exposed compared to controls., Results: both the cohort and the case-control approaches show an excess in risk of being hospitalized for cardiovascular causes, for subjects exposed to the emissions of SO2 and NOx. The results of the simulations show how much the odds ratio overestimates the risk ratio, increasing risk and prevalence., Conclusion: the cohort and case-control approaches are comparable in the real proposed example. Considering that necessary resources for a case-control approach are lower than the ones in a cohort approach, and under the limits of applicability to prevent an excessive overestimation of risk, the case-control approach is considered to be taken into account to evaluate health impact of environmental exposures, as from incinerators.

Objectives: to figure out if there are differences in access to psychiatric services between Italian and immigrant paediatric populations., Design: we analysed the data of the year 2012 from the Banca dati del disagio psichico, a database on psychological distress created by the Epidemiological Unit of the Local Health Unit Milan 1 (Lombardy, Northern Italy). The database is based on a data warehouse system that integrates health and social data, and gives the opportunity to calculate the prevalence rates of the main clusters of psychiatric diseases according to ICD-10 categories., Setting and Participants: the sample includes 162,197 residents younger than 18 years (minors), divided into 4 subgroups depending on the place of birth (Italy or abroad) and citizenship (Italian or foreign)., Main Outcome Measures: we calculated the standardised treated prevalence of the 11 clusters of mental diseases in the 4 subgroups and evaluated the Standardised Prevalence Ratio (SPR) and their confidence intervals using as reference the Italian paediatric population with Italian citizenship., Results: in 2012, 7.2%minors were diagnosed a mental illness or accessed mental health services or were prescribed psychotropic medicines. We found the lowest SPRs of psychiatric illnesses in immigrants (0.91 born in Italy; 0.74 born abroad) and the higher in Italians born in foreign Countries (1.34). In particular, migrant minors born in Italy have lower SPR of developmental disorders (0.84) and behaviour and emotional disorders (0.68), but higher SPR of mental retardation (1.52) and anxiety disorders (1.36). Migrant minors born abroad have lower SPR of developmental disorders (0.52), but higher rates of mental retardation (1.30). Italians born in foreign Countries show a SPR for personality disorders and mental retardation of 4.86 and 2.02, respectively., Conclusions: immigrant minors have a lower prevalence of psychiatric diseases than Italian minors; however, Italians born in foreign Countries show a higher prevalence of psychiatric disorders.

Rilpivirine (RPV) is a novel NNRTI with a mutational pattern different from first-generation drugs of the same class: 16 resistance-associated mutations (RAM) are listed, but the combination E138K + M184I seems to be the most important. Aims of the present study were to evaluate the prevalence of these RAMs in Italian HIV-1 infected patients and to assess if previous drug history could represent a risk to develop RPV-related RAMs. The analysis was performed using the ARCA database, which contains data on resistance and therapy from subjects throughout Italy. Prevalence of RPV-associated and first-generation NNRTI-associated RAMs was evaluated. Linear regression model, odds ratio and 95% Confidence Interval were used to assess factors associated with the development of RPV RAMs, substitutions at position 184 and their combinations. A total of 8,067 tests were selected within the database. In Italian HIV-positive HAART-naïve patients, prevalence of the main RAMs for RPV is low except for E138A (present in 5.1% of subjects). The combination E138K + M184I is absent in both naïve and experienced subjects. A previous exposure to NVP might increase the risk to develop RPV-associated RAMs. TDF, EFV, and possibly FTC may predispose to the selection for M184I. Among Italian patients the susceptibility to RPV is widespread since some severe substitutions (e.g., E138K are rare), whereas issues exist for others (i.e., E138A, Y181C) which are more frequent. Appropriate use of RPV within a therapeutic sequencing might be controversial., (© 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.)

This study is aimed at assessing time dedicated to, motivation and involvement in physical activity on behalf of pre-adolescents. 802 students (49.3% boys and 50.7% girls; mean age: 12.6) attending 43 classes of 11 Brianza's post-elementary schools. A questionnaire was prepared and administered to the involved sample. Classes took part in this study through randomized selection and data were analyzed using program Epi Info 6. Most of the respondents (60.1%) stay involved in sport because "it makes me feel good" and 32.4% because sport is "enjoyable and entertaining". Pre-adolescents chose the sport in which they become engaged on the basis of personal inclination (40%), in order to share experiences and their free time with friends (15.4%); 13.7% declare to prefer sport to be practiced in team. (13.7%). The most practiced sport are: football (51.3% boys, 4.5% girls), volley (3.9%-36.4%), dance (0.8%-25.2%) e swimming (9.4%-14%). 80.8% in the sample practice physical activity in settings outside schools and, among these, 51.7% dedicate three or more hours weekly to extra-school activities. There are significant differences (p < 0.05) between males' and females' engagement in physical activity (mean value: 4.1 hours; males: 4.6 h, females: 3.5 h). Among pre-teens, 18% declare to be physically inactive at all; 15.7% do not take part in sport activities because afraid to be bullied or shamed by peers. Research show that males are significantly more involved in physical activity than females.

An expression genomic library of Trypanosoma cruzi (T. cruzi) constructed using pcDNA3 plasmid was used for the immunisation (25 micrograms) of Balb/c mice. Expression of T. cruzi antigens in the muscle of inoculated mice was detected by indirect immunofluorescence 7 days after immunisation. Specific IgG antibodies were significatively increased (P < 0.05) in animals that were reimmunized with 50 micrograms of the genomic library. An antigen specific lymphoproliferative response was detected in one animal of the group inoculated with one dose of the library.

A longitudinal study was performed with sera and urine of patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), taken before, during and after clinically Toxoplasma infection. The tested patients were followed for an average of two years. The titres of the specific IgG and IgM antibodies were measured by an indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT), and the appearance of circulating antigens of T. gondii was determined in 36 urine samples of 13 patients with neurotoxoplasmosis by means of the coagglutination test. The presence of T. gondii antigens in the urine of AIDS patients by this test was correlated with the immunoblot technique, with clinical symptoms and also with pathological findings. Our results indicate that the detection of T. gondii antigens in the urine of AIDS patients can be regarded as a rapid and efficient method for the diagnosis of acute toxoplasmosis.

The utilization of a coagglutination technique for the identification of a human source for feeding mosquitoes is described. The dilution of ingested blood samples in filter paper was performed in 2 mL of a sodium chloride solution at 0.85%. It was used a suspension of sensibilized Staphylococcus aureus with rabbit's serum, human plasmatic anti-proteins, and human anti-IgG rabbit's serum discriminated well between human and non human blood. No agglutination was observed with the negative control. This technique proved to be sensitive to identify 100% of the human blood samples taken to the paper 24 hours after the mosquitoes completed their feeding at a temperature of 26 to 28 degrees C. Among mosquitoes fed and collected in the fields the test had a satisfactory result. Therefore, it may be used in routine work in the fields. The results showed the sensitivity and specificity of this method for identifying human blood ingested by mosquitoes.

Toxoplasmic encephalitis (TE) is a mayor cause of central nervous system infection in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Toxoplasma antibodies were detected in 56 of 79 patients with AIDS (71%), in the present study. Fourteen out of 57 seropositive patients developed TF (25%) and had Toxoplasma gondii antigen detected in their urine. For this, most of them received an effective therapy, with the subsequent disappearance of the symptoms and discontinuity of excretion of the T. gondii antigens. Our results suggest that the monitoring of T. gondii antigen in the urine of AIDS patients may be useful to decide on the proper time for therapy, as well as to avoid the beginning of neurologic signs in these patients.