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1,742 results on '"Forbes, B. C."'

1. The Arctic plant aboveground biomass synthesis dataset

Author

Berner, L. T., Orndahl, K. M., Rose, M., Tamstorf, M., Arndal, M. F., Alexander, H. D., Humphreys, E. R., Loranty, M.l M., Ludwig, S. M., Nyman, J., Juutinen, S., Aurela, M., Happonen, K., Mikola, J., Mack, M. C., Vankoughnett, M. R., Iversen, C. M., Salmon, V. G., Yang, D., Kumar, J., Grogan, P., Danby, R. K., Scott, N. A., Olofsson, J., Siewert, M. B., Deschamps, L., Lévesque, E., Maire, V., Morneault, A., Gauthier, G., Gignac, C., Boudreau, S., Gaspard, A., Kholodov, A., Bret-Harte, M. S., Greaves, H. E., Walker, D., Gregory, F. M., Michelsen, A., Kumpula, T., Villoslada, M., Ylänne, H., Luoto, M., Virtanen, T., Forbes, B. C., Hölzel, N., Epstein, H., Heim, R. J., Bunn, A., Holmes, R. M., Hung, J. K. Y., Natali, S. M., Virkkala, A.-M., Goetz, S. J., Berner, L. T., Orndahl, K. M., Rose, M., Tamstorf, M., Arndal, M. F., Alexander, H. D., Humphreys, E. R., Loranty, M.l M., Ludwig, S. M., Nyman, J., Juutinen, S., Aurela, M., Happonen, K., Mikola, J., Mack, M. C., Vankoughnett, M. R., Iversen, C. M., Salmon, V. G., Yang, D., Kumar, J., Grogan, P., Danby, R. K., Scott, N. A., Olofsson, J., Siewert, M. B., Deschamps, L., Lévesque, E., Maire, V., Morneault, A., Gauthier, G., Gignac, C., Boudreau, S., Gaspard, A., Kholodov, A., Bret-Harte, M. S., Greaves, H. E., Walker, D., Gregory, F. M., Michelsen, A., Kumpula, T., Villoslada, M., Ylänne, H., Luoto, M., Virtanen, T., Forbes, B. C., Hölzel, N., Epstein, H., Heim, R. J., Bunn, A., Holmes, R. M., Hung, J. K. Y., Natali, S. M., Virkkala, A.-M., and Goetz, S. J.

Abstract

Plant biomass is a fundamental ecosystem attribute that is sensitive to rapid climatic changes occurring in the Arctic. Nevertheless, measuring plant biomass in the Arctic is logistically challenging and resource intensive. Lack of accessible field data hinders efforts to understand the amount, composition, distribution, and changes in plant biomass in these northern ecosystems. Here, we present The Arctic plant aboveground biomass synthesis dataset, which includes field measurements of lichen, bryophyte, herb, shrub, and/or tree aboveground biomass (g m−2) on 2,327 sample plots from 636 field sites in seven countries. We created the synthesis dataset by assembling and harmonizing 32 individual datasets. Aboveground biomass was primarily quantified by harvesting sample plots during mid- to late-summer, though tree and often tall shrub biomass were quantified using surveys and allometric models. Each biomass measurement is associated with metadata including sample date, location, method, data source, and other information. This unique dataset can be leveraged to monitor, map, and model plant biomass across the rapidly warming Arctic.

Published
2024

2. Global plant trait relationships extend to the climatic extremes of the tundra biome

Author

Thomas, H. J. D., Bjorkman, A. D., Myers-Smith, I. H., Elmendorf, S. C., Kattge, J., Diaz, S., Vellend, M., Blok, D., Cornelissen, J. H. C., Forbes, B. C., Henry, G. H. R., Hollister, R. D., Normand, S., Prevéy, J. S., Rixen, C., Schaepman-Strub, G., Wilmking, M., Wipf, S., Cornwell, W. K., Beck, P. S. A., Georges, D., Goetz, S. J., Guay, K. C., Rüger, N., Soudzilovskaia, N. A., Spasojevic, M. J., Alatalo, J. M., Alexander, H. D., Anadon-Rosell, A., Angers-Blondin, S., te Beest, M., Berner, L. T., Björk, R. G., Buchwal, A., Buras, A., Carbognani, M., Christie, K. S., Collier, L. S., Cooper, E. J., Elberling, B., Eskelinen, A., Frei, E. R., Grau, O., Grogan, P., Hallinger, M., Heijmans, M. M. P. D., Hermanutz, L., Hudson, J. M. G., Johnstone, J. F., Hülber, K., Iturrate-Garcia, M., Iversen, C. M., Jaroszynska, F., Kaarlejarvi, E., Kulonen, A., Lamarque, L. J., Lantz, T. C., Lévesque, E., Little, C. J., Michelsen, A., Milbau, A., Nabe-Nielsen, J., Nielsen, S. S., Ninot, J. M., Oberbauer, S. F., Olofsson, J., Onipchenko, V. G., Petraglia, A., Rumpf, S. B., Shetti, R., Speed, J. D. M., Suding, K. N., Tape, K. D., Tomaselli, M., Trant, A. J., Treier, U. A., Tremblay, M., Venn, S. E., Vowles, T., Weijers, S., Wookey, P. A., Zamin, T. J., Bahn, M., Blonder, B., van Bodegom, P. M., Bond-Lamberty, B., Campetella, G., Cerabolini, B. E. L., Chapin, III, F. S., Craine, J. M., Dainese, M., Green, W. A., Jansen, S., Kleyer, M., Manning, P., Niinemets, Ü., Onoda, Y., Ozinga, W. A., Peñuelas, J., Poschlod, P., Reich, P. B., Sandel, B., Schamp, B. S., Sheremetiev, S. N., and de Vries, F. T.

Published
2020
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3. THOUGHTS ON Conflict.

Author

Armistead, Lewis, Otto, Whitney, Ibsen, Henrik, Mann, Horace, Nietzsche, Friedrich, de Montaigne, Michel, Adams, Henry, Montague, C. E., Shakespeare, William, Thompson, Dorothy, Smith, L. J., Kundera, Milan, Heffernan, Margaret, Tolstoy, Leo, and Forbes, B. C.

Subjects
BUYOUTS, SHAREHOLDER activism, MARKET prices
Abstract

This article, published in Forbes in 2024, explores various perspectives on conflict through a collection of quotes from different authors and historical figures. The article also briefly mentions Disney's battle against hostile takeover bids in the 1980s, highlighting the company's resilience and ability to navigate challenging situations. The article provides insight into the importance of thought, action, and creative alternatives in addressing conflicts. [Extracted from the article]

Published
2024

4. Biotic interactions mediate patterns of herbivore diversity in the Arctic

Author

Barrio, I. C., Bueno, C. G., Gartzia, M., Soininen, E. M., Christie, K. S., Speed, J. D. M., Ravolainen, V. T., Forbes, B. C., Gauthier, G., Horstkotte, T., Hoset, K. S., Høye, T. T., Jónsdóttir, I. S., Lévesque, E., Mörsdorf, M. A., Olofsson, J., Wookey, P. A., and Hik, D. S.

Published
2016

5. Defining the Quality of Reindeer Pastures: The Perspectives of Sámi Reindeer Herders

Author

Kitti, H., Gunslay, N., Forbes, B. C., Caldwell, M. M., editor, Heldmaier, G., editor, Jackson, R. B., editor, Lange, O. L., editor, Mooney, H. A., editor, Schulze, E.-D., editor, Sommer, U., editor, Forbes, Bruce C., editor, Bölter, Manfred, editor, Müller-Wille, Ludger, editor, Hukkinen, Janne, editor, Müller, Felix, editor, Gunslay, Nicolas, editor, and Konstantinov, Yulian, editor

Published
2006
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6. Synthesis: Environmental and Sociopolitical Conditions for Modern Reindeer Management in Europe’s North

Author

Müller-Wille, L., Hukkinen, J., Müller, F., Bölter, M., Forbes, B. C., Caldwell, M. M., editor, Heldmaier, G., editor, Jackson, R. B., editor, Lange, O. L., editor, Mooney, H. A., editor, Schulze, E.-D., editor, Sommer, U., editor, Forbes, Bruce C., editor, Bölter, Manfred, editor, Müller-Wille, Ludger, editor, Hukkinen, Janne, editor, Müller, Felix, editor, Gunslay, Nicolas, editor, and Konstantinov, Yulian, editor

Published
2006
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7. Vegetation: Structure, Cover, and Biomass of Subarctic Tundra Wetlands Used as Summer Pastures

Author

Kitti, H., Forbes, B. C., Caldwell, M. M., editor, Heldmaier, G., editor, Jackson, R. B., editor, Lange, O. L., editor, Mooney, H. A., editor, Schulze, E.-D., editor, Sommer, U., editor, Forbes, Bruce C., editor, Bölter, Manfred, editor, Müller-Wille, Ludger, editor, Hukkinen, Janne, editor, Müller, Felix, editor, Gunslay, Nicolas, editor, and Konstantinov, Yulian, editor

Published
2006
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8. The Chemical Response of Reindeer Summer Pasture Plants in a Subarctic Peatland to Ultraviolet (UV) Radiation

Author

Soppela, P., Turunen, M., Forbes, B. C., Aikio, P., Magga, H., Sutinen, M-L., Lakkala, K., Uhlig, C., Caldwell, M. M., editor, Heldmaier, G., editor, Jackson, R. B., editor, Lange, O. L., editor, Mooney, H. A., editor, Schulze, E.-D., editor, Sommer, U., editor, Forbes, Bruce C., editor, Bölter, Manfred, editor, Müller-Wille, Ludger, editor, Hukkinen, Janne, editor, Müller, Felix, editor, Gunslay, Nicolas, editor, and Konstantinov, Yulian, editor

Published
2006
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9. The Challenges of Modernity for Reindeer Management in Northernmost Europe

Author

Forbes, B. C., Caldwell, M. M., editor, Heldmaier, G., editor, Jackson, R. B., editor, Lange, O. L., editor, Mooney, H. A., editor, Schulze, E.-D., editor, Sommer, U., editor, Forbes, Bruce C., editor, Bölter, Manfred, editor, Müller-Wille, Ludger, editor, Hukkinen, Janne, editor, Müller, Felix, editor, Gunslay, Nicolas, editor, and Konstantinov, Yulian, editor

Published
2006
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10. Rates and Processes of Natural Regeneration in Disturbed Habitats

Author

Forbes, B. C., Tolvanen, A., Laine, K., Wielgolaski, F. E., Caldwell, M. M., editor, Heldmaier, G., editor, Jackson, R. B., editor, Lange, O. L., editor, Mooney, H. A., editor, Schulze, E. -D., editor, Sommer, U., editor, Wielgolaski, Frans E., editor, Karlsson, P. Staffan, editor, Neuvonen, Seppo, editor, and Thannheiser, Dietbert, editor

Published
2005
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17. Stomping in silence:conceptualizing trampling effects on soils in polar tundra

Author

Tuomi, M. (Maria), Väisänen, M. (Maria), Ylänne, H. (Henni), Brearley, F. Q. (Francis Q.), Barrio, I. C. (Isabel C.), Bråthen, K. A. (Kari Anne), Eischeid, I. (Isabell), Forbes, B. C. (Bruce C.), Jónsdóttir, I. S. (Ingibjörg S.), Kolstad, A. L. (Anders L.), Macek, P. (Petr), Petit Bon, M. (Matteo), Speed, J. D. (James D. M.), Stark, S. (Sari), Svavarsdóttir, K. (Kristin), Thórsson, J. (Jóhann), and Bueno, C. G. (C. Guillermo)

Subjects
Arctic ecosystems, herbivory, non‐trophic interactions, physical disturbance, grazing, herbivore–soil interactions, treading
Abstract

1. Ungulate trampling modifies soils and interlinked ecosystem functions across biomes. Until today, most research has focused on temperate ecosystems and mineral soils while trampling effects on cold and organic matter‐rich tundra soils remain largely unknown. 2. We aimed to develop a general model of trampling effects on soil structure, biota, microclimate and biogeochemical processes, with a particular focus on polar tundra soils. To reach this goal, we reviewed literature about the effects of trampling and physical disturbances on soils across biomes and used this to discuss the knowns and unknowns of trampling effects on tundra soils. 3. We identified the following four pathways through which trampling affects soils: (a) soil compaction; (b) reductions in soil fauna and fungi; (c) rapid losses in vegetation biomass and cover; and (d) longer term shifts in vegetation community composition. 4. We found that, in polar tundra, soil responses to trampling pathways 1 and 3 could be characterized by nonlinear dynamics and tundra‐specific context dependencies that we formulated into testable hypotheses. 5. In conclusion, trampling may affect tundra soil significantly but many direct, interacting and cascading responses remain unknown. We call for research to advance the understanding of trampling effects on soils to support informed efforts to manage and predict the functioning of tundra systems under global changes.

Published
2021

18. THOUGHTS ON Legacy.

Author

Bradbury, Ray, Soares, Franciscka, Salk, Jonas, Murdoch, Iris, Privett, Courtney M., Saroyan, William, Hugo, Victor, Roosevelt, Teddy, Zafón, Carlos Ruiz, Woolf, Virginia, Wilde, Oscar, Netanyahu, Jonathan, Schreiner, Olive, Palahniuk, Chuck, Tyson, Cicely, and Forbes, B. C.

Subjects
MEMORY, GARDENING
Published
2023

19. Global plant trait relationships extend to the climatic extremes of the tundra biome

Author

Spatial Ecology and Global Change, Environmental Sciences, Thomas, H. J. D., Bjorkman, A. D., Myers-Smith, I. H., Elmendorf, S. C., Kattge, J., Diaz, S., Vellend, M., Blok, D., Cornelissen, J. H. C., Forbes, B. C., Henry, G. H. R., Hollister, R. D., Normand, S., Prevéy, J. S., Rixen, C., Schaepman-Strub, G., Wilmking, M., Wipf, S., Cornwell, W. K., Beck, P. S. A., Georges, D., Goetz, S. J., Guay, K. C., Rüger, N., Soudzilovskaia, N. A., Spasojevic, M. J., Alatalo, J. M., Alexander, H. D., Anadon-Rosell, A., Angers-Blondin, S., te Beest, M., Berner, L. T., Björk, R. G., Buchwal, A., Buras, A., Carbognani, M., Christie, K. S., Collier, L. S., Cooper, E. J., Elberling, B., Eskelinen, A., Frei, E. R., Grau, O., Grogan, P., Hallinger, M., Heijmans, M. M. P. D., Hermanutz, L., Hudson, J. M. G., Johnstone, J. F., Hülber, K., Iturrate-Garcia, M., Iversen, C. M., Jaroszynska, F., Kaarlejarvi, E., Kulonen, A., Lamarque, L. J., Lantz, T. C., Lévesque, E., Little, C. J., Michelsen, A., Milbau, A., Nabe-Nielsen, J., Nielsen, S. S., Ninot, J. M., Oberbauer, S. F., Olofsson, J., Onipchenko, V. G., Petraglia, A., Rumpf, S. B., Shetti, R., Speed, J. D. M., Suding, K. N., Tape, K. D., Tomaselli, M., Trant, A. J., Treier, U. A., Tremblay, M., Venn, S. E., Vowles, T., Weijers, S., Wookey, P. A., Zamin, T. J., Bahn, M., Blonder, B., van Bodegom, P. M., Bond-Lamberty, B., Campetella, G., Cerabolini, B. E. L., Chapin, F. S., Craine, J. M., Dainese, M., Green, W. A., Jansen, S., Kleyer, M., Manning, P., Niinemets, Ü., Onoda, Y., Ozinga, W. A., Peñuelas, J., Poschlod, P., Reich, P. B., Sandel, B., Schamp, B. S., Sheremetiev, S. N., de Vries, F. T., Spatial Ecology and Global Change, Environmental Sciences, Thomas, H. J. D., Bjorkman, A. D., Myers-Smith, I. H., Elmendorf, S. C., Kattge, J., Diaz, S., Vellend, M., Blok, D., Cornelissen, J. H. C., Forbes, B. C., Henry, G. H. R., Hollister, R. D., Normand, S., Prevéy, J. S., Rixen, C., Schaepman-Strub, G., Wilmking, M., Wipf, S., Cornwell, W. K., Beck, P. S. A., Georges, D., Goetz, S. J., Guay, K. C., Rüger, N., Soudzilovskaia, N. A., Spasojevic, M. J., Alatalo, J. M., Alexander, H. D., Anadon-Rosell, A., Angers-Blondin, S., te Beest, M., Berner, L. T., Björk, R. G., Buchwal, A., Buras, A., Carbognani, M., Christie, K. S., Collier, L. S., Cooper, E. J., Elberling, B., Eskelinen, A., Frei, E. R., Grau, O., Grogan, P., Hallinger, M., Heijmans, M. M. P. D., Hermanutz, L., Hudson, J. M. G., Johnstone, J. F., Hülber, K., Iturrate-Garcia, M., Iversen, C. M., Jaroszynska, F., Kaarlejarvi, E., Kulonen, A., Lamarque, L. J., Lantz, T. C., Lévesque, E., Little, C. J., Michelsen, A., Milbau, A., Nabe-Nielsen, J., Nielsen, S. S., Ninot, J. M., Oberbauer, S. F., Olofsson, J., Onipchenko, V. G., Petraglia, A., Rumpf, S. B., Shetti, R., Speed, J. D. M., Suding, K. N., Tape, K. D., Tomaselli, M., Trant, A. J., Treier, U. A., Tremblay, M., Venn, S. E., Vowles, T., Weijers, S., Wookey, P. A., Zamin, T. J., Bahn, M., Blonder, B., van Bodegom, P. M., Bond-Lamberty, B., Campetella, G., Cerabolini, B. E. L., Chapin, F. S., Craine, J. M., Dainese, M., Green, W. A., Jansen, S., Kleyer, M., Manning, P., Niinemets, Ü., Onoda, Y., Ozinga, W. A., Peñuelas, J., Poschlod, P., Reich, P. B., Sandel, B., Schamp, B. S., Sheremetiev, S. N., and de Vries, F. T.

Published
2020

20. Divergence of Arctic shrub growth associated with sea ice decline

Author

Buchwal, A. (Agata), Sullivan, P. F. (Patrick F.), Macias-Fauria, M. (Marc), Post, E. (Eric), Myers-Smith, I. H. (Isla H.), Stroeve, J. C. (Julienne C.), Blok, D. (Daan), Tape, K. D. (Ken D.), Forbes, B. C. (Bruce C.), Ropars, P. (Pascale), Lévesque, E. (Esther), Elberling, B. (Bo), Angers-Blondin, S. (Sandra), Boyle, J. S. (Joseph S.), Boudreau, S. (Stéphane), Boulanger-Lapointe, N. (Noémie), Gamm, C. (Cassandra), Hallinger, M. (Martin), Rachlewicz, G. (Grzegorz), Young, A. (Amanda), Zetterberg, P. (Pentti), Welker, J. M. (Jeffrey M.), Buchwal, A. (Agata), Sullivan, P. F. (Patrick F.), Macias-Fauria, M. (Marc), Post, E. (Eric), Myers-Smith, I. H. (Isla H.), Stroeve, J. C. (Julienne C.), Blok, D. (Daan), Tape, K. D. (Ken D.), Forbes, B. C. (Bruce C.), Ropars, P. (Pascale), Lévesque, E. (Esther), Elberling, B. (Bo), Angers-Blondin, S. (Sandra), Boyle, J. S. (Joseph S.), Boudreau, S. (Stéphane), Boulanger-Lapointe, N. (Noémie), Gamm, C. (Cassandra), Hallinger, M. (Martin), Rachlewicz, G. (Grzegorz), Young, A. (Amanda), Zetterberg, P. (Pentti), and Welker, J. M. (Jeffrey M.)

Abstract

Arctic sea ice extent (SIE) is declining at an accelerating rate with a wide range of ecological consequences. However, determining sea ice effects on tundra vegetation remains a challenge. In this study, we examined the universality or lack thereof in tundra shrub growth responses to changes in SIE and summer climate across the Pan-Arctic, taking advantage of 23 tundra shrub-ring chronologies from 19 widely distributed sites (56°N to 83°N). We show a clear divergence in shrub growth responses to SIE that began in the mid-1990s, with 39% of the chronologies showing declines and 57% showing increases in radial growth (decreasers and increasers, respectively). Structural equation models revealed that declining SIE was associated with rising air temperature and precipitation for increasers and with increasingly dry conditions for decreasers. Decreasers tended to be from areas of the Arctic with lower summer precipitation and their growth decline was related to decreases in the standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index. Our findings suggest that moisture limitation, associated with declining SIE, might inhibit the positive effects of warming on shrub growth over a considerable part of the terrestrial Arctic, thereby complicating predictions of vegetation change and future tundra productivity.

Published
2020

21. Global plant trait relationships extend to the climatic extremes of the tundra biome

Author

Thomas, H. J. (H. J. D.), Bjorkman, A. D. (A. D.), Myers-Smith, I. H. (I. H.), Elmendorf, S. C. (S. C.), Kattge, J. (J.), Diaz, S. (S.), Vellend, M. (M.), Blok, D. (D.), Cornelissen, J. H. (J. H. C.), Forbes, B. C. (B. C.), Henry, G. H. (G. H. R.), Hollister, R. D. (R. D.), Normand, S. (S.), Prevey, J. S. (J. S.), Rixen, C. (C.), Schaepman-Strub, G. (G.), Wilmking, M. (M.), Wipf, S. (S.), Cornwell, W. K. (W. K.), Beck, P. S. (P. S. A.), Georges, D. (D.), Goetz, S. J. (S. J.), Guay, K. C. (K. C.), Ruger, N. (N.), Soudzilovskaia, N. A. (N. A.), Spasojevic, M. J. (M. J.), Alatalo, J. M. (J. M.), Alexander, H. D. (H. D.), Anadon-Rosell, A. (A.), Angers-Blondin, S. (S.), te Beest, M. (M.), Berner, L. T. (L. T.), Bjoerk, R. G. (R. G.), Buchwal, A. (A.), Buras, A. (A.), Carbognani, M. (M.), Christie, K. S. (K. S.), Collier, L. S. (L. S.), Cooper, E. J. (E. J.), Elberling, B. (B.), Eskelinen, A. (A.), Frei, E. R. (E. R.), Grau, O. (O.), Grogan, P. (P.), Hallinger, M. (M.), Heijmans, M. M. (M. M. P. D.), Hermanutz, L. (L.), Hudson, J. M. (J. M. G.), Johnstone, J. F. (J. F.), Huelber, K. (K.), Iturrate-Garcia, M. (M.), Iversen, C. M. (C. M.), Jaroszynska, F. (F.), Kaarlejarvi, E. (E.), Kulonen, A. (A.), Lamarque, L. J. (L. J.), Lantz, T. C. (T. C.), Levesque, E. (E.), Little, C. J. (C. J.), Michelsen, A. (A.), Milbau, A. (A.), Nabe-Nielsen, J. (J.), Nielsen, S. S. (S. S.), Ninot, J. M. (J. M.), Oberbauer, S. F. (S. F.), Olofsson, J. (J.), Onipchenko, V. G. (V. G.), Petraglia, A. (A.), Rumpf, S. B. (S. B.), Shetti, R. (R.), Speed, J. D. (J. D. M.), Suding, K. N. (K. N.), Tape, K. D. (K. D.), Tomaselli, M. (M.), Trant, A. J. (A. J.), Treier, U. A. (U. A.), Tremblay, M. (M.), Venn, S. E. (S. E.), Vowles, T. (T.), Weijers, S. (S.), Wookey, P. A. (P. A.), Zamin, T. J. (T. J.), Bahn, M. (M.), Blonder, B. (B.), van Bodegom, P. M. (P. M.), Bond-Lamberty, B. (B.), Campetella, G. (G.), Cerabolini, B. E. (B. E. L.), Chapin, F. S. (F. S., III), Craine, J. M. (J. M.), Dainese, M. (M.), Green, W. A. (W. A.), Jansen, S. (S.), Kleyer, M. (M.), Manning, P. (P.), Niinemets, U. (U.), Onoda, Y. (Y.), Ozinga, W. A. (W. A.), Penuelas, J. (J.), Poschlod, P. (P.), Reich, P. B. (P. B.), Sandel, B. (B.), Schamp, B. S. (B. S.), Sheremetiev, S. N. (S. N.), de Vries, F. T. (F. T.), Thomas, H. J. (H. J. D.), Bjorkman, A. D. (A. D.), Myers-Smith, I. H. (I. H.), Elmendorf, S. C. (S. C.), Kattge, J. (J.), Diaz, S. (S.), Vellend, M. (M.), Blok, D. (D.), Cornelissen, J. H. (J. H. C.), Forbes, B. C. (B. C.), Henry, G. H. (G. H. R.), Hollister, R. D. (R. D.), Normand, S. (S.), Prevey, J. S. (J. S.), Rixen, C. (C.), Schaepman-Strub, G. (G.), Wilmking, M. (M.), Wipf, S. (S.), Cornwell, W. K. (W. K.), Beck, P. S. (P. S. A.), Georges, D. (D.), Goetz, S. J. (S. J.), Guay, K. C. (K. C.), Ruger, N. (N.), Soudzilovskaia, N. A. (N. A.), Spasojevic, M. J. (M. J.), Alatalo, J. M. (J. M.), Alexander, H. D. (H. D.), Anadon-Rosell, A. (A.), Angers-Blondin, S. (S.), te Beest, M. (M.), Berner, L. T. (L. T.), Bjoerk, R. G. (R. G.), Buchwal, A. (A.), Buras, A. (A.), Carbognani, M. (M.), Christie, K. S. (K. S.), Collier, L. S. (L. S.), Cooper, E. J. (E. J.), Elberling, B. (B.), Eskelinen, A. (A.), Frei, E. R. (E. R.), Grau, O. (O.), Grogan, P. (P.), Hallinger, M. (M.), Heijmans, M. M. (M. M. P. D.), Hermanutz, L. (L.), Hudson, J. M. (J. M. G.), Johnstone, J. F. (J. F.), Huelber, K. (K.), Iturrate-Garcia, M. (M.), Iversen, C. M. (C. M.), Jaroszynska, F. (F.), Kaarlejarvi, E. (E.), Kulonen, A. (A.), Lamarque, L. J. (L. J.), Lantz, T. C. (T. C.), Levesque, E. (E.), Little, C. J. (C. J.), Michelsen, A. (A.), Milbau, A. (A.), Nabe-Nielsen, J. (J.), Nielsen, S. S. (S. S.), Ninot, J. M. (J. M.), Oberbauer, S. F. (S. F.), Olofsson, J. (J.), Onipchenko, V. G. (V. G.), Petraglia, A. (A.), Rumpf, S. B. (S. B.), Shetti, R. (R.), Speed, J. D. (J. D. M.), Suding, K. N. (K. N.), Tape, K. D. (K. D.), Tomaselli, M. (M.), Trant, A. J. (A. J.), Treier, U. A. (U. A.), Tremblay, M. (M.), Venn, S. E. (S. E.), Vowles, T. (T.), Weijers, S. (S.), Wookey, P. A. (P. A.), Zamin, T. J. (T. J.), Bahn, M. (M.), Blonder, B. (B.), van Bodegom, P. M. (P. M.), Bond-Lamberty, B. (B.), Campetella, G. (G.), Cerabolini, B. E. (B. E. L.), Chapin, F. S. (F. S., III), Craine, J. M. (J. M.), Dainese, M. (M.), Green, W. A. (W. A.), Jansen, S. (S.), Kleyer, M. (M.), Manning, P. (P.), Niinemets, U. (U.), Onoda, Y. (Y.), Ozinga, W. A. (W. A.), Penuelas, J. (J.), Poschlod, P. (P.), Reich, P. B. (P. B.), Sandel, B. (B.), Schamp, B. S. (B. S.), Sheremetiev, S. N. (S. N.), and de Vries, F. T. (F. T.)

Abstract

The majority of variation in six traits critical to the growth, survival and reproduction of plant species is thought to be organised along just two dimensions, corresponding to strategies of plant size and resource acquisition. However, it is unknown whether global plant trait relationships extend to climatic extremes, and if these interspecific relationships are confounded by trait variation within species. We test whether trait relationships extend to the cold extremes of life on Earth using the largest database of tundra plant traits yet compiled. We show that tundra plants demonstrate remarkably similar resource economic traits, but not size traits, compared to global distributions, and exhibit the same two dimensions of trait variation. Three quarters of trait variation occurs among species, mirroring global estimates of interspecific trait variation. Plant trait relationships are thus generalizable to the edge of global trait-space, informing prediction of plant community change in a warming world.

Published
2020

23. State of the Climate in 2018

Author

Ades, M., Adler, R., Aldeco, Laura S., Alejandra, G., Alfaro, Eric J., Aliaga-Nestares, Vannia, Allan, Richard P., Allan, Rob, Alves, Lincoln M., Amador, Jorge A., Andersen, J. K., Anderson, John, Arndt, Derek S., Arosio, C., Arrigo, Kevin, Azorin-Molina, César, Bardin, M. Yu, Barichivich, Jonathan, Barreira, Sandra, Baxter, Stephen, Beck, H. E., Becker, Andreas, Bell, Gerald D., Bellouin, Nicolas, Belmont, M., Benedetti, Angela, Benedict, Imme, Bernhard, G. H., Berrisford, Paul, Berry, David I., Bettio, Lynette, Bhatt, U. S., Biskaborn, B. K., Bissolli, Peter, Bjella, Kevin L., Bjerke, J. K., Blake, Eric S., Blenkinsop, Stephen, Blunden, Jessica, Bock, Olivier, Bosilovich, Michael G., Boucher, Olivier, Box, J. E., Boyer, Tim, Braathen, Geir, Bringas, Francis G., Bromwich, David H., Brown, Alrick, Brown, R., Brown, Timothy J., Buehler, S. A., Cáceres, Luis, Calderón, Blanca, Camargo, Suzana J., Campbell, Jayaka D., Campos Diaz, Diego A., Cappelen, J., Carrea, Laura, Carrier, Seth B., Carter, Brendan R., Castro, Anabel Y., Cetinic, Ivona, Chambers, Don P., Chen, Lin, Cheng, Lijing, Cheng, Vincent Y.S., Christiansen, Hanne H., Christy, John R., Chung, E. S., Claus, Federico, Clem, Kyle R., Coelho, Caio A.S., Coldewey-Egbers, Melanie, Colwell, Steve, Cooper, Owen R., Cosca, Cathy, Covey, Curt, Coy, Lawrence, Dávila, Cristina P., Davis, Sean M., de Eyto, Elvira, de Jeu, Richard A.M., De Laat, Jos, Decharme, B., Degasperi, Curtis L., Degenstein, Doug, Demircan, Mesut, Derksen, C., Dhurmea, K. R., Di Girolamo, Larry, Diamond, Howard J., Diaz, Eliecer, Diniz, Fransisco A., Dlugokencky, Ed J., Dohan, Kathleen, Dokulil, Martin T., Dolman, A. Johannes, Domingues, Catia M., Domingues, Ricardo, Donat, Markus G., Dorigo, Wouter A., Drozdov, D. S., Druckenmiller, Matthew L., Dunn, Robert J.H., Durre, Imke, Dutton, Geoff S., Elkharrim, M., Elkins, James W., Epstein, H. E., Espinoza, Jhan C., Famiglietti, James S., Farrell, Sinead L., Fausto, R. S., Feely, Richard A., Feng, Z., Fenimore, Chris, Fettweis, X., Fioletov, Vitali E., Flemming, Johannes, Fogt, Ryan L., Forbes, B. C., Foster, Michael J., Francis, S. D., Franz, Bryan A., Frey, Richard A., Frith, Stacey M., Froidevaux, Lucien, Ganter, Catherine, Garforth, J., Gerland, Sebastian, Gilson, John, Gleason, Karin, Gobron, Nadine, Goetz, S., Goldenberg, Stanley B., Goni, Gustavo, Gray, Alison, Grooß, Jens Uwe, Gruber, Alexander, Gu, Guojun, Guard, Charles Chip P., Gupta, S. K., Gutiérrez, Dimitri, Haas, Christian, Hagos, S., Hahn, Sebastian, Haimberger, Leo, Hall, Brad D., Halpert, Michael S., Hamlington, Benjamin D., Hanna, E., Hanssen-Bauer, I., Harris, Ian, Hazeleger, Wilco, He, Q., Heidinger, Andrew K., Heim, Richard R., Hemming, D. L., Hendricks, Stefan, Hernández, Rafael, Hersbach, H. E., Hidalgo, Hugo G., Ho, Shu Peng Ben, Holmes, R. M., Hu, Chuanmin, Huang, Boyin, Hubbard, Katherine, Hubert, Daan, Hurst, Dale F., Ialongo, Iolanda, Ijampy, J. A., Inness, Antje, Isaac, Victor, Isaksen, K., Ishii, Masayoshi, Jeffries, Martin O., Jevrejeva, Svetlana, Jia, G., Jiménez, C., Jin, Xiangze, John, Viju, Johnsen, Bjørn, Johnson, Gregory C., Johnson, Kenneth S., Johnson, Bryan, Jones, Philip D., Jumaux, Guillaume, Kabidi, Khadija, Kaiser, J. W., Karaköylü, Erdem M., Karlsen, S. R., Karnauskas, Mandy, Kato, Seiji, Kazemi, A. Fazl, Kelble, Christopher, Keller, Linda M., Kennedy, John, Kholodov, A. L., Khoshkam, Mahbobeh, Kidd, R., Killick, Rachel, Kim, Hyungjun, Kim, S. J., King, A. D., King, Brian A., Kipling, Z., Klotzbach, Philip J., Knaff, John A., Korhonen, Johanna, Korshunova, Natalia N., Kramarova, Natalya A., Kratz, D. P., Kruger, Andries, Kruk, Michael C., Krumpen, Thomas, Labbé, L., Ladd, C., Lakatos, Mónika, Lakkala, Kaisa, Lander, Mark A., Landschützer, Peter, Landsea, Chris W., Lareau, Neil P., Lavado-Casimiro, Waldo, Lazzara, Matthew A., Lee, T. C., Leuliette, Eric, L’heureux, Michelle, Li, Bailing, Li, Tim, Lieser, Jan L., Lim, J. Y., Lin, I. I., Liu, Hongxing, Locarnini, Ricardo, Loeb, Norman G., Long, Craig S., López, Luis A., Lorrey, Andrew M., Loyola, Diego, Lumpkin, Rick, Luo, Jing Jia, Luojus, K., Lyman, John M., Malkova, G. V., Manney, Gloria L., Marchenko, S. S., Marengo, José A., Marin, Dora, Marquardt Collow, Allison B., Marra, John J., Marszelewski, Wlodzimierz, Martens, B., Martínez-Güingla, Rodney, Massom, Robert A., May, Linda, Mayer, Michael, Mazloff, Matthew, McBride, Charlotte, McCabe, M., McClelland, J. W., McEvoy, Daniel J., McGree, Simon, McVicar, Tim R., Mears, Carl A., Meier, Walt, Meijers, Andrew, Mekonnen, Ademe, Mengistu Tsidu, G., Menzel, W. Paul, Merchant, Christopher J., Meredith, Michael P., Merrifield, Mark A., Miller, Ben, Miralles, Diego G., Misevicius, Noelia, Mitchum, Gary T., Mochizuki, Y., Monselesan, Didier, Montzka, Stephen A., Mora, Natali, Morice, Colin, Mosquera-Vásquez, Kobi, Mostafa, Awatif E., Mote, T., Mudryk, L., Mühle, Jens, Mullan, A. Brett, Müller, Rolf, Myneni, R., Nash, Eric R., Nauslar, Nicholas J., Nerem, R. Steven, Newman, Paul A., Nicolas, Julien P., Nieto, Juan José, Noetzli, Jeannette, Osborn, Tim J., Osborne, Emily, Overland, J., Oyunjargal, Lamjav, Park, T., Pasch, Richard J., Pascual Ramírez, Reynaldo, Pastor Saavedra, Maria Asuncion, Paterson, Andrew M., Pearce, Petra R., Pelto, Mauri S., Perovich, Don, Petropavlovskikh, Irina, Pezza, Alexandre B., Phillips, C., Phillips, David, Phoenix, G., Pinty, Bernard, Pitts, Michael, Po-Chedley, S., Polashenski, Chris, Preimesberger, W., Purkey, Sarah G., Quispe, Nelson, Rajeevan, Madhavan, Rakotoarimalala, C. L., Ramos, Andrea M., Ramos, Isabel, Randel, W., Raynolds, M. K., Reagan, James, Reid, Phillip, Reimer, Christoph, Rémy, Samuel, Revadekar, Jayashree V., Richardson, A. D., Richter-Menge, Jacqueline, Ricker, Robert, Ripaldi, A., Robinson, David A., Rodell, Matthew, Rodriguez Camino, Ernesto, Romanovsky, Vladimir E., Ronchail, Josyane, Rosenlof, Karen H., Rösner, Benajamin, Roth, Chris, Rozanov, A., Rusak, James A., Rustemeier, Elke, Rutishäuser, T., Sallée, Jean Baptiste, Sánchez-Lugo, Ahira, Santee, Michelle L., Sawaengphokhai, P., Sayouri, Amal, Scambos, Ted A., Scanlon, T., Scardilli, Alvaro S., Schenzinger, Verena, Schladow, S. Geoffey, Schmid, Claudia, Schmid, Martin, Schoeneich, P., Schreck, Carl J., Selkirk, H. B., Sensoy, Serhat, Shi, Lei, Shiklomanov, A. I., Shiklomanov, Nikolai I., Shimpo, A., Shuman, Christopher A., Siegel, David A., Sima, Fatou, Simmons, Adrian J., Smeets, C. J.P.P., Smith, Adam, Smith, Sharon L., Soden, B., Sofieva, Viktoria, Sparks, T. H., Spence, Jacqueline, Spencer, R. G.M., Spillane, Sandra, Srivastava, A. K., Stabeno, P. J., Stackhouse, Paul W., Stammerjohn, Sharon, Stanitski, Diane M., Steinbrecht, Wolfgang, Stella, José L., Stengel, M., Stephenson, Tannecia S., Strahan, Susan E., Streeter, Casey, Streletskiy, Dimitri A., Sun-Mack, Sunny, Suslova, A., Sutton, Adrienne J., Swart, Sebastiann, Sweet, William, Takahashi, Kenneth S., Tank, S. E., Taylor, Michael A., Tedesco, M., Thackeray, S. J., Thompson, Philip R., Timbal, Bertrand, Timmermans, M. L., Tobin, Skie, Tømmervik, H., Tourpali, Kleareti, Trachte, Katja, Tretiakov, M., Trewin, Blair C., Triñanes, Joaquin A., Trotman, Adrian R., Tschudi, Mark, Tye, Mari R., van As, D., van de Wal, R. S.W., van der A, Ronald J., van der Schalie, Robin, van der Schrier, Gerard, van der Werf, Guido R., van Heerwaarden, Chiel, Van Meerbeeck, Cedric J., Verburg, Piet, Vieira, G., Vincent, Lucie A., Vömel, Holger, Vose, Russell S., Walker, D. A., Walsh, J. E., Wang, Bin, Wang, Hui, Wang, Lei, Wang, M., Wang, Mengqiu, Wang, Ray, Wang, Sheng Hung, Wanninkhof, Rik, Watanabe, Shohei, Weber, Mark, Webster, Melinda, Weerts, Albrecht, Weller, Robert A., Westberry, Toby K., Weyhenmeyer, Gesa A., Widlansky, Matthew J., Wijffels, Susan E., Wilber, Anne C., Wild, Jeanette D., Willett, Kate M., Wong, Takmeng, Wood, E. F., Woolway, R. Iestyn, Xue, Yan, Yin, Xungang, Yu, Lisan, Zambrano, Eduardo, Zeyaeyan, Sadegh, Zhang, Huai Min, Zhang, Peiqun, Zhao, Guanguo, Zhao, Lin, Zhou, Xinjia, Zhu, Zhiwei, Ziemke, Jerry R., Ziese, Markus, Andersen, Andrea, Griffin, Jessicca, Hammer, Gregory, Love-Brotak, S. Elizabeth, Misch, Deborah J., Riddle, Deborah B., Veasey, Sara W., Processus et interactions de fine échelle océanique (PROTEO), Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Océan et variabilité du climat (VARCLIM), Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU), Berry, David, Jevrejeva, Svetlana, King, Brian, and Domingues, Catia

Subjects
Surface (mathematics), Atmospheric Science, Materials science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, 0207 environmental engineering, Mineralogy, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-GEO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph], 02 engineering and technology, 01 natural sciences, ComputingMethodologies_DOCUMENTANDTEXTPROCESSING, SDG 13 - Climate Action, SDG 14 - Life Below Water, 020701 environmental engineering, GeneralLiterature_REFERENCE(e.g.,dictionaries,encyclopedias,glossaries), ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract

In 2018, the dominant greenhouse gases released into Earth's atmosphere-carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide-continued their increase. The annual global average carbon dioxide concentration at Earth's surface was 407.4 ± 0.1 ppm, the highest in the modern instrumental record and in ice core records dating back 800 000 years. Combined, greenhouse gases and several halogenated gases contribute just over 3 W m−2 to radiative forcing and represent a nearly 43% increase since 1990. Carbon dioxide is responsible for about 65% of this radiative forcing. With a weak La Niña in early 2018 transitioning to a weak El Niño by the year's end, the global surface (land and ocean) temperature was the fourth highest on record, with only 2015 through 2017 being warmer. Several European countries reported record high annual temperatures. There were also more high, and fewer low, temperature extremes than in nearly all of the 68-year extremes record. Madagascar recorded a record daily temperature of 40.5°C in Morondava in March, while South Korea set its record high of 41.0°C in August in Hongcheon. Nawabshah, Pakistan, recorded its highest temperature of 50.2°C, which may be a new daily world record for April. Globally, the annual lower troposphere temperature was third to seventh highest, depending on the dataset analyzed. The lower stratospheric temperature was approximately fifth lowest. The 2018 Arctic land surface temperature was 1.2°C above the 1981-2010 average, tying for third highest in the 118-year record, following 2016 and 2017. June's Arctic snow cover extent was almost half of what it was 35 years ago. Across Greenland, however, regional summer temperatures were generally below or near average. Additionally, a satellite survey of 47 glaciers in Greenland indicated a net increase in area for the first time since records began in 1999. Increasing permafrost temperatures were reported at most observation sites in the Arctic, with the overall increase of 0.1°-0.2°C between 2017 and 2018 being comparable to the highest rate of warming ever observed in the region. On 17 March, Arctic sea ice extent marked the second smallest annual maximum in the 38-year record, larger than only 2017. The minimum extent in 2018 was reached on 19 September and again on 23 September, tying 2008 and 2010 for the sixth lowest extent on record. The 23 September date tied 1997 as the latest sea ice minimum date on record. First-year ice now dominates the ice cover, comprising 77% of the March 2018 ice pack compared to 55% during the 1980s. Because thinner, younger ice is more vulnerable to melting out in summer, this shift in sea ice age has contributed to the decreasing trend in minimum ice extent. Regionally, Bering Sea ice extent was at record lows for almost the entire 2017/18 ice season. For the Antarctic continent as a whole, 2018 was warmer than average. On the highest points of the Antarctic Plateau, the automatic weather station Relay (74°S) broke or tied six monthly temperature records throughout the year, with August breaking its record by nearly 8°C. However, cool conditions in the western Bellingshausen Sea and Amundsen Sea sector contributed to a low melt season overall for 2017/18. High SSTs contributed to low summer sea ice extent in the Ross and Weddell Seas in 2018, underpinning the second lowest Antarctic summer minimum sea ice extent on record. Despite conducive conditions for its formation, the ozone hole at its maximum extent in September was near the 2000-18 mean, likely due to an ongoing slow decline in stratospheric chlorine monoxide concentration. Across the oceans, globally averaged SST decreased slightly since the record El Niño year of 2016 but was still far above the climatological mean. On average, SST is increasing at a rate of 0.10° ± 0.01°C decade−1 since 1950. The warming appeared largest in the tropical Indian Ocean and smallest in the North Pacific. The deeper ocean continues to warm year after year. For the seventh consecutive year, global annual mean sea level became the highest in the 26-year record, rising to 81 mm above the 1993 average. As anticipated in a warming climate, the hydrological cycle over the ocean is accelerating: dry regions are becoming drier and wet regions rainier. Closer to the equator, 95 named tropical storms were observed during 2018, well above the 1981-2010 average of 82. Eleven tropical cyclones reached Saffir-Simpson scale Category 5 intensity. North Atlantic Major Hurricane Michael's landfall intensity of 140 kt was the fourth strongest for any continental U.S. hurricane landfall in the 168-year record. Michael caused more than 30 fatalities and $25 billion (U.S. dollars) in damages. In the western North Pacific, Super Typhoon Mangkhut led to 160 fatalities and $6 billion (U.S. dollars) in damages across the Philippines, Hong Kong, Macau, mainland China, Guam, and the Northern Mariana Islands. Tropical Storm Son-Tinh was responsible for 170 fatalities in Vietnam and Laos. Nearly all the islands of Micronesia experienced at least moderate impacts from various tropical cyclones. Across land, many areas around the globe received copious precipitation, notable at different time scales. Rodrigues and Réunion Island near southern Africa each reported their third wettest year on record. In Hawaii, 1262 mm precipitation at Waipā Gardens (Kauai) on 14-15 April set a new U.S. record for 24-h precipitation. In Brazil, the city of Belo Horizonte received nearly 75 mm of rain in just 20 minutes, nearly half its monthly average. Globally, fire activity during 2018 was the lowest since the start of the record in 1997, with a combined burned area of about 500 million hectares. This reinforced the long-term downward trend in fire emissions driven by changes in land use in frequently burning savannas. However, wildfires burned 3.5 million hectares across the United States, well above the 2000-10 average of 2.7 million hectares. Combined, U.S. wildfire damages for the 2017 and 2018 wildfire seasons exceeded $40 billion (U.S. dollars).

Published
2019

24. Traditional plant functional groups explain variation in economic but not size‐related traits across the tundra biome

Author

Thomas, H. J. (H. J. D.), Myers‐Smith, I. H. (I. H.), Bjorkman, A. D. (A. D.), Elmendorf, S. C. (S. C.), Blok, D. (D.), Cornelissen, J. H. (J. H. C.), Forbes, B. C. (B. C.), Hollister, R. D. (R. D.), Normand, S. (S.), Prevéy, J. S. (J. S.), Rixen, C. (C.), Schaepman‐Strub, G. (G.), Wilmking, M. (M.), Wipf, S. (S.), Cornwell, W. K. (W. K.), Kattge, J. (J.), Goetz, S. J. (S. J.), Guay, K. C. (K. C.), Alatalo, J. M. (J. M.), Anadon‐Rosell, A. (A.), Angers‐Blondin, S. (S.), Berner, L. T. (L. T.), Björk, R. G. (R. G.), Buchwal, A. (A.), Buras, A. (A.), Carbognani, M. (M.), Christie, K. (K.), Siegwart Collier, L. (L.), Cooper, E. J. (E. J.), Eskelinen, A. (A.), Frei, E. R. (E. R.), Grau, O. (O.), Grogan, P. (P.), Hallinger, M. (M.), Heijmans, M. M. (M. M. P. D.), Hermanutz, L. (L.), Hudson, J. M. (J. M. G.), Hülber, K. (K.), Iturrate‐Garcia, M. (M.), Iversen, C. M. (C. M.), Jaroszynska, F. (F.), Johnstone, J. F. (J. F.), Kaarlejärvi, E. (E.), Kulonen, A. (A.), Lamarque, L. J. (L. J.), Lévesque, E. (E.), Michelsen, A. (A.), Milbau, A. (A.), Nabe‐Nielsen, J. (J.), Nielsen, S. S. (S. S.), Ninot, J. M. (J. M.), Oberbauer, S. F. (S. F.), Olofsson, J. (J.), Onipchenko, V. G. (V. G.), Petraglia, A. (A.), Rumpf, S. B. (S. B.), Semenchuk, P. R. (P. R.), Soudzilovskaia, N. A. (N. A.), Spasojevic, M. J. (M. J.), Speed, J. D. (J. D. M.), Tape, K. D. (K. D.), te Beest, M. (M.), Tomaselli, M. (M.), Trant, A. (A.), Treier, U. A. (U. A.), Venn, S. (S.), Vowles, T. (T.), Weijers, S. (S.), Zamin, T. (T.), Atkin, O. K. (O. K.), Bahn, M. (M.), Blonder, B. (B.), Campetella, G. (G.), Cerabolini, B. E. (B. E. L.), Chapin III, F. S. (F. S.), Dainese, M. (M.), de Vries, F. T. (F. T.), Díaz, S. (S.), Green, W. (W.), Jackson, R. B. (R. B.), Manning, P. (P.), Niinemets, Ü. (Ü.), Ozinga, W. A. (W. A.), Peñuelas, J. (J.), Reich, P. B. (P. B.), Schamp, B. (B.), Sheremetev, S. (S.), and van Bodegom, P. M. (P. M.)

Subjects
vegetation change, plant traits, ecosystem function, food and beverages, tundra biome, community composition, plant functional types, plant functional groups, cluster analysis
Abstract

Aim: Plant functional groups are widely used in community ecology and earth system modelling to describe trait variation within and across plant communities. However, this approach rests on the assumption that functional groups explain a large proportion of trait variation among species. We test whether four commonly used plant functional groups represent variation in six ecologically important plant traits. Location: Tundra biome. Time period: Data collected between 1964 and 2016. Major taxa studied: 295 tundra vascular plant species. Methods: We compiled a database of six plant traits (plant height, leaf area, specific leaf area, leaf dry matter content, leaf nitrogen, seed mass) for tundra species. We examined the variation in species‐level trait expression explained by four traditional functional groups (evergreen shrubs, deciduous shrubs, graminoids, forbs), and whether variation explained was dependent upon the traits included in analysis. We further compared the explanatory power and species composition of functional groups to alternative classifications generated using post hoc clustering of species‐level traits. Results: Traditional functional groups explained significant differences in trait expression, particularly amongst traits associated with resource economics, which were consistent across sites and at the biome scale. However, functional groups explained 19% of overall trait variation and poorly represented differences in traits associated with plant size. Post hoc classification of species did not correspond well with traditional functional groups, and explained twice as much variation in species‐level trait expression. Main conclusions: Traditional functional groups only coarsely represent variation in well‐measured traits within tundra plant communities, and better explain resource economic traits than size‐related traits. We recommend caution when using functional group approaches to predict tundra vegetation change, or ecosystem functions relating to plant size, such as albedo or carbon storage. We argue that alternative classifications or direct use of specific plant traits could provide new insights for ecological prediction and modelling.

Published
2019

25. Traditional plant functional groups explain variation in economic but not size-related traits across the tundra biome

Author

Thomas, H. J. D., Myers-Smith, I. H., Bjorkman, A. D., Elmendorf, S. C., Blok, D., Cornelissen, J. H. C., Forbes, B. C., Hollister, R. D., Normand, S., Prevéy, J. S., Rixen, C., Schaepman-Strub, G., Wilmking, M., Wipf, S., Cornwell, W. K., Kattge, J., Goetz, S. J., Guay, K. C., Alatalo, J. M., Anadon-Rosell, A., Angers-Blondin, S., Berner, L. T., Björk, R. G., Buchwal, A., Buras, A., Carbognani, M., Christie, K., Siegwart Collier, L., Cooper, E. J., Eskelinen, A., Frei, E. R., Grau, O., Grogan, P., Hallinger, M., Heijmans, M. M. P. D., Hermanutz, L., Hudson, J. M. G., Hülber, K., Iturrate-Garcia, M., Iversen, C. M., Jaroszynska, F., Johnstone, J. F., Kaarlejärvi, E., Kulonen, A., Lamarque, L. J., Lévesque, E., Little, C. J., Michelsen, A., Milbau, A., Nabe-Nielsen, J., Nielsen, S. S., Ninot, J. M., Oberbauer, S. F., Olofsson, J., Onipchenko, V. G., Petraglia, A., Rumpf, S. B., Semenchuk, P. R., Soudzilovskaia, N. A., Spasojevic, M. J., Speed, J. D. M., Tape, K. D., te Beest, M., Tomaselli, M., Trant, A., Treier, U. A., Venn, S., Vowles, T., Weijers, S., Zamin, T., Atkin, O. K., Bahn, M., Blonder, B., Campetella, G., Cerabolini, B. E. L., Chapin III, F. S., Dainese, M., de Vries, F. T., Díaz, S., Green, W., Jackson, R. B., Manning, P., Niinemets, Ü., Ozinga, W. A., Peñuelas, J., Reich, P. B., Schamp, B., Sheremetev, S., van Bodegom, P. M., Spatial Ecology and Global Change, and Environmental Sciences

Subjects
vegetation change, plant traits, ecosystem function, food and beverages, tundra biome, community composition, plant functional types, plant functional groups, cluster analysis
Abstract

Aim Plant functional groups are widely used in community ecology and earth system modelling to describe trait variation within and across plant communities. However, this approach rests on the assumption that functional groups explain a large proportion of trait variation among species. We test whether four commonly used plant functional groups represent variation in six ecologically important plant traits. Location Tundra biome. Time period Data collected between 1964 and 2016. Major taxa studied 295 tundra vascular plant species. Methods We compiled a database of six plant traits (plant height, leaf area, specific leaf area, leaf dry matter content, leaf nitrogen, seed mass) for tundra species. We examined the variation in species-level trait expression explained by four traditional functional groups (evergreen shrubs, deciduous shrubs, graminoids, forbs), and whether variation explained was dependent upon the traits included in analysis. We further compared the explanatory power and species composition of functional groups to alternative classifications generated using post hoc clustering of species-level traits. Results Traditional functional groups explained significant differences in trait expression, particularly amongst traits associated with resource economics, which were consistent across sites and at the biome scale. However, functional groups explained 19% of overall trait variation and poorly represented differences in traits associated with plant size. Post hoc classification of species did not correspond well with traditional functional groups, and explained twice as much variation in species-level trait expression. Main conclusions Traditional functional groups only coarsely represent variation in well-measured traits within tundra plant communities, and better explain resource economic traits than size-related traits. We recommend caution when using functional group approaches to predict tundra vegetation change, or ecosystem functions relating to plant size, such as albedo or carbon storage. We argue that alternative classifications or direct use of specific plant traits could provide new insights for ecological prediction and modelling.

Published
2019

26. Towards improved participatory scenario methodologies in the Arctic

Author

Nilsson, A. E. (Annika E.), Carson, M. (Marcus), Cost, D. S. (Douglas S.), Forbes, B. C. (Bruce C.), Haavisto, R. (Riina), Karlsdottir, A. (Anna), Larsen, J. N. (Joan Nymand), Paasche, Ø. (Øyvind), Sarkki, S. (Simo), Larsen, S. V. (Sanne Vammen), and Pelyasov, A. (Alexander)

Subjects
Arctic, sustainable development, participatory methods, scenarios, indicators, co-production of knowledge
Abstract

Participatory scenario methodologies are increasingly used for studying possible future developments in the Arctic. They have the potential to contribute to several high-priority tasks for Arctic research, such as integration of indigenous and local knowledge in futures studies, providing a platform for activating Arctic youth in shaping their futures, identifying Arctic-relevant indicators for sustainable development, and supporting decision-making towards sustainable futures. Yet, to achieve this potential, several methodological challenges need to be addressed. These include attention to whose voices are amplified or silenced in participatory research practices, with special attention to diversification and the engagement of youth. Given the historic and potential future role of disruptive events for Arctic development trajectories, methods are needed in participatory scenario exercises to include attention to the dynamics and consequences of such events and regime shifts. Participatory scenarios can also be further improved through approaches that effectively combine qualitative and quantitative information. Finally, there is a need for systematic studies of how the results of scenario exercises influence decision-making processes. This article elaborates on ways in which attention to these aspects can help make scenarios more robust for assessing a diversity of potential Arctic futures in times of rapid environmental and social change.

Published
2019

28. Traditional plant functional groups explain variation in economic but not size-related traits across the tundra biome

Author

Spatial Ecology and Global Change, Environmental Sciences, Thomas, H. J. D., Myers-Smith, I. H., Bjorkman, A. D., Elmendorf, S. C., Blok, D., Cornelissen, J. H. C., Forbes, B. C., Hollister, R. D., Normand, S., Prevéy, J. S., Rixen, C., Schaepman-Strub, G., Wilmking, M., Wipf, S., Cornwell, W. K., Kattge, J., Goetz, S. J., Guay, K. C., Alatalo, J. M., Anadon-Rosell, A., Angers-Blondin, S., Berner, L. T., Björk, R. G., Buchwal, A., Buras, A., Carbognani, M., Christie, K., Siegwart Collier, L., Cooper, E. J., Eskelinen, A., Frei, E. R., Grau, O., Grogan, P., Hallinger, M., Heijmans, M. M. P. D., Hermanutz, L., Hudson, J. M. G., Hülber, K., Iturrate-Garcia, M., Iversen, C. M., Jaroszynska, F., Johnstone, J. F., Kaarlejärvi, E., Kulonen, A., Lamarque, L. J., Lévesque, E., Little, C. J., Michelsen, A., Milbau, A., Nabe-Nielsen, J., Nielsen, S. S., Ninot, J. M., Oberbauer, S. F., Olofsson, J., Onipchenko, V. G., Petraglia, A., Rumpf, S. B., Semenchuk, P. R., Soudzilovskaia, N. A., Spasojevic, M. J., Speed, J. D. M., Tape, K. D., te Beest, M., Tomaselli, M., Trant, A., Treier, U. A., Venn, S., Vowles, T., Weijers, S., Zamin, T., Atkin, O. K., Bahn, M., Blonder, B., Campetella, G., Cerabolini, B. E. L., Chapin III, F. S., Dainese, M., de Vries, F. T., Díaz, S., Green, W., Jackson, R. B., Manning, P., Niinemets, Ü., Ozinga, W. A., Peñuelas, J., Reich, P. B., Schamp, B., Sheremetev, S., van Bodegom, P. M., Spatial Ecology and Global Change, Environmental Sciences, Thomas, H. J. D., Myers-Smith, I. H., Bjorkman, A. D., Elmendorf, S. C., Blok, D., Cornelissen, J. H. C., Forbes, B. C., Hollister, R. D., Normand, S., Prevéy, J. S., Rixen, C., Schaepman-Strub, G., Wilmking, M., Wipf, S., Cornwell, W. K., Kattge, J., Goetz, S. J., Guay, K. C., Alatalo, J. M., Anadon-Rosell, A., Angers-Blondin, S., Berner, L. T., Björk, R. G., Buchwal, A., Buras, A., Carbognani, M., Christie, K., Siegwart Collier, L., Cooper, E. J., Eskelinen, A., Frei, E. R., Grau, O., Grogan, P., Hallinger, M., Heijmans, M. M. P. D., Hermanutz, L., Hudson, J. M. G., Hülber, K., Iturrate-Garcia, M., Iversen, C. M., Jaroszynska, F., Johnstone, J. F., Kaarlejärvi, E., Kulonen, A., Lamarque, L. J., Lévesque, E., Little, C. J., Michelsen, A., Milbau, A., Nabe-Nielsen, J., Nielsen, S. S., Ninot, J. M., Oberbauer, S. F., Olofsson, J., Onipchenko, V. G., Petraglia, A., Rumpf, S. B., Semenchuk, P. R., Soudzilovskaia, N. A., Spasojevic, M. J., Speed, J. D. M., Tape, K. D., te Beest, M., Tomaselli, M., Trant, A., Treier, U. A., Venn, S., Vowles, T., Weijers, S., Zamin, T., Atkin, O. K., Bahn, M., Blonder, B., Campetella, G., Cerabolini, B. E. L., Chapin III, F. S., Dainese, M., de Vries, F. T., Díaz, S., Green, W., Jackson, R. B., Manning, P., Niinemets, Ü., Ozinga, W. A., Peñuelas, J., Reich, P. B., Schamp, B., Sheremetev, S., and van Bodegom, P. M.

Published
2019

30. State of the climate in 2017

Author

Abernethy, R., Ackerman, Steven A., Adler, R., Albanil Encarnación, Adelina, Aldeco, Laura S., Alfaro, Eric J., Aliaga-Nestares, Vannia, Allan, Richard P., Allan, Rob, Alves, Lincoln M., Amador, Jorge A., Anderson, John, Andreassen, L. M., Argüez, Anthony, Armitage, C., Arndt, Derek S., Avalos, Grinia, Azorin-Molina, César, Báez, Julián, Bardin, M. Yu, Barichivich, Jonathan, Baringer, Molly O., Barreira, Sandra, Baxter, Stephen, Beck, H. E., Becker, Andreas, Bedka, Kristopher M., Behe, Carolina, Bell, Gerald D., Bellouin, Nicolas, Belmont, M., Benedetti, Angela, Bernhard, G. H., Berrisford, Paul, Berry, David I., Bhatt, U. S., Bissolli, Peter, Bjerke, J., Blake, Eric S., Blenkinsop, Stephen, Blunden, Jessica, Bolmgren, K., Bosilovich, Michael G., Boucher, Olivier, Bouchon, Marilú, Box, J. E., Boyer, Tim, Braathen, Geir O., Bromwich, David H., Brown, R., Buehler, S., Bulygina, Olga N., Burgess, D., Calderón, Blanca, Camargo, Suzana J., Campbell, Ethan C., Campbell, Jayaka D., Cappelen, J., Carrea, Laura, Carter, Brendan R., Castro, Anabel, Chambers, Don P., Cheng, Lijing, Christiansen, Hanne H., Christy, John R., Chung, E. S., Clem, Kyle R., Coelho, Caio A.S., Coldewey-Egbers, Melanie, Colwell, Steve, Cooper, Owen R., Copland, L., Costanza, Carol, Covey, Curt, Coy, Lawrence, Cronin, T., Crouch, Jake, Cruzado, Luis, Daniel, Raychelle, Davis, Sean M., Davletshin, S. G., De Eyto, Elvira, De Jeu, Richard A.M., De La Cour, Jacqueline L., De Laat, Jos, De Gasperi, Curtis L., Degenstein, Doug, Deline, P., Demircan, Mesut, Derksen, C., Dewitte, Boris, Dhurmea, R., Di Girolamo, Larry, Diamond, Howard J., Dickerson, C., Dlugokencky, Ed J., Dohan, Kathleen, Dokulil, Martin T., Dolman, A. Johannes, Domingues, Catia M., Domingues, Ricardo, Donat, Markus G., Dong, Shenfu, Dorigo, Wouter A., Drozdov, D. S., Dunn, Robert J.H., Durre, Imke, Dutton, Geoff S., Eakin, C. Mark, El Kharrim, M., Elkins, James W., Epstein, H. E., Espinoza, Jhan C., Famiglietti, James S., Farmer, J., Farrell, S., Fauchald, P., Fausto, R. S., Feely, Richard A., Feng, Z., Fenimore, Chris, Fettweis, X., Fioletov, Vitali E., Flemming, Johannes, Fogt, Ryan L., Folland, Chris, Forbes, B. C., Foster, Michael J., Francis, S. D., Franz, Bryan A., Frey, Richard A., Frith, Stacey M., Froidevaux, Lucien, Ganter, Catherine, Geiger, Erick F., Gerland, S., Gilson, John, Gobron, Nadine, Goldenberg, Stanley B., Gomez, Andrea M., Goni, Gustavo, Grooß, Jens Uwe, Gruber, Alexander, Guard, Charles P., Gugliemin, Mario, Gupta, S. K., Gutiérrez, Dimitri, Haas, C., Hagos, S., Hahn, Sebastian, Haimberger, Leo, Hall, Brad D., Halpert, Michael S., Hamlington, Benjamin D., Hanna, E., Hansen, K., Hanssen-Bauer, L., Harris, Ian, Hartfield, Gail, Heidinger, Andrew K., Heim, Richard R., Helfrich, S., Hemming, D. L., Hendricks, S., Hernández, Rafael, Hernández, Sosa Marieta, Heron, Scott F., Heuzé, C., Hidalgo, Hugo G., Ho, Shu Peng, Hobbs, William R., Horstkotte, T., Huang, Boyin, Hubert, Daan, Hueuzé, Céline, Hurst, Dale F., Ialongo, Iolanda, Ibrahim, M. M., Ijampy, J. A., Inness, Antje, Isaac, Victor, Isaksen, K., Ishii, Masayoshi, Jacobs, Stephanie J., Jeffries, Martin O., Jevrejeva, Svetlana, Jiménez, C., Jin, Xiangze, John, Viju, Johns, William E., Johnsen, Bjørn, Johnson, Bryan, Johnson, Gregory C., Johnson, Kenneth S., Jones, Philip D., Jumaux, Guillaume, Kabidi, Khadija, Kaiser, J. W., Karaköylü, Erdem M., Kato, Seiji, Kazemi, A., Keller, Linda M., Kennedy, John, Kerr, Kenneth, Khan, M. S., Kholodov, A. L., Khoshkam, Mahbobeh, Killick, Rachel, Kim, Hyungjun, Kim, S. J., Klotzbach, Philip J., Knaff, John A., Kohler, J., Korhonen, Johanna, Korshunova, Natalia N., Kramarova, Natalya, Kratz, D. P., Kruger, Andries, Kruk, Michael C., Krumpen, T., Ladd, C., Lakatos, Mónika, Lakkala, Kaisa, Lander, Mark A., Landschützer, Peter, Landsea, Chris W., Lankhorst, Matthias, Lavado-Casimiro, Waldo, Lazzara, Matthew A., Lee, S. E., Lee, T. C., Leuliette, Eric, L'Heureux, Michelle, Li, Tim, Lieser, Jan L., Lin, I. I., Mears, Carl A., Liu, Gang, Li, Bailing, Liu, Hongxing, Locarnini, Ricardo, Loeb, Norman G., Long, Craig S., López, Luis A., Lorrey, Andrew M., Loyola, Diego, Lumpkin, Rick, Luo, Jing Jia, Luojus, K., Luthcke, S., Macias-Fauria, M., Malkova, G. V., Manney, Gloria L., Marcellin, Vernie, Marchenko, S. S., Marengo, José A., Marín, Dora, Marra, John J., Marszelewski, Wlodzimierz, Martens, B., Martin, A., Martínez, Alejandra G., Martínez-Güingla, Rodney, Martínez-Sánchez, Odalys, Marsh, Benjamin L., Lyman, John M., Massom, Robert A., May, Linda, Mayer, Michael, Mazloff, Matthew, McBride, Charlotte, McCabe, M. F., McCarthy, Mark, Meier, W., Meijers, Andrew J.S., Mekonnen, Ademe, Mengistu Tsidu, G., Menzel, W. Paul, Merchant, Christopher J., Meredith, Michael P., Merrifield, Mark A., Miller, Ben, Miralles, Diego G., Mitchum, Gary T., Mitro, Sukarni, Moat, Ben, Mochizuki, Y., Monselesan, Didier, Montzka, Stephen A., Mora, Natalie, Morice, Colin, Mosquera-Vásquez, Kobi, Mostafa, Awatif E., Mote, T., Mudryk, L., Mühle, Jens, Mullan, A. Brett, Müller, Rolf, Myneni, R., Nash, Eric R., Nerem, R. Steven, Newman, L., Newman, Paul A., Nielsen-Gammon, John W., Nieto, Juan José, Noetzli, Jeannette, Noll, Ben E., O'Neel, S., Osborn, Tim J., Osborne, Emily, Overland, J., Oyunjargal, Lamjav, Park, T., Pasch, Richard J., Pascual-Ramírez, Reynaldo, Pastor Saavedra, Maria Asuncion, Paterson, Andrew M., Paulik, Christoph, Pearce, Petra R., Peltier, Alexandre, Pelto, Mauri S., Peng, Liang, Perkins-Kirkpatrick, Sarah E., Perovich, Don, Petropavlovskikh, Irina, Pezza, Alexandre B., Phillips, C., Phillips, David, Phoenix, G., Pinty, Bernard, Pinzon, J., Po-Chedley, S., Polashenski, C., Purkey, Sarah G., Quispe, Nelson, Rajeevan, Madhavan, Rakotoarimalala, C., Rayner, Darren, Raynolds, M. K., Reagan, James, Reid, Phillip, Reimer, Christoph, Rémy, Samuel, Revadekar, Jayashree V., Richardson, A. D., Richter-Menge, Jacqueline, Ricker, R., Rimmer, Alon, Robinson, David A., Rodell, Matthew, Rodriguez Camino, Ernesto, Romanovsky, Vladimir E., Ronchail, Josyane, Rosenlof, Karen H., Rösner, Benjamin, Roth, Chris, Roth, David Mark, Rusak, James A., Rutishäuser, T., Sallée, Jean Bapiste, Sánchez-Lugo, Ahira, Santee, Michelle L., Sasgen, L., Sawaengphokhai, P., Sayad, T. A., Sayouri, Amal, Scambos, Ted A., Scanlon, T., Schenzinger, Verena, Schladow, S. Geoffrey, Schmid, Claudia, Schmid, Martin, Schreck, Carl J., Selkirk, H. B., Send, Uwe, Sensoy, Serhat, Sharp, M., Shi, Lei, Shiklomanov, Nikolai I., Shimaraeva, Svetlana V., Siegel, David A., Silow, Eugene, Sima, Fatou, Simmons, Adrian J., Skirving, William J., Smeed, David A., Smeets, C. J.P.P., Smith, Adam, Smith, Sharon L., Soden, B., Sofieva, Viktoria, Sparks, T. H., Spence, Jacqueline M., Spillane, Sandra, Srivastava, A. K., Stackhouse, Paul W., Stammerjohn, Sharon, Stanitski, Diane M., Steinbrecht, Wolfgang, Stella, José L., Stengel, M., Stephenson, Kimberly, Stephenson, Tannecia S., Strahan, Susan, Streletskiy, Dimitri A., Strong, Alan E., Sun-Mack, Sunny, Sutton, Adrienne J., Swart, Sebastiaan, Sweet, William, Takahashi, Kenneth S., Tamar, Gerard, Taylor, Michael A., Tedesco, M., Thackeray, S. J., Thoman, R. L., Thompson, Philip, Thomson, L., Thorsteinsson, T., Timbal, Bertrand, Timmermans, M. L., TImofeyev, Maxim A., Tirak, Kyle V., Tobin, Skie, Togawa, H., Tømmervik, H., Tourpali, Kleareti, Trachte, Katja, Trewin, Blair C., Triñanes, Joaquin A., Trotman, Adrian R., Tschudi, M., Tucker, C. J., Tye, Mari R., Van As, D., Van De Wal, R. S.W., Van Der Ronald, J. A., Van Der Schalie, Robin, Van Der Schrier, Gerard, Van Der Werf, Guido R., Van Meerbeeck, Cedric J., Velden, Christopher S., Velicogna, I., Verburg, Piet, Vickers, H., Vincent, Lucie A., Vömel, Holger, Vose, Russell S., Wagner, Wolfgang, Walker, D. A., Walsh, J., Wang, Bin, Wang, Junhong, Wang, Lei, Wang, M., Wang, Ray, Wang, Sheng Hung, Wanninkhof, Rik, Watanabe, Shohei, Weber, Mark, Webster, M., Weller, Robert A., Westberry, Toby K., Weyhenmeyer, Gesa A., Whitewood, Robert, Widlansky, Matthew J., Wiese, David N., Wijffels, Susan E., Wilber, Anne C., Wild, Jeanette D., Willett, Kate M., Willis, Josh K., Wolken, G., Wong, Takmeng, Wood, E. F., Wood, K., Woolway, R. Iestyn, Wouters, B., Xue, Yan, Yin, Xungang, Yoon, Huang, York, A., Yu, Lisan, Zambrano, Eduardo, Zhang, Huai Min, Zhang, Peiqun, Zhao, Guanguo, Zhao, Lin, Zhu, Zhiwei, Ziel, R., Ziemke, Jerry R., Ziese, Markus G., Griffin, Jessicca, Hammer, Gregory, Love-Brotak, S. Elizabeth, Misch, Deborah J., Riddle, Deborah B., Slagle, Mary, Sprain, Mara, Veasey, Sara W., McVicar, Tim R., Sub Dynamics Meteorology, Sub Soft Condensed Matter, LS Religiewetenschap, Sub Atmospheric physics and chemistry, Zonder bezoldiging NED, LS Taalverwerving, Leerstoel Tubergen, Afd Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Hafd Faculteitsbureau GW, Afd Pharmacology, Dep IRAS, Marine and Atmospheric Research, and OFR - Religious Studies

Subjects
Atmospheric Science
Abstract

In 2017, the dominant greenhouse gases released into Earth's atmosphere-carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide-reached new record highs. The annual global average carbon dioxide concentration at Earth's surface for 2017 was 405.0 ± 0.1 ppm, 2.2 ppm greater than for 2016 and the highest in the modern atmospheric measurement record and in ice core records dating back as far as 800 000 years. The global growth rate of CO2 has nearly quadrupled since the early 1960s. With ENSO-neutral conditions present in the central and eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean during most of the year and weak La Niña conditions notable at the start and end, the global temperature across land and ocean surfaces ranked as the second or third highest, depending on the dataset, since records began in the mid-to-late 1800s. Notably, it was the warmest non-El Niño year in the instrumental record. Above Earth's surface, the annual lower tropospheric temperature was also either second or third highest according to all datasets analyzed. The lower stratospheric temperature was about 0.2°C higher than the record cold temperature of 2016 according to most of the in situ and satellite datasets. Several countries, including Argentina, Uruguay, Spain, and Bulgaria, reported record high annual temperatures. Mexico broke its annual record for the fourth consecutive year. On 27 January, the temperature reached 43.4°C at Puerto Madryn, Argentina-the highest temperature recorded so far south (43°S) anywhere in the world. On 28 May in Turbat, western Pakistan, the high of 53.5°C tied Pakistan's all-time highest temperature and became the world-record highest temperature for May. In the Arctic, the 2017 land surface temperature was 1.6°C above the 1981-2010 average, the second highest since the record began in 1900, behind only 2016. The five highest annual Arctic temperatures have all occurred since 2007. Exceptionally high temperatures were observed in the permafrost across the Arctic, with record values reported in much of Alaska and northwestern Canada. In August, high sea surface temperature (SST) records were broken for the Chukchi Sea, with some regions as warm as +11°C, or 3° to 4°C warmer than the longterm mean (1982-present). According to paleoclimate studies, today's abnormally warm Arctic air and SSTs have not been observed in the last 2000 years. The increasing temperatures have led to decreasing Arctic sea ice extent and thickness. On 7 March, sea ice extent at the end of the growth season saw its lowest maximum in the 37-year satellite record, covering 8% less area than the 1981-2010 average. The Arctic sea ice minimum on 13 September was the eighth lowest on record and covered 25% less area than the long-term mean. Preliminary data indicate that glaciers across the world lost mass for the 38th consecutive year on record; the declines are remarkably consistent from region to region. Cumulatively since 1980, this loss is equivalent to slicing 22 meters off the top of the average glacier. Antarctic sea ice extent remained below average for all of 2017, with record lows during the first four months. Over the continent, the austral summer seasonal melt extent and melt index were the second highest since 2005, mostly due to strong positive anomalies of air temperature over most of the West Antarctic coast. In contrast, the East Antarctic Plateau saw record low mean temperatures in March. The year was also distinguished by the second smallest Antarctic ozone hole observed since 1988. Across the global oceans, the overall long-term SST warming trend remained strong. Although SST cooled slightly from 2016 to 2017, the last three years produced the three highest annual values observed; these high anomalies have been associated with widespread coral bleaching. The most recent global coral bleaching lasted three full years, June 2014 to May 2017, and was the longest, most widespread, and almost certainly most destructive such event on record. Global integrals of 0-700-m and 0-2000-m ocean heat content reached record highs in 2017, and global mean sea level during the year became the highest annual average in the 25-year satellite altimetry record, rising to 77 mm above the 1993 average. In the tropics, 2017 saw 85 named tropical storms, slightly above the 1981-2010 average of 82. The North Atlantic basin was the only basin that featured an above-normal season, its seventh most active in the 164-year record. Three hurricanes in the basin were especially notable. Harvey produced record rainfall totals in areas of Texas and Louisiana, including a storm total of 1538.7 mm near Beaumont, Texas, which far exceeds the previous known U.S. tropical cyclone record of 1320.8 mm. Irma was the strongest tropical cyclone globally in 2017 and the strongest Atlantic hurricane outside of the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean on record with maximum winds of 295 km h-1. Maria caused catastrophic destruction across the Caribbean Islands, including devastating wind damage and flooding across Puerto Rico. Elsewhere, the western North Pacific, South Indian, and Australian basins were all particularly quiet. Precipitation over global land areas in 2017 was clearly above the long-term average. Among noteworthy regional precipitation records in 2017, Russia reported its second wettest year on record (after 2013) and Norway experienced its sixth wettest year since records began in 1900. Across India, heavy rain and flood-related incidents during the monsoon season claimed around 800 lives. In August and September, above-normal precipitation triggered the most devastating floods in more than a decade in the Venezuelan states of Bolívar and Delta Amacuro. In Nigeria, heavy rain during August and September caused the Niger and Benue Rivers to overflow, bringing floods that displaced more than 100 000 people. Global fire activity was the lowest since at least 2003; however, high activity occurred in parts of North America, South America, and Europe, with an unusually long season in Spain and Portugal, which had their second and third driest years on record, respectively. Devastating fires impacted British Columbia, destroying 1.2 million hectares of timber, bush, and grassland, due in part to the region's driest summer on record. In the United States, an extreme western wildfire season burned over 4 million hectares; the total costs of $18 billion tripled the previous U.S. annual wildfire cost record set in 1991.

Published
2018

31. State of the Climate in 2017

Author

Arndt, D. S., Blunden, J., Hartfield, G., Ackerman, Steven A., Adler, Robert, Alfaro, Eric J., Allan, Richard P., Allan, Rob, Alves, Lincoln M., Amador, Jorge A., Andreassen, L. M., Argueez, Anthony, Arndt, Derek S., Azorin-molina, Cesar, Baez, Julian, Bardin, M. U., Barichivich, Jonathan, Baringer, Molly O., Barreira, Sandra, Baxter, Stephen, Beck, H. E., Becker, Andreas, Bedka, Kristopher M., Bell, Gerald D., Belmont, M., Benedetti, Angela, Berrisford, Paul, Berry, David I., Bhatt, U. S., Bissolli, Peter, Bjerke, J., Blake, Eric S., Bosilovich, Michael G., Boucher, Olivier, Box, J. E., Boyer, Tim, Braathen, Geir O., Bromwich, David H., Brown, R., Buehler, S., Bulygina, Olga N., Burgess, D., Calderon, Blanca, Camargo, Suzana J., Campbell, Jayaka D., Cappelen, J., Carrea, Laura, Carter, Brendan R., Chambers, Don P., Cheng, Ming-dean, Christiansen, Hanne H., Christy, John R., Chung, E. -s., Clem, Kyle R., Coelho, Caio A. S., Coldewey-egbers, Melanie, Colwell, Steve, Cooper, Owen R., Copland, L., Crouch, Jake, Davis, Sean M., De Eyto, Elvira, De Jeu, Richard A. M., De Laat, Jos, Degasperi, Curtis L., Degenstein, Doug, Demircan, M., Derksen, C., Di Girolamo, Larry, Diamond, Howard J., Dlugokencky, Ed J., Dohan, Kathleen, Dokulil, Martin T., Dolman, A. Johannes, Domingues, Catia M., Donat, Markus G., Dong, Shenfu, Dorigo, Wouter A., Drozdov, D. S., Dunn, Robert J. H., Dutton, Geoff S., Elkharrim, M., Elkins, James W., Epstein, H. E., Espinoza, Jhan C., Famiglietti, James S., Farrell, S., Fausto, R. S., Feely, Richard A., Feng, Z., Fenimore, Chris, Fettweis, X., Fioletov, Vitali E., Flemming, Johannes, Fogt, Ryan L., Folland, Chris, Forbes, B. C., Foster, Michael J., Francis, S. D., Franz, Bryan A., Frey, Richard A., Frith, Stacey M., Froidevaux, Lucien, Ganter, Catherine, Gerland, S., Gilson, John, Gobron, Nadine, Goldenberg, Stanley B., Goni, Gustavo, Grooss, J. -u., Gruber, Alexander, Guard, Charles, Gupta, S. K., Gutierrez, J. M., Haas, C., Hagos, S., Hahn, Sebastian, Haimberger, Leo, Hall, Brad D., Halpert, Michael S., Hamlington, Benjamin D., Hanna, E., Hanssen-bauer, I, Harris, Ian, Heidinger, Andrew K., Heim, Richard R., Jr., Hendricks, S., Hernandez, Marieta, Hernandez, Rafael, Hidalgo, Hugo G., Ho, Shu-peng, Hobbs, William R., Huang, Boyin, Hurst, Dale F., Ialongo, I., Ijampy, J. A., Inness, Antje, Isaksen, K., Ishii, Masayoshi, Jevrejeva, Svetlana, Jimenez, C., Jin Xiangze, John, Viju, Johns, William E., Johnsen, B., Johnson, Bryan, Johnson, Gregory C., Johnson, Kenneth S., Jones, Philip D., Jumaux, Guillaume, Kabidi, Khadija, Kaiser, J. W., Kato, Seiji, Kazemi, A., Keller, Linda M., Kennedy, John, Kerr, Kenneth, Kholodov, A. L., Khoshkam, Mahbobeh, Killick, Rachel, Kim, Hyungjun, Kim, S. -j., Klotzbach, Philip J., Knaff, John A., Kohler, J., Korhonen, Johanna, Korshunova, Natalia N., Kramarova, Natalya, Kratz, D. P., Kruger, Andries, Kruk, Michael C., Krumpen, T., Lakatos, M., Lakkala, K., Lander, Mark A., Landschuetzer, Peter, Landsea, Chris W., Lankhorst, Matthias, Lazzara, Matthew A., Leuliette, Eric, L'Heureux, Michelle, Lieser, Jan L., Lin, I-i, Liu, Hongxing, Liu, Yinghui, Locarnini, Ricardo, Loeb, Norman G., Long, Craig S., Lorrey, Andrew M., Loyola, Diego, Lumpkin, Rick, Luo, Jing-jia, Luojus, K., Lyman, John M., Macias-fauria, M., Malkova, G. V., Manney, G., Marchenko, S. S., Marengo, Jose A., Marra, John J., Marszelewski, Wlodzimierz, Martens, B., Martinez-gueingla, Rodney, Massom, Robert A., May, Linda, Mayer, Michael, Mazloff, Matthew, Mcbride, Charlotte, Mccabe, M. F., Mccarthy, M., Mcvicar, Tim R., Mears, Carl A., Meier, W., Mekonnen, A., Mengistu Tsidu, G., Menzel, W. Paul, Merchant, Christopher J., Meredith, Michael P., Merrifield, Mark A., Miralles, Diego G., Mitchum, Gary T., Mitro, Srkani, Monselesan, Didier, Montzka, Stephen A., Mora, Natalie, Morice, Colin, Mote, T., Mudryk, L., Muehle, Jens, Mullan, A. Brett, Mueller, R., Nash, Eric R., Nerem, R. Steven, Newman, Louise, Newman, Paul A., Nieto, Juan Jose, Noetzli, Jeannette, O'Neel, S., Osborn, Tim J., Overland, J., Oyunjargal, Lamjav, Park, E-hyung, Pasch, Richard J., Pascual-ramirez, Reynaldo, Paterson, Andrew M., Pearce, Petra R., Pelto, Mauri S., Perkins-kirkpatrick, Sarah E., Perovich, D., Petropavlovskikh, Irina, Pezza, Alexandre B., Phillips, C., Phillips, David, Phoenix, G., Pinty, Bernard, Rajeevan, Madhavan, Rayner, Darren, Raynolds, M. K., Reagan, James, Reid, Phillip, Reimer, Christoph, Remy, Samuel, Revadekar, Jayashree V., Richter-menge, J., Rimmer, Alon, Robinson, David A., Rodell, Matthew, Romanovsky, Vladimir E., Ronchail, Josyane, Rosenlof, Karen H., Roth, Chris, Rusak, James A., Sallee, Jean-bapiste, Sanchez-lugo, Ahira, Santee, Michelle L., Sawaengphokhai, P., Sayouri, Amal, Scambos, Ted A., Schladow, S. Geoffrey, Schmid, Claudia, Schmid, Martin, Schreck, Carl J., Iii, Schuur, Ted, Selkirk, H. B., Send, Uwe, Sensoy, Serhat, Sharp, M., Shi, Lei, Shiklomanov, Nikolai I., Shimaraeva, Svetlana V., Siegel, David A., Signorini, Sergio R., Sima, Fatou, Simmons, Adrian J., Smeed, David A., Smeets, C. J. P. P., Smith, Adam, Smith, Sharon L., Soden, B., Spence, Jaqueline M., Srivastava, A. K., Stackhouse, Paul W., Jr., Stammerjohn, Sharon, Steinbrecht, Wolfgang, Stella, Jose L., Stephenson, Tannecia S., Strahan, Susan, Streletskiy, Dimitri A., Sun-mack, Sunny, Swart, Sebastiaan, Sweet, William, Tamar, Gerard, Taylor, Michael A., Tedesco, M., Thoman, R. L., Thompson, L., Thompson, Philip R., Timmermans, M. -l., Tobin, Skie, Trachte, Katja, Trewin, Blair C., Trotman, Adrian R., Tschudi, M., Van As, D., Van De Wal, R. S. W., Van Der Schalie, Robin, Van Der Schrier, Gerard, Van Der Werf, Guido R., Van Meerbeeck, Cedric J., Velicogna, I., Verburg, Piet, Vincent, Lucie A., Voemel, Holger, Vose, Russell S., Wagner, Wolfgang, Walker, D. A., Walsh, J., Wang, Bin, Wang, Chunzai, Wang, Junhong, Wang, Lei, Wang, M., Wang, Sheng-hung, Wanninkhof, Rik, Watanabe, Shohei, Weber, Mark, Weller, Robert A., Weyhenmeyer, Gesa A., Whitewood, Robert, Wiese, David N., Wijffels, Susan E., Wilber, Anne C., Wild, Jeanette D., Willett, Kate M., Willis, Josh K., Wolken, G., Wong, Takmeng, Wood, E. F., Woolway, R. Iestyn, Wouters, B., Xue, Yan, Yin, Xungang, Yu, Lisan, Zambrano, Eduardo, Zhang, Huai-min, Zhang, Peiqun, Zhao, Guanguo, Zhao, Lin, Ziemke, Jerry R., Abernethy, R., Albanil, Encarnacion Adelina, Aldeco, Laura S., Aliaga-nestares, Vannia, Anderson, John, Armitage, C., Avalos, Grinia, Behe, Carolina, Bellouin, Nicolas, Bernhard, G. H., Blenkinsop, Stephen, Bolmgren, K., Bouchon, Marilu, Campbell, Ethan C., Castro, Anabel, Costanza, Carol, Covey, Curt, Coy, Lawrence, Cronin, T., Cruzado, Luis, Daniel, Raychelle, Davletshin, S. G., De La Cour, Jacqueline L., Deline, P., Dewitte, Boris, Dhurmea, R., Dickerson, C., Domingues, Ricardo, Durre, Imke, Eakin, C. Mark, Farmer, J., Fauchald, P., Geiger, Erick F., Gomez, Andrea M., Gugliemin, Mario, Hansen, K., Helfrich, S., Hemming, D. L., Heron, Scott F., Heuze, C., Horstkotte, T., Hubert, Daan, Hueuze, Celine, Ibrahim, M. M., Isaac, Victor, Jacobs, Stephanie J., Jeffries, Martin O., Karakoylu, Erdem M., Khan, M. S., Ladd, C., Lavado-casimiro, Waldo, Lee, S. -e, Lee, T. C., Li, Bailing, Li, Tim, Lopez, Luis A., Luthcke, S., Marcellin, Vernie, Marin, Dora, Marsh, Benjamin L., Martin, A, Martinez, Alejandra G., Martinez-sanchez, Odalys, Meijers, Andrew J. S., Miller, Ben, Moat, Ben, Mochizuki, Y., Mosquera-vasquez, Kobi, Mostafa, Awatif E., Nielsen-gammon, John W., Noll, Ben E., Osborne, Emily, Pastor, Saavedra Maria Asuncion, Paulik, Christoph, Peltier, Alexandre, Pinzon, J., Po-chedley, S., Polashenski, C., Purkey, Sarah G., Quispe, Nelson, Rakotoarimalala, C., Richardson, A. D., Ricker, R, Rodriguez, Camino Ernesto, Rosner, Benjamin, Roth, David Mark, Rutishauser, T., Sasgen, L., Sayad, T. A., Scanlon, T., Schenzinger, Verena, Silow, Eugene, Skirving, William J., Sofieva, Viktoria, Sparks, T. H., Spillane, Sandra, Stanitski, Diane M., Stengel, M., Stephenson, Kimberly, Strong, Alan E., Sutton, Adrienne J., Takahashi, Kenneth S., Thackeray, S. J., Thomson, Lthorsteinsson T., Timbal, Bertrand, Timofeyev, Maxim A., Tirak, Kyle, V, Togawa, H., Tommervik, H., Tourpali, Kleareti, Trinanes, Joaquin A., Tucker, C. J., Tye, Mari R., Van Der A, Ronald J., Velden, Christopher S., Vickers, H., Webster, M., Westberry, Toby K., Widlansky, Matthew J., Wood, K., Yoon, Huang, York, A., Zhu, Zhiwei, Ziel, R., Ziese, Markus G., Arndt, D. S., Blunden, J., Hartfield, G., Ackerman, Steven A., Adler, Robert, Alfaro, Eric J., Allan, Richard P., Allan, Rob, Alves, Lincoln M., Amador, Jorge A., Andreassen, L. M., Argueez, Anthony, Arndt, Derek S., Azorin-molina, Cesar, Baez, Julian, Bardin, M. U., Barichivich, Jonathan, Baringer, Molly O., Barreira, Sandra, Baxter, Stephen, Beck, H. E., Becker, Andreas, Bedka, Kristopher M., Bell, Gerald D., Belmont, M., Benedetti, Angela, Berrisford, Paul, Berry, David I., Bhatt, U. S., Bissolli, Peter, Bjerke, J., Blake, Eric S., Bosilovich, Michael G., Boucher, Olivier, Box, J. E., Boyer, Tim, Braathen, Geir O., Bromwich, David H., Brown, R., Buehler, S., Bulygina, Olga N., Burgess, D., Calderon, Blanca, Camargo, Suzana J., Campbell, Jayaka D., Cappelen, J., Carrea, Laura, Carter, Brendan R., Chambers, Don P., Cheng, Ming-dean, Christiansen, Hanne H., Christy, John R., Chung, E. -s., Clem, Kyle R., Coelho, Caio A. S., Coldewey-egbers, Melanie, Colwell, Steve, Cooper, Owen R., Copland, L., Crouch, Jake, Davis, Sean M., De Eyto, Elvira, De Jeu, Richard A. M., De Laat, Jos, Degasperi, Curtis L., Degenstein, Doug, Demircan, M., Derksen, C., Di Girolamo, Larry, Diamond, Howard J., Dlugokencky, Ed J., Dohan, Kathleen, Dokulil, Martin T., Dolman, A. Johannes, Domingues, Catia M., Donat, Markus G., Dong, Shenfu, Dorigo, Wouter A., Drozdov, D. S., Dunn, Robert J. H., Dutton, Geoff S., Elkharrim, M., Elkins, James W., Epstein, H. E., Espinoza, Jhan C., Famiglietti, James S., Farrell, S., Fausto, R. S., Feely, Richard A., Feng, Z., Fenimore, Chris, Fettweis, X., Fioletov, Vitali E., Flemming, Johannes, Fogt, Ryan L., Folland, Chris, Forbes, B. C., Foster, Michael J., Francis, S. D., Franz, Bryan A., Frey, Richard A., Frith, Stacey M., Froidevaux, Lucien, Ganter, Catherine, Gerland, S., Gilson, John, Gobron, Nadine, Goldenberg, Stanley B., Goni, Gustavo, Grooss, J. -u., Gruber, Alexander, Guard, Charles, Gupta, S. K., Gutierrez, J. M., Haas, C., Hagos, S., Hahn, Sebastian, Haimberger, Leo, Hall, Brad D., Halpert, Michael S., Hamlington, Benjamin D., Hanna, E., Hanssen-bauer, I, Harris, Ian, Heidinger, Andrew K., Heim, Richard R., Jr., Hendricks, S., Hernandez, Marieta, Hernandez, Rafael, Hidalgo, Hugo G., Ho, Shu-peng, Hobbs, William R., Huang, Boyin, Hurst, Dale F., Ialongo, I., Ijampy, J. A., Inness, Antje, Isaksen, K., Ishii, Masayoshi, Jevrejeva, Svetlana, Jimenez, C., Jin Xiangze, John, Viju, Johns, William E., Johnsen, B., Johnson, Bryan, Johnson, Gregory C., Johnson, Kenneth S., Jones, Philip D., Jumaux, Guillaume, Kabidi, Khadija, Kaiser, J. W., Kato, Seiji, Kazemi, A., Keller, Linda M., Kennedy, John, Kerr, Kenneth, Kholodov, A. L., Khoshkam, Mahbobeh, Killick, Rachel, Kim, Hyungjun, Kim, S. -j., Klotzbach, Philip J., Knaff, John A., Kohler, J., Korhonen, Johanna, Korshunova, Natalia N., Kramarova, Natalya, Kratz, D. P., Kruger, Andries, Kruk, Michael C., Krumpen, T., Lakatos, M., Lakkala, K., Lander, Mark A., Landschuetzer, Peter, Landsea, Chris W., Lankhorst, Matthias, Lazzara, Matthew A., Leuliette, Eric, L'Heureux, Michelle, Lieser, Jan L., Lin, I-i, Liu, Hongxing, Liu, Yinghui, Locarnini, Ricardo, Loeb, Norman G., Long, Craig S., Lorrey, Andrew M., Loyola, Diego, Lumpkin, Rick, Luo, Jing-jia, Luojus, K., Lyman, John M., Macias-fauria, M., Malkova, G. V., Manney, G., Marchenko, S. S., Marengo, Jose A., Marra, John J., Marszelewski, Wlodzimierz, Martens, B., Martinez-gueingla, Rodney, Massom, Robert A., May, Linda, Mayer, Michael, Mazloff, Matthew, Mcbride, Charlotte, Mccabe, M. F., Mccarthy, M., Mcvicar, Tim R., Mears, Carl A., Meier, W., Mekonnen, A., Mengistu Tsidu, G., Menzel, W. Paul, Merchant, Christopher J., Meredith, Michael P., Merrifield, Mark A., Miralles, Diego G., Mitchum, Gary T., Mitro, Srkani, Monselesan, Didier, Montzka, Stephen A., Mora, Natalie, Morice, Colin, Mote, T., Mudryk, L., Muehle, Jens, Mullan, A. Brett, Mueller, R., Nash, Eric R., Nerem, R. Steven, Newman, Louise, Newman, Paul A., Nieto, Juan Jose, Noetzli, Jeannette, O'Neel, S., Osborn, Tim J., Overland, J., Oyunjargal, Lamjav, Park, E-hyung, Pasch, Richard J., Pascual-ramirez, Reynaldo, Paterson, Andrew M., Pearce, Petra R., Pelto, Mauri S., Perkins-kirkpatrick, Sarah E., Perovich, D., Petropavlovskikh, Irina, Pezza, Alexandre B., Phillips, C., Phillips, David, Phoenix, G., Pinty, Bernard, Rajeevan, Madhavan, Rayner, Darren, Raynolds, M. K., Reagan, James, Reid, Phillip, Reimer, Christoph, Remy, Samuel, Revadekar, Jayashree V., Richter-menge, J., Rimmer, Alon, Robinson, David A., Rodell, Matthew, Romanovsky, Vladimir E., Ronchail, Josyane, Rosenlof, Karen H., Roth, Chris, Rusak, James A., Sallee, Jean-bapiste, Sanchez-lugo, Ahira, Santee, Michelle L., Sawaengphokhai, P., Sayouri, Amal, Scambos, Ted A., Schladow, S. Geoffrey, Schmid, Claudia, Schmid, Martin, Schreck, Carl J., Iii, Schuur, Ted, Selkirk, H. B., Send, Uwe, Sensoy, Serhat, Sharp, M., Shi, Lei, Shiklomanov, Nikolai I., Shimaraeva, Svetlana V., Siegel, David A., Signorini, Sergio R., Sima, Fatou, Simmons, Adrian J., Smeed, David A., Smeets, C. J. P. P., Smith, Adam, Smith, Sharon L., Soden, B., Spence, Jaqueline M., Srivastava, A. K., Stackhouse, Paul W., Jr., Stammerjohn, Sharon, Steinbrecht, Wolfgang, Stella, Jose L., Stephenson, Tannecia S., Strahan, Susan, Streletskiy, Dimitri A., Sun-mack, Sunny, Swart, Sebastiaan, Sweet, William, Tamar, Gerard, Taylor, Michael A., Tedesco, M., Thoman, R. L., Thompson, L., Thompson, Philip R., Timmermans, M. -l., Tobin, Skie, Trachte, Katja, Trewin, Blair C., Trotman, Adrian R., Tschudi, M., Van As, D., Van De Wal, R. S. W., Van Der Schalie, Robin, Van Der Schrier, Gerard, Van Der Werf, Guido R., Van Meerbeeck, Cedric J., Velicogna, I., Verburg, Piet, Vincent, Lucie A., Voemel, Holger, Vose, Russell S., Wagner, Wolfgang, Walker, D. A., Walsh, J., Wang, Bin, Wang, Chunzai, Wang, Junhong, Wang, Lei, Wang, M., Wang, Sheng-hung, Wanninkhof, Rik, Watanabe, Shohei, Weber, Mark, Weller, Robert A., Weyhenmeyer, Gesa A., Whitewood, Robert, Wiese, David N., Wijffels, Susan E., Wilber, Anne C., Wild, Jeanette D., Willett, Kate M., Willis, Josh K., Wolken, G., Wong, Takmeng, Wood, E. F., Woolway, R. Iestyn, Wouters, B., Xue, Yan, Yin, Xungang, Yu, Lisan, Zambrano, Eduardo, Zhang, Huai-min, Zhang, Peiqun, Zhao, Guanguo, Zhao, Lin, Ziemke, Jerry R., Abernethy, R., Albanil, Encarnacion Adelina, Aldeco, Laura S., Aliaga-nestares, Vannia, Anderson, John, Armitage, C., Avalos, Grinia, Behe, Carolina, Bellouin, Nicolas, Bernhard, G. H., Blenkinsop, Stephen, Bolmgren, K., Bouchon, Marilu, Campbell, Ethan C., Castro, Anabel, Costanza, Carol, Covey, Curt, Coy, Lawrence, Cronin, T., Cruzado, Luis, Daniel, Raychelle, Davletshin, S. G., De La Cour, Jacqueline L., Deline, P., Dewitte, Boris, Dhurmea, R., Dickerson, C., Domingues, Ricardo, Durre, Imke, Eakin, C. Mark, Farmer, J., Fauchald, P., Geiger, Erick F., Gomez, Andrea M., Gugliemin, Mario, Hansen, K., Helfrich, S., Hemming, D. L., Heron, Scott F., Heuze, C., Horstkotte, T., Hubert, Daan, Hueuze, Celine, Ibrahim, M. M., Isaac, Victor, Jacobs, Stephanie J., Jeffries, Martin O., Karakoylu, Erdem M., Khan, M. S., Ladd, C., Lavado-casimiro, Waldo, Lee, S. -e, Lee, T. C., Li, Bailing, Li, Tim, Lopez, Luis A., Luthcke, S., Marcellin, Vernie, Marin, Dora, Marsh, Benjamin L., Martin, A, Martinez, Alejandra G., Martinez-sanchez, Odalys, Meijers, Andrew J. S., Miller, Ben, Moat, Ben, Mochizuki, Y., Mosquera-vasquez, Kobi, Mostafa, Awatif E., Nielsen-gammon, John W., Noll, Ben E., Osborne, Emily, Pastor, Saavedra Maria Asuncion, Paulik, Christoph, Peltier, Alexandre, Pinzon, J., Po-chedley, S., Polashenski, C., Purkey, Sarah G., Quispe, Nelson, Rakotoarimalala, C., Richardson, A. D., Ricker, R, Rodriguez, Camino Ernesto, Rosner, Benjamin, Roth, David Mark, Rutishauser, T., Sasgen, L., Sayad, T. A., Scanlon, T., Schenzinger, Verena, Silow, Eugene, Skirving, William J., Sofieva, Viktoria, Sparks, T. H., Spillane, Sandra, Stanitski, Diane M., Stengel, M., Stephenson, Kimberly, Strong, Alan E., Sutton, Adrienne J., Takahashi, Kenneth S., Thackeray, S. J., Thomson, Lthorsteinsson T., Timbal, Bertrand, Timofeyev, Maxim A., Tirak, Kyle, V, Togawa, H., Tommervik, H., Tourpali, Kleareti, Trinanes, Joaquin A., Tucker, C. J., Tye, Mari R., Van Der A, Ronald J., Velden, Christopher S., Vickers, H., Webster, M., Westberry, Toby K., Widlansky, Matthew J., Wood, K., Yoon, Huang, York, A., Zhu, Zhiwei, Ziel, R., and Ziese, Markus G.

Abstract

In 2017, the dominant greenhouse gases released into Earth’s atmosphere—carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide— reached new record highs. The annual global average carbon dioxide concentration at Earth’s surface for 2017 was 405.0 ± 0.1 ppm, 2.2 ppm greater than for 2016 and the highest in the modern atmospheric measurement record and in ice core records dating back as far as 800 000 years. The global growth rate of CO2 has nearly quadrupled since the early 1960s. With ENSO-neutral conditions present in the central and eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean during most of the year and weak La Niña conditions notable at the start and end, the global temperature across land and ocean surfaces ranked as the second or third highest, depending on the dataset, since records began in the mid-to-late 1800s. Notably, it was the warmest non-El Niño year in the instrumental record. Above Earth’s surface, the annual lower tropospheric temperature was also either second or third highest according to all datasets analyzed. The lower stratospheric temperature was about 0.2°C higher than the record cold temperature of 2016 according to most of the in situ and satellite datasets. Several countries, including Argentina, Uruguay, Spain, and Bulgaria, reported record high annual temperatures. Mexico broke its annual record for the fourth consecutive year. On 27 January, the temperature reached 43.4°C at Puerto Madryn, Argentina—the highest temperature recorded so far south (43°S) anywhere in the world. On 28 May in Turbat, western Pakistan, the high of 53.5°C tied Pakistan’s all-time highest temperature and became the world-record highest temperature for May. In the Arctic, the 2017 land surface temperature was 1.6°C above the 1981–2010 average, the second highest since the record began in 1900, behind only 2016. The five highest annual Arctic temperatures have all occurred since 2007. Exceptionally high temperatures were observed in the permafrost across the Arctic, with record values r

Published
2018
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32. State of the climate in 2017

Author

Sub Dynamics Meteorology, Sub Soft Condensed Matter, LS Religiewetenschap, Sub Atmospheric physics and chemistry, Zonder bezoldiging NED, LS Taalverwerving, Leerstoel Tubergen, Afd Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Hafd Faculteitsbureau GW, Afd Pharmacology, Dep IRAS, Marine and Atmospheric Research, OFR - Religious Studies, Abernethy, R., Ackerman, Steven A., Adler, R., Albanil Encarnación, Adelina, Aldeco, Laura S., Alfaro, Eric J., Aliaga-Nestares, Vannia, Allan, Richard P., Allan, Rob, Alves, Lincoln M., Amador, Jorge A., Anderson, John, Andreassen, L. M., Argüez, Anthony, Armitage, C., Arndt, Derek S., Avalos, Grinia, Azorin-Molina, César, Báez, Julián, Bardin, M. Yu, Barichivich, Jonathan, Baringer, Molly O., Barreira, Sandra, Baxter, Stephen, Beck, H. E., Becker, Andreas, Bedka, Kristopher M., Behe, Carolina, Bell, Gerald D., Bellouin, Nicolas, Belmont, M., Benedetti, Angela, Bernhard, G. H., Berrisford, Paul, Berry, David I., Bhatt, U. S., Bissolli, Peter, Bjerke, J., Blake, Eric S., Blenkinsop, Stephen, Blunden, Jessica, Bolmgren, K., Bosilovich, Michael G., Boucher, Olivier, Bouchon, Marilú, Box, J. E., Boyer, Tim, Braathen, Geir O., Bromwich, David H., Brown, R., Buehler, S., Bulygina, Olga N., Burgess, D., Calderón, Blanca, Camargo, Suzana J., Campbell, Ethan C., Campbell, Jayaka D., Cappelen, J., Carrea, Laura, Carter, Brendan R., Castro, Anabel, Chambers, Don P., Cheng, Lijing, Christiansen, Hanne H., Christy, John R., Chung, E. S., Clem, Kyle R., Coelho, Caio A.S., Coldewey-Egbers, Melanie, Colwell, Steve, Cooper, Owen R., Copland, L., Costanza, Carol, Covey, Curt, Coy, Lawrence, Cronin, T., Crouch, Jake, Cruzado, Luis, Daniel, Raychelle, Davis, Sean M., Davletshin, S. G., De Eyto, Elvira, De Jeu, Richard A.M., De La Cour, Jacqueline L., De Laat, Jos, De Gasperi, Curtis L., Degenstein, Doug, Deline, P., Demircan, Mesut, Derksen, C., Dewitte, Boris, Dhurmea, R., Di Girolamo, Larry, Diamond, Howard J., Dickerson, C., Dlugokencky, Ed J., Dohan, Kathleen, Dokulil, Martin T., Dolman, A. Johannes, Domingues, Catia M., Domingues, Ricardo, Donat, Markus G., Dong, Shenfu, Dorigo, Wouter A., Drozdov, D. S., Dunn, Robert J.H., Durre, Imke, Dutton, Geoff S., Eakin, C. Mark, El Kharrim, M., Elkins, James W., Epstein, H. E., Espinoza, Jhan C., Famiglietti, James S., Farmer, J., Farrell, S., Fauchald, P., Fausto, R. S., Feely, Richard A., Feng, Z., Fenimore, Chris, Fettweis, X., Fioletov, Vitali E., Flemming, Johannes, Fogt, Ryan L., Folland, Chris, Forbes, B. C., Foster, Michael J., Francis, S. D., Franz, Bryan A., Frey, Richard A., Frith, Stacey M., Froidevaux, Lucien, Ganter, Catherine, Geiger, Erick F., Gerland, S., Gilson, John, Gobron, Nadine, Goldenberg, Stanley B., Gomez, Andrea M., Goni, Gustavo, Grooß, Jens Uwe, Gruber, Alexander, Guard, Charles P., Gugliemin, Mario, Gupta, S. K., Gutiérrez, Dimitri, Haas, C., Hagos, S., Hahn, Sebastian, Haimberger, Leo, Hall, Brad D., Halpert, Michael S., Hamlington, Benjamin D., Hanna, E., Hansen, K., Hanssen-Bauer, L., Harris, Ian, Hartfield, Gail, Heidinger, Andrew K., Heim, Richard R., Helfrich, S., Hemming, D. L., Hendricks, S., Hernández, Rafael, Hernández, Sosa Marieta, Heron, Scott F., Heuzé, C., Hidalgo, Hugo G., Ho, Shu Peng, Hobbs, William R., Horstkotte, T., Huang, Boyin, Hubert, Daan, Hueuzé, Céline, Hurst, Dale F., Ialongo, Iolanda, Ibrahim, M. M., Ijampy, J. A., Inness, Antje, Isaac, Victor, Isaksen, K., Ishii, Masayoshi, Jacobs, Stephanie J., Jeffries, Martin O., Jevrejeva, Svetlana, Jiménez, C., Jin, Xiangze, John, Viju, Johns, William E., Johnsen, Bjørn, Johnson, Bryan, Johnson, Gregory C., Johnson, Kenneth S., Jones, Philip D., Jumaux, Guillaume, Kabidi, Khadija, Kaiser, J. W., Karaköylü, Erdem M., Kato, Seiji, Kazemi, A., Keller, Linda M., Kennedy, John, Kerr, Kenneth, Khan, M. S., Kholodov, A. L., Khoshkam, Mahbobeh, Killick, Rachel, Kim, Hyungjun, Kim, S. J., Klotzbach, Philip J., Knaff, John A., Kohler, J., Korhonen, Johanna, Korshunova, Natalia N., Kramarova, Natalya, Kratz, D. P., Kruger, Andries, Kruk, Michael C., Krumpen, T., Ladd, C., Lakatos, Mónika, Lakkala, Kaisa, Lander, Mark A., Landschützer, Peter, Landsea, Chris W., Lankhorst, Matthias, Lavado-Casimiro, Waldo, Lazzara, Matthew A., Lee, S. E., Lee, T. C., Leuliette, Eric, L'Heureux, Michelle, Li, Tim, Lieser, Jan L., Lin, I. I., Mears, Carl A., Liu, Gang, Li, Bailing, Liu, Hongxing, Locarnini, Ricardo, Loeb, Norman G., Long, Craig S., López, Luis A., Lorrey, Andrew M., Loyola, Diego, Lumpkin, Rick, Luo, Jing Jia, Luojus, K., Luthcke, S., Macias-Fauria, M., Malkova, G. V., Manney, Gloria L., Marcellin, Vernie, Marchenko, S. S., Marengo, José A., Marín, Dora, Marra, John J., Marszelewski, Wlodzimierz, Martens, B., Martin, A., Martínez, Alejandra G., Martínez-Güingla, Rodney, Martínez-Sánchez, Odalys, Marsh, Benjamin L., Lyman, John M., Massom, Robert A., May, Linda, Mayer, Michael, Mazloff, Matthew, McBride, Charlotte, McCabe, M. F., McCarthy, Mark, Meier, W., Meijers, Andrew J.S., Mekonnen, Ademe, Mengistu Tsidu, G., Menzel, W. Paul, Merchant, Christopher J., Meredith, Michael P., Merrifield, Mark A., Miller, Ben, Miralles, Diego G., Mitchum, Gary T., Mitro, Sukarni, Moat, Ben, Mochizuki, Y., Monselesan, Didier, Montzka, Stephen A., Mora, Natalie, Morice, Colin, Mosquera-Vásquez, Kobi, Mostafa, Awatif E., Mote, T., Mudryk, L., Mühle, Jens, Mullan, A. Brett, Müller, Rolf, Myneni, R., Nash, Eric R., Nerem, R. Steven, Newman, L., Newman, Paul A., Nielsen-Gammon, John W., Nieto, Juan José, Noetzli, Jeannette, Noll, Ben E., O'Neel, S., Osborn, Tim J., Osborne, Emily, Overland, J., Oyunjargal, Lamjav, Park, T., Pasch, Richard J., Pascual-Ramírez, Reynaldo, Pastor Saavedra, Maria Asuncion, Paterson, Andrew M., Paulik, Christoph, Pearce, Petra R., Peltier, Alexandre, Pelto, Mauri S., Peng, Liang, Perkins-Kirkpatrick, Sarah E., Perovich, Don, Petropavlovskikh, Irina, Pezza, Alexandre B., Phillips, C., Phillips, David, Phoenix, G., Pinty, Bernard, Pinzon, J., Po-Chedley, S., Polashenski, C., Purkey, Sarah G., Quispe, Nelson, Rajeevan, Madhavan, Rakotoarimalala, C., Rayner, Darren, Raynolds, M. K., Reagan, James, Reid, Phillip, Reimer, Christoph, Rémy, Samuel, Revadekar, Jayashree V., Richardson, A. D., Richter-Menge, Jacqueline, Ricker, R., Rimmer, Alon, Robinson, David A., Rodell, Matthew, Rodriguez Camino, Ernesto, Romanovsky, Vladimir E., Ronchail, Josyane, Rosenlof, Karen H., Rösner, Benjamin, Roth, Chris, Roth, David Mark, Rusak, James A., Rutishäuser, T., Sallée, Jean Bapiste, Sánchez-Lugo, Ahira, Santee, Michelle L., Sasgen, L., Sawaengphokhai, P., Sayad, T. A., Sayouri, Amal, Scambos, Ted A., Scanlon, T., Schenzinger, Verena, Schladow, S. Geoffrey, Schmid, Claudia, Schmid, Martin, Schreck, Carl J., Selkirk, H. B., Send, Uwe, Sensoy, Serhat, Sharp, M., Shi, Lei, Shiklomanov, Nikolai I., Shimaraeva, Svetlana V., Siegel, David A., Silow, Eugene, Sima, Fatou, Simmons, Adrian J., Skirving, William J., Smeed, David A., Smeets, C. J.P.P., Smith, Adam, Smith, Sharon L., Soden, B., Sofieva, Viktoria, Sparks, T. H., Spence, Jacqueline M., Spillane, Sandra, Srivastava, A. K., Stackhouse, Paul W., Stammerjohn, Sharon, Stanitski, Diane M., Steinbrecht, Wolfgang, Stella, José L., Stengel, M., Stephenson, Kimberly, Stephenson, Tannecia S., Strahan, Susan, Streletskiy, Dimitri A., Strong, Alan E., Sun-Mack, Sunny, Sutton, Adrienne J., Swart, Sebastiaan, Sweet, William, Takahashi, Kenneth S., Tamar, Gerard, Taylor, Michael A., Tedesco, M., Thackeray, S. J., Thoman, R. L., Thompson, Philip, Thomson, L., Thorsteinsson, T., Timbal, Bertrand, Timmermans, M. L., TImofeyev, Maxim A., Tirak, Kyle V., Tobin, Skie, Togawa, H., Tømmervik, H., Tourpali, Kleareti, Trachte, Katja, Trewin, Blair C., Triñanes, Joaquin A., Trotman, Adrian R., Tschudi, M., Tucker, C. J., Tye, Mari R., Van As, D., Van De Wal, R. S.W., Van Der Ronald, J. A., Van Der Schalie, Robin, Van Der Schrier, Gerard, Van Der Werf, Guido R., Van Meerbeeck, Cedric J., Velden, Christopher S., Velicogna, I., Verburg, Piet, Vickers, H., Vincent, Lucie A., Vömel, Holger, Vose, Russell S., Wagner, Wolfgang, Walker, D. A., Walsh, J., Wang, Bin, Wang, Junhong, Wang, Lei, Wang, M., Wang, Ray, Wang, Sheng Hung, Wanninkhof, Rik, Watanabe, Shohei, Weber, Mark, Webster, M., Weller, Robert A., Westberry, Toby K., Weyhenmeyer, Gesa A., Whitewood, Robert, Widlansky, Matthew J., Wiese, David N., Wijffels, Susan E., Wilber, Anne C., Wild, Jeanette D., Willett, Kate M., Willis, Josh K., Wolken, G., Wong, Takmeng, Wood, E. F., Wood, K., Woolway, R. Iestyn, Wouters, B., Xue, Yan, Yin, Xungang, Yoon, Huang, York, A., Yu, Lisan, Zambrano, Eduardo, Zhang, Huai Min, Zhang, Peiqun, Zhao, Guanguo, Zhao, Lin, Zhu, Zhiwei, Ziel, R., Ziemke, Jerry R., Ziese, Markus G., Griffin, Jessicca, Hammer, Gregory, Love-Brotak, S. Elizabeth, Misch, Deborah J., Riddle, Deborah B., Slagle, Mary, Sprain, Mara, Veasey, Sara W., McVicar, Tim R., Sub Dynamics Meteorology, Sub Soft Condensed Matter, LS Religiewetenschap, Sub Atmospheric physics and chemistry, Zonder bezoldiging NED, LS Taalverwerving, Leerstoel Tubergen, Afd Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Hafd Faculteitsbureau GW, Afd Pharmacology, Dep IRAS, Marine and Atmospheric Research, OFR - Religious Studies, Abernethy, R., Ackerman, Steven A., Adler, R., Albanil Encarnación, Adelina, Aldeco, Laura S., Alfaro, Eric J., Aliaga-Nestares, Vannia, Allan, Richard P., Allan, Rob, Alves, Lincoln M., Amador, Jorge A., Anderson, John, Andreassen, L. M., Argüez, Anthony, Armitage, C., Arndt, Derek S., Avalos, Grinia, Azorin-Molina, César, Báez, Julián, Bardin, M. Yu, Barichivich, Jonathan, Baringer, Molly O., Barreira, Sandra, Baxter, Stephen, Beck, H. E., Becker, Andreas, Bedka, Kristopher M., Behe, Carolina, Bell, Gerald D., Bellouin, Nicolas, Belmont, M., Benedetti, Angela, Bernhard, G. H., Berrisford, Paul, Berry, David I., Bhatt, U. S., Bissolli, Peter, Bjerke, J., Blake, Eric S., Blenkinsop, Stephen, Blunden, Jessica, Bolmgren, K., Bosilovich, Michael G., Boucher, Olivier, Bouchon, Marilú, Box, J. E., Boyer, Tim, Braathen, Geir O., Bromwich, David H., Brown, R., Buehler, S., Bulygina, Olga N., Burgess, D., Calderón, Blanca, Camargo, Suzana J., Campbell, Ethan C., Campbell, Jayaka D., Cappelen, J., Carrea, Laura, Carter, Brendan R., Castro, Anabel, Chambers, Don P., Cheng, Lijing, Christiansen, Hanne H., Christy, John R., Chung, E. S., Clem, Kyle R., Coelho, Caio A.S., Coldewey-Egbers, Melanie, Colwell, Steve, Cooper, Owen R., Copland, L., Costanza, Carol, Covey, Curt, Coy, Lawrence, Cronin, T., Crouch, Jake, Cruzado, Luis, Daniel, Raychelle, Davis, Sean M., Davletshin, S. G., De Eyto, Elvira, De Jeu, Richard A.M., De La Cour, Jacqueline L., De Laat, Jos, De Gasperi, Curtis L., Degenstein, Doug, Deline, P., Demircan, Mesut, Derksen, C., Dewitte, Boris, Dhurmea, R., Di Girolamo, Larry, Diamond, Howard J., Dickerson, C., Dlugokencky, Ed J., Dohan, Kathleen, Dokulil, Martin T., Dolman, A. Johannes, Domingues, Catia M., Domingues, Ricardo, Donat, Markus G., Dong, Shenfu, Dorigo, Wouter A., Drozdov, D. S., Dunn, Robert J.H., Durre, Imke, Dutton, Geoff S., Eakin, C. Mark, El Kharrim, M., Elkins, James W., Epstein, H. E., Espinoza, Jhan C., Famiglietti, James S., Farmer, J., Farrell, S., Fauchald, P., Fausto, R. S., Feely, Richard A., Feng, Z., Fenimore, Chris, Fettweis, X., Fioletov, Vitali E., Flemming, Johannes, Fogt, Ryan L., Folland, Chris, Forbes, B. C., Foster, Michael J., Francis, S. D., Franz, Bryan A., Frey, Richard A., Frith, Stacey M., Froidevaux, Lucien, Ganter, Catherine, Geiger, Erick F., Gerland, S., Gilson, John, Gobron, Nadine, Goldenberg, Stanley B., Gomez, Andrea M., Goni, Gustavo, Grooß, Jens Uwe, Gruber, Alexander, Guard, Charles P., Gugliemin, Mario, Gupta, S. K., Gutiérrez, Dimitri, Haas, C., Hagos, S., Hahn, Sebastian, Haimberger, Leo, Hall, Brad D., Halpert, Michael S., Hamlington, Benjamin D., Hanna, E., Hansen, K., Hanssen-Bauer, L., Harris, Ian, Hartfield, Gail, Heidinger, Andrew K., Heim, Richard R., Helfrich, S., Hemming, D. L., Hendricks, S., Hernández, Rafael, Hernández, Sosa Marieta, Heron, Scott F., Heuzé, C., Hidalgo, Hugo G., Ho, Shu Peng, Hobbs, William R., Horstkotte, T., Huang, Boyin, Hubert, Daan, Hueuzé, Céline, Hurst, Dale F., Ialongo, Iolanda, Ibrahim, M. M., Ijampy, J. A., Inness, Antje, Isaac, Victor, Isaksen, K., Ishii, Masayoshi, Jacobs, Stephanie J., Jeffries, Martin O., Jevrejeva, Svetlana, Jiménez, C., Jin, Xiangze, John, Viju, Johns, William E., Johnsen, Bjørn, Johnson, Bryan, Johnson, Gregory C., Johnson, Kenneth S., Jones, Philip D., Jumaux, Guillaume, Kabidi, Khadija, Kaiser, J. W., Karaköylü, Erdem M., Kato, Seiji, Kazemi, A., Keller, Linda M., Kennedy, John, Kerr, Kenneth, Khan, M. S., Kholodov, A. L., Khoshkam, Mahbobeh, Killick, Rachel, Kim, Hyungjun, Kim, S. J., Klotzbach, Philip J., Knaff, John A., Kohler, J., Korhonen, Johanna, Korshunova, Natalia N., Kramarova, Natalya, Kratz, D. P., Kruger, Andries, Kruk, Michael C., Krumpen, T., Ladd, C., Lakatos, Mónika, Lakkala, Kaisa, Lander, Mark A., Landschützer, Peter, Landsea, Chris W., Lankhorst, Matthias, Lavado-Casimiro, Waldo, Lazzara, Matthew A., Lee, S. E., Lee, T. C., Leuliette, Eric, L'Heureux, Michelle, Li, Tim, Lieser, Jan L., Lin, I. I., Mears, Carl A., Liu, Gang, Li, Bailing, Liu, Hongxing, Locarnini, Ricardo, Loeb, Norman G., Long, Craig S., López, Luis A., Lorrey, Andrew M., Loyola, Diego, Lumpkin, Rick, Luo, Jing Jia, Luojus, K., Luthcke, S., Macias-Fauria, M., Malkova, G. V., Manney, Gloria L., Marcellin, Vernie, Marchenko, S. S., Marengo, José A., Marín, Dora, Marra, John J., Marszelewski, Wlodzimierz, Martens, B., Martin, A., Martínez, Alejandra G., Martínez-Güingla, Rodney, Martínez-Sánchez, Odalys, Marsh, Benjamin L., Lyman, John M., Massom, Robert A., May, Linda, Mayer, Michael, Mazloff, Matthew, McBride, Charlotte, McCabe, M. F., McCarthy, Mark, Meier, W., Meijers, Andrew J.S., Mekonnen, Ademe, Mengistu Tsidu, G., Menzel, W. Paul, Merchant, Christopher J., Meredith, Michael P., Merrifield, Mark A., Miller, Ben, Miralles, Diego G., Mitchum, Gary T., Mitro, Sukarni, Moat, Ben, Mochizuki, Y., Monselesan, Didier, Montzka, Stephen A., Mora, Natalie, Morice, Colin, Mosquera-Vásquez, Kobi, Mostafa, Awatif E., Mote, T., Mudryk, L., Mühle, Jens, Mullan, A. Brett, Müller, Rolf, Myneni, R., Nash, Eric R., Nerem, R. Steven, Newman, L., Newman, Paul A., Nielsen-Gammon, John W., Nieto, Juan José, Noetzli, Jeannette, Noll, Ben E., O'Neel, S., Osborn, Tim J., Osborne, Emily, Overland, J., Oyunjargal, Lamjav, Park, T., Pasch, Richard J., Pascual-Ramírez, Reynaldo, Pastor Saavedra, Maria Asuncion, Paterson, Andrew M., Paulik, Christoph, Pearce, Petra R., Peltier, Alexandre, Pelto, Mauri S., Peng, Liang, Perkins-Kirkpatrick, Sarah E., Perovich, Don, Petropavlovskikh, Irina, Pezza, Alexandre B., Phillips, C., Phillips, David, Phoenix, G., Pinty, Bernard, Pinzon, J., Po-Chedley, S., Polashenski, C., Purkey, Sarah G., Quispe, Nelson, Rajeevan, Madhavan, Rakotoarimalala, C., Rayner, Darren, Raynolds, M. K., Reagan, James, Reid, Phillip, Reimer, Christoph, Rémy, Samuel, Revadekar, Jayashree V., Richardson, A. D., Richter-Menge, Jacqueline, Ricker, R., Rimmer, Alon, Robinson, David A., Rodell, Matthew, Rodriguez Camino, Ernesto, Romanovsky, Vladimir E., Ronchail, Josyane, Rosenlof, Karen H., Rösner, Benjamin, Roth, Chris, Roth, David Mark, Rusak, James A., Rutishäuser, T., Sallée, Jean Bapiste, Sánchez-Lugo, Ahira, Santee, Michelle L., Sasgen, L., Sawaengphokhai, P., Sayad, T. A., Sayouri, Amal, Scambos, Ted A., Scanlon, T., Schenzinger, Verena, Schladow, S. Geoffrey, Schmid, Claudia, Schmid, Martin, Schreck, Carl J., Selkirk, H. B., Send, Uwe, Sensoy, Serhat, Sharp, M., Shi, Lei, Shiklomanov, Nikolai I., Shimaraeva, Svetlana V., Siegel, David A., Silow, Eugene, Sima, Fatou, Simmons, Adrian J., Skirving, William J., Smeed, David A., Smeets, C. J.P.P., Smith, Adam, Smith, Sharon L., Soden, B., Sofieva, Viktoria, Sparks, T. H., Spence, Jacqueline M., Spillane, Sandra, Srivastava, A. K., Stackhouse, Paul W., Stammerjohn, Sharon, Stanitski, Diane M., Steinbrecht, Wolfgang, Stella, José L., Stengel, M., Stephenson, Kimberly, Stephenson, Tannecia S., Strahan, Susan, Streletskiy, Dimitri A., Strong, Alan E., Sun-Mack, Sunny, Sutton, Adrienne J., Swart, Sebastiaan, Sweet, William, Takahashi, Kenneth S., Tamar, Gerard, Taylor, Michael A., Tedesco, M., Thackeray, S. J., Thoman, R. L., Thompson, Philip, Thomson, L., Thorsteinsson, T., Timbal, Bertrand, Timmermans, M. L., TImofeyev, Maxim A., Tirak, Kyle V., Tobin, Skie, Togawa, H., Tømmervik, H., Tourpali, Kleareti, Trachte, Katja, Trewin, Blair C., Triñanes, Joaquin A., Trotman, Adrian R., Tschudi, M., Tucker, C. J., Tye, Mari R., Van As, D., Van De Wal, R. S.W., Van Der Ronald, J. A., Van Der Schalie, Robin, Van Der Schrier, Gerard, Van Der Werf, Guido R., Van Meerbeeck, Cedric J., Velden, Christopher S., Velicogna, I., Verburg, Piet, Vickers, H., Vincent, Lucie A., Vömel, Holger, Vose, Russell S., Wagner, Wolfgang, Walker, D. A., Walsh, J., Wang, Bin, Wang, Junhong, Wang, Lei, Wang, M., Wang, Ray, Wang, Sheng Hung, Wanninkhof, Rik, Watanabe, Shohei, Weber, Mark, Webster, M., Weller, Robert A., Westberry, Toby K., Weyhenmeyer, Gesa A., Whitewood, Robert, Widlansky, Matthew J., Wiese, David N., Wijffels, Susan E., Wilber, Anne C., Wild, Jeanette D., Willett, Kate M., Willis, Josh K., Wolken, G., Wong, Takmeng, Wood, E. F., Wood, K., Woolway, R. Iestyn, Wouters, B., Xue, Yan, Yin, Xungang, Yoon, Huang, York, A., Yu, Lisan, Zambrano, Eduardo, Zhang, Huai Min, Zhang, Peiqun, Zhao, Guanguo, Zhao, Lin, Zhu, Zhiwei, Ziel, R., Ziemke, Jerry R., Ziese, Markus G., Griffin, Jessicca, Hammer, Gregory, Love-Brotak, S. Elizabeth, Misch, Deborah J., Riddle, Deborah B., Slagle, Mary, Sprain, Mara, Veasey, Sara W., and McVicar, Tim R.

Published
2018

33. Tundra Trait Team:a database of plant traits spanning the tundra biome

Author

Bjorkman, A. D. (Anne D.), Myers-Smith, I. H. (Isla H.), Elmendorf, S. C. (Sarah C.), Normand, S. (Signe), Thomas, H. J. (Haydn J. D.), Alatalo, J. M. (Juha M.), Alexander, H. (Heather), Anadon-Rosell, A. (Alba), Angers-Blondin, S. (Sandra), Bai, Y. (Yang), Baruah, G. (Gaurav), te Beest, M. (Mariska), Berner, L. (Logan), Bjork, R. G. (Robert G.), Blok, D. (Daan), Bruelheide, H. (Helge), Buchwal, A. (Agata), Buras, A. (Allan), Carbognani, M. (Michele), Christie, K. (Katherine), Collier, L. S. (Laura S.), Cooper, E. J. (Elisabeth J.), Cornelissen, J. H. (J. Hans C.), Dickinson, K. J. (Katharine J. M.), Dullinger, S. (Stefan), Elberling, B. (Bo), Eskelinen, A. (Anu), Forbes, B. C. (Bruce C.), Frei, E. R. (Esther R.), Iturrate-Garcia, M. (Maitane), Good, M. K. (Megan K.), Grau, O. (Oriol), Green, P. (Peter), Greve, M. (Michelle), Grogan, P. (Paul), Haider, S. (Sylvia), Hajek, T. (Tomas), Hallinger, M. (Martin), Happonen, K. (Konsta), Harper, K. A. (Karen A.), Heijmans, M. M. (Monique M. P. D.), Henry, G. H. (Gregory H. R.), Hermanutz, L. (Luise), Hewitt, R. E. (Rebecca E.), Hollister, R. D. (Robert D.), Hudson, J. (James), Huelber, K. (Karl), Iversen, C. M. (Colleen M.), Jaroszynska, F. (Francesca), Jimenez-Alfaro, B. (Borja), Johnstone, J. (Jill), Jorgensen, R. H. (Rasmus Halfdan), Kaarlejarvi, E. (Elina), Klady, R. (Rebecca), Klimesova, J. (Jitka), Korsten, A. (Annika), Kuleza, S. (Sara), Kulonen, A. (Aino), Lamarque, L. J. (Laurent J.), Lantz, T. (Trevor), Lavalle, A. (Amanda), Lembrechts, J. J. (Jonas J.), Levesque, E. (Esther), Little, C. J. (Chelsea J.), Luoto, M. (Miska), Macek, P. (Petr), Mack, M. C. (Michelle C.), Mathakutha, R. (Rabia), Michelsen, A. (Anders), Milbau, A. (Ann), Molau, U. (Ulf), Morgan, J. W. (John W.), Morsdorf, M. A. (Martin Alfons), Nabe-Nielsen, J. (Jacob), Nielsen, S. S. (Sigrid Scholer), Ninot, J. M. (Josep M.), Oberbauer, S. F. (Steven F.), Olofsson, J. (Johan), Onipchenko, V. G. (Vladimir G.), Petraglia, A. (Alessandro), Pickering, C. (Catherine), Prevey, J. S. (Janet S.), Rixen, C. (Christian), Rumpf, S. B. (Sabine B.), Schaepman-Strub, G. (Gabriela), Semenchuk, P. (Philipp), Shetti, R. (Rohan), Soudzilovskaia, N. A. (Nadejda A.), Spasojevic, M. J. (Marko J.), Speed, J. D. (James David Mervyn), Street, L. E. (Lorna E.), Suding, K. (Katharine), Tape, K. D. (Ken D.), Tomaselli, M. (Marcello), Trant, A. (Andrew), Treier, U. A. (Urs A.), Tremblay, J.-P. (Jean-Pierre), Tremblay, M. (Maxime), Venn, S. (Susanna), Virkkala, A.-M. (Anna-Maria), Vowles, T. (Tage), Weijers, S. (Stef), Wilmking, M. (Martin), Wipf, S. (Sonja), Zamin, T. (Tara), Bjorkman, A. D. (Anne D.), Myers-Smith, I. H. (Isla H.), Elmendorf, S. C. (Sarah C.), Normand, S. (Signe), Thomas, H. J. (Haydn J. D.), Alatalo, J. M. (Juha M.), Alexander, H. (Heather), Anadon-Rosell, A. (Alba), Angers-Blondin, S. (Sandra), Bai, Y. (Yang), Baruah, G. (Gaurav), te Beest, M. (Mariska), Berner, L. (Logan), Bjork, R. G. (Robert G.), Blok, D. (Daan), Bruelheide, H. (Helge), Buchwal, A. (Agata), Buras, A. (Allan), Carbognani, M. (Michele), Christie, K. (Katherine), Collier, L. S. (Laura S.), Cooper, E. J. (Elisabeth J.), Cornelissen, J. H. (J. Hans C.), Dickinson, K. J. (Katharine J. M.), Dullinger, S. (Stefan), Elberling, B. (Bo), Eskelinen, A. (Anu), Forbes, B. C. (Bruce C.), Frei, E. R. (Esther R.), Iturrate-Garcia, M. (Maitane), Good, M. K. (Megan K.), Grau, O. (Oriol), Green, P. (Peter), Greve, M. (Michelle), Grogan, P. (Paul), Haider, S. (Sylvia), Hajek, T. (Tomas), Hallinger, M. (Martin), Happonen, K. (Konsta), Harper, K. A. (Karen A.), Heijmans, M. M. (Monique M. P. D.), Henry, G. H. (Gregory H. R.), Hermanutz, L. (Luise), Hewitt, R. E. (Rebecca E.), Hollister, R. D. (Robert D.), Hudson, J. (James), Huelber, K. (Karl), Iversen, C. M. (Colleen M.), Jaroszynska, F. (Francesca), Jimenez-Alfaro, B. (Borja), Johnstone, J. (Jill), Jorgensen, R. H. (Rasmus Halfdan), Kaarlejarvi, E. (Elina), Klady, R. (Rebecca), Klimesova, J. (Jitka), Korsten, A. (Annika), Kuleza, S. (Sara), Kulonen, A. (Aino), Lamarque, L. J. (Laurent J.), Lantz, T. (Trevor), Lavalle, A. (Amanda), Lembrechts, J. J. (Jonas J.), Levesque, E. (Esther), Little, C. J. (Chelsea J.), Luoto, M. (Miska), Macek, P. (Petr), Mack, M. C. (Michelle C.), Mathakutha, R. (Rabia), Michelsen, A. (Anders), Milbau, A. (Ann), Molau, U. (Ulf), Morgan, J. W. (John W.), Morsdorf, M. A. (Martin Alfons), Nabe-Nielsen, J. (Jacob), Nielsen, S. S. (Sigrid Scholer), Ninot, J. M. (Josep M.), Oberbauer, S. F. (Steven F.), Olofsson, J. (Johan), Onipchenko, V. G. (Vladimir G.), Petraglia, A. (Alessandro), Pickering, C. (Catherine), Prevey, J. S. (Janet S.), Rixen, C. (Christian), Rumpf, S. B. (Sabine B.), Schaepman-Strub, G. (Gabriela), Semenchuk, P. (Philipp), Shetti, R. (Rohan), Soudzilovskaia, N. A. (Nadejda A.), Spasojevic, M. J. (Marko J.), Speed, J. D. (James David Mervyn), Street, L. E. (Lorna E.), Suding, K. (Katharine), Tape, K. D. (Ken D.), Tomaselli, M. (Marcello), Trant, A. (Andrew), Treier, U. A. (Urs A.), Tremblay, J.-P. (Jean-Pierre), Tremblay, M. (Maxime), Venn, S. (Susanna), Virkkala, A.-M. (Anna-Maria), Vowles, T. (Tage), Weijers, S. (Stef), Wilmking, M. (Martin), Wipf, S. (Sonja), and Zamin, T. (Tara)

Abstract

Motivation: The Tundra Trait Team (TTT) database includes field‐based measurements of key traits related to plant form and function at multiple sites across the tundra biome. This dataset can be used to address theoretical questions about plant strategy and trade‐offs, trait–environment relationships and environmental filtering, and trait variation across spatial scales, to validate satellite data, and to inform Earth system model parameters. Main types of variable contained: The database contains 91,970 measurements of 18 plant traits. The most frequently measured traits (> 1,000 observations each) include plant height, leaf area, specific leaf area, leaf fresh and dry mass, leaf dry matter content, leaf nitrogen, carbon and phosphorus content, leaf C:N and N:P, seed mass, and stem specific density. Spatial location and grain: Measurements were collected in tundra habitats in both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres, including Arctic sites in Alaska, Canada, Greenland, Fennoscandia and Siberia, alpine sites in the European Alps, Colorado Rockies, Caucasus, Ural Mountains, Pyrenees, Australian Alps, and Central Otago Mountains (New Zealand), and sub‐Antarctic Marion Island. More than 99% of observations are georeferenced. Time period and grain: All data were collected between 1964 and 2018. A small number of sites have repeated trait measurements at two or more time periods. Major taxa and level of measurement: Trait measurements were made on 978 terrestrial vascular plant species growing in tundra habitats. Most observations are on individuals (86%), while the remainder represent plot or site means or maximums per species. Software format: csv file and GitHub repository with data cleaning scripts in R; contribution to TRY plant trait database (www.try-db.org) to be included in the next version release.

Published
2018

34. Tundra Trait Team: A database of plant traits spanning the tundra biome

Author

Bjorkman, A. D., Myers-Smith, I. H., Elmendorf, S. C., Normand, S., Thomas, H. J. D., Alatalo, J. M., Alexander, H., Anadon-Rosell, A., Angers-Blondin, S., Bai, Y., Baruah, G., te Beest, M., Berner, L., Björk, R. G., Blok, D., Bruelheide, H., Buchwal, A., Buras, A., Carbognani, M., Christie, K., Collier, L. S., Cooper, E. J., Cornelissen, J. H. C., Dickinson, K. J. M., Dullinger, S., Elberling, B., Eskelinen, A., Forbes, B. C., Frei, E. R., Iturrate-Garcia, M., Good, M. K., Grau, O., Green, P., Greve, M., Grogan, P., Haider, S., Hájek, T., Hallinger, M., Happonen, K., Harper, K. A., Heijmans, M. M. P. D., Henry, G. H. R., Hermanutz, L., Hewitt, R. E., Hollister, R. D., Hudson, J., Hülber, K., Iversen, C. M., Jaroszynska, F., Jiménez-Alfaro, B., Johnstone, J., Jorgensen, R. H., Kaarlejärvi, E., Klady, R., Klimešová, J., Korsten, A., Kuleza, S., Kulonen, A., Lamarque, L. J., Lantz, T., Lavalle, A., Lembrechts, J. J., Lévesque, E., Little, C. J., Luoto, M., Macek, P., Mack, M. C., Mathakutha, R., Michelsen, A., Milbau, A., Molau, U., Morgan, J. W., Mörsdorf, M. A., Nabe-Nielsen, J., Nielsen, S. S., Ninot, J. M., Oberbauer, S. F., Olofsson, J., Onipchenko, V. G., Petraglia, A., Pickering, C., Prevéy, J. S., Rixen, C., Rumpf, S. B., Schaepman-Strub, G., Semenchuk, P., Shetti, R., Soudzilovskaia, N. A., Spasojevic, M. J., Speed, J. D. M., Street, L. E., Suding, K., Tape, K. D., Tomaselli, M., Trant, A., Treier, U. A., Tremblay, J. P., Tremblay, M., Venn, S., Virkkala, A. M., Vowles, T., Weijers, S., Wilmking, M., Wipf, S., Zamin, T., Bjorkman, A. D., Myers-Smith, I. H., Elmendorf, S. C., Normand, S., Thomas, H. J. D., Alatalo, J. M., Alexander, H., Anadon-Rosell, A., Angers-Blondin, S., Bai, Y., Baruah, G., te Beest, M., Berner, L., Björk, R. G., Blok, D., Bruelheide, H., Buchwal, A., Buras, A., Carbognani, M., Christie, K., Collier, L. S., Cooper, E. J., Cornelissen, J. H. C., Dickinson, K. J. M., Dullinger, S., Elberling, B., Eskelinen, A., Forbes, B. C., Frei, E. R., Iturrate-Garcia, M., Good, M. K., Grau, O., Green, P., Greve, M., Grogan, P., Haider, S., Hájek, T., Hallinger, M., Happonen, K., Harper, K. A., Heijmans, M. M. P. D., Henry, G. H. R., Hermanutz, L., Hewitt, R. E., Hollister, R. D., Hudson, J., Hülber, K., Iversen, C. M., Jaroszynska, F., Jiménez-Alfaro, B., Johnstone, J., Jorgensen, R. H., Kaarlejärvi, E., Klady, R., Klimešová, J., Korsten, A., Kuleza, S., Kulonen, A., Lamarque, L. J., Lantz, T., Lavalle, A., Lembrechts, J. J., Lévesque, E., Little, C. J., Luoto, M., Macek, P., Mack, M. C., Mathakutha, R., Michelsen, A., Milbau, A., Molau, U., Morgan, J. W., Mörsdorf, M. A., Nabe-Nielsen, J., Nielsen, S. S., Ninot, J. M., Oberbauer, S. F., Olofsson, J., Onipchenko, V. G., Petraglia, A., Pickering, C., Prevéy, J. S., Rixen, C., Rumpf, S. B., Schaepman-Strub, G., Semenchuk, P., Shetti, R., Soudzilovskaia, N. A., Spasojevic, M. J., Speed, J. D. M., Street, L. E., Suding, K., Tape, K. D., Tomaselli, M., Trant, A., Treier, U. A., Tremblay, J. P., Tremblay, M., Venn, S., Virkkala, A. M., Vowles, T., Weijers, S., Wilmking, M., Wipf, S., and Zamin, T.

Abstract

Motivation: The Tundra Trait Team (TTT) database includes field-based measurements of key traits related to plant form and function at multiple sites across the tundra biome. This dataset can be used to address theoretical questions about plant strategy and trade-offs, trait–environment relationships and environmental filtering, and trait variation across spatial scales, to validate satellite data, and to inform Earth system model parameters. Main types of variable contained: The database contains 91,970 measurements of 18 plant traits. The most frequently measured traits (> 1,000 observations each) include plant height, leaf area, specific leaf area, leaf fresh and dry mass, leaf dry matter content, leaf nitrogen, carbon and phosphorus content, leaf C:N and N:P, seed mass, and stem specific density. Spatial location and grain: Measurements were collected in tundra habitats in both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres, including Arctic sites in Alaska, Canada, Greenland, Fennoscandia and Siberia, alpine sites in the European Alps, Colorado Rockies, Caucasus, Ural Mountains, Pyrenees, Australian Alps, and Central Otago Mountains (New Zealand), and sub-Antarctic Marion Island. More than 99% of observations are georeferenced. Time period and grain: All data were collected between 1964 and 2018. A small number of sites have repeated trait measurements at two or more time periods. Major taxa and level of measurement: Trait measurements were made on 978 terrestrial vascular plant species growing in tundra habitats. Most observations are on individuals (86%), while the remainder represent plot or site means or maximums per species. Software format: csv file and GitHub repository with data cleaning scripts in R; contribution to TRY plant trait database (www.try-db.org) to be included in the next version release.

Published
2018

35. Human-animal agency in reindeer management: Sami herders perspectives on vegetation dynamics under climate change

Author

Horstkotte, Tim, Utsi, T. Aa., Larsson-Blind, A., Burgess, P., Johansen, B., Kayhko, J., Oksanen, L., and Forbes, B. C.

Subjects
adaptation strategies, VDP::Agriculture and fishery disciplines: 900::Agriculture disciplines: 910::Livestock breeding, rearing, reproduction: 912, climate change, VDP::Landbruks- og Fiskerifag: 900::Landbruksfag: 910::Husdyravl, oppdrett, forplantning: 912, reindeer husbandry, shrub encroachment, Miljövetenskap, tree line, Rangifer tarandus, Environmental Sciences
Abstract

Source at http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.1931 Many primary livelihoods in Arctic and sub-Arctic regions experience accelerating effects of environmental change. The often close connection between indigenous peoples and their respective territories allows them to make detailed observations of how these changes transform the landscapes where they practice their daily activities. Here, we report Sámi reindeer herders’ observations based on their long-term inhabitance and use of contrasting pastoral landscapes in northern Fennoscandia. In particular, we focus on the capacity for various herd management regimes to prevent a potential transformation of open tundra vegetation to shrubland or woodland. Sámi herders did not confirm a substantial, rapid, or large-scale transformation of treeless tundra areas into shrub- and/or woodlands. However, where they observe encroachment of open tundra landscapes, a range of factors was deemed responsible. These included abiotic conditions, anthropogenic influences, and the direct and indirect effects of reindeer. The advance of the mountain birch tree line was in some cases associated with reduced or discontinued grazing and firewood cutting, depending on the seasonal significance of these particular areas. Where the tree line has risen in elevation and/or latitude, herding practices have by necessity adapted to these changes. Exploiting the capacity of reindeer impacts on vegetation as a conservation tool offers time-tested adaptive strategies of ecosystem management to counteract a potential encroachment of the tundra by woody plants. However, novel solutions in environmental governance involve difficult trade-offs for ecologically sustainable, economically viable, and socially desirable management strategies.

Published
2017

36. Traditional plant functional groups explain variation in economic but not size‐related traits across the tundra biome

Author

Thomas, H. J. D., primary, Myers‐Smith, I. H., additional, Bjorkman, A. D., additional, Elmendorf, S. C., additional, Blok, D., additional, Cornelissen, J. H. C., additional, Forbes, B. C., additional, Hollister, R. D., additional, Normand, S., additional, Prevéy, J. S., additional, Rixen, C., additional, Schaepman‐Strub, G., additional, Wilmking, M., additional, Wipf, S., additional, Cornwell, W. K., additional, Kattge, J., additional, Goetz, S. J., additional, Guay, K. C., additional, Alatalo, J. M., additional, Anadon‐Rosell, A., additional, Angers‐Blondin, S., additional, Berner, L. T., additional, Björk, R. G., additional, Buchwal, A., additional, Buras, A., additional, Carbognani, M., additional, Christie, K., additional, Siegwart Collier, L., additional, Cooper, E. J., additional, Eskelinen, A., additional, Frei, E. R., additional, Grau, O., additional, Grogan, P., additional, Hallinger, M., additional, Heijmans, M. M. P. D., additional, Hermanutz, L., additional, Hudson, J. M. G., additional, Hülber, K., additional, Iturrate‐Garcia, M., additional, Iversen, C. M., additional, Jaroszynska, F., additional, Johnstone, J. F., additional, Kaarlejärvi, E., additional, Kulonen, A., additional, Lamarque, L. J., additional, Lévesque, E., additional, Little, C. J., additional, Michelsen, A., additional, Milbau, A., additional, Nabe‐Nielsen, J., additional, Nielsen, S. S., additional, Ninot, J. M., additional, Oberbauer, S. F., additional, Olofsson, J., additional, Onipchenko, V. G., additional, Petraglia, A., additional, Rumpf, S. B., additional, Semenchuk, P. R., additional, Soudzilovskaia, N. A., additional, Spasojevic, M. J., additional, Speed, J. D. M., additional, Tape, K. D., additional, te Beest, M., additional, Tomaselli, M., additional, Trant, A., additional, Treier, U. A., additional, Venn, S., additional, Vowles, T., additional, Weijers, S., additional, Zamin, T., additional, Atkin, O. K., additional, Bahn, M., additional, Blonder, B., additional, Campetella, G., additional, Cerabolini, B. E. L., additional, Chapin III, F. S., additional, Dainese, M., additional, de Vries, F. T., additional, Díaz, S., additional, Green, W., additional, Jackson, R. B., additional, Manning, P., additional, Niinemets, Ü., additional, Ozinga, W. A., additional, Peñuelas, J., additional, Reich, P. B., additional, Schamp, B., additional, Sheremetev, S., additional, and van Bodegom, P. M., additional

Published
2018
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37. State of the Climate in 2016

Author

Arndt, D. S., Blunden, J., Dunn, R. J. H., Aaron-morrison, Arlene P., Abdallah, A., Ackerman, Steven A., Adler, Robert, Alfaro, Eric J., Allan, Richard P., Allan, Rob, Alvarez, Luis A., Alves, Lincoln M., Amador, Jorge A., Andreassen, L. M., Arce, Dayana, Argueez, Anthony, Arndt, Derek S., Arzhanova, N. M., Augustine, John, Awatif, E. M., Azorin-molina, Cesar, Baez, Julian, Bardin, M. U., Barichivich, Jonathan, Baringer, Molly O., Barreira, Sandra, Baxter, Stephen, Beck, H. E., Becker, Andreas, Bedka, Kristopher M., Behrenfeld, Michael J., Bell, Gerald D., Belmont, M., Benedetti, Angela, Bernhard, G. H., Berrisford, Paul, Berry, David I., Bettolli, Maria L., Bhatt, U. S., Bidegain, Mario, Biskaborn, B., Bissolli, Peter, Bjerke, J., Blake, Eric S., Blunden, Jessica, Bosilovich, Michael G., Boucher, Olivier, Boudet, Dagne, Box, J. E., Boyer, Tim, Braathen, Geir O., Brimelow, Julian, Bromwich, David H., Brown, R., Buehler, S., Bulygina, Olga N., Burgess, D., Calderon, Blanca, Camargo, Suzana J., Campbell, Jayaka D., Cappelen, J., Caroff, P., Carrea, Laura, Carter, Brendan R., Chambers, Don P., Chandler, Elise, Cheng, Ming-dean, Christiansen, Hanne H., Christy, John R., Chung, Daniel, Chung, E. -s., Clem, Kyle R., Coelho, Caio A. S., Coldewey-egbers, Melanie, Colwell, Steve, Cooper, Owen R., Copland, L., Cross, J. N., Crouch, Jake, Cutie, Virgen, Davis, Sean M., De Eyto, Elvira, De Jeu, Richard A. M., De Laat, Jos, Degasperi, Curtis L., Degenstein, Doug, Demircan, M., Derksen, C., Di Girolamo, Larry, Diamond, Howard J., Dindyal, S., Dlugokencky, Ed J., Dohan, Kathleen, Dokulil, Martin T., Dolman, A. Johannes, Domingues, Catia M., Donat, Markus G., Dong, Shenfu, Dorigo, Wouter A., Drozdov, D. S., Dunn, Robert J. H., Duran-quesada, Ana M., Dutton, Geoff S., Elkharrim, M., Elkins, James W., Epstein, H. E., Espinoza, Jhan C., Etienne-leblanc, Sheryl, Famiglietti, James S., Farrell, S., Fateh, S., Fausto, R. S., Feely, Richard A., Feng, Z., Fenimore, Chris, Fettweis, X., Fioletov, Vitali E., Flannigan, Mike, Flemming, Johannes, Fogt, Ryan L., Folland, Chris, Fonseca, C., Forbes, B. C., Foster, Michael J., Francis, S. D., Franz, Bryan A., Frey, Richard A., Frith, Stacey M., Froidevaux, Lucien, Ganter, Catherine, Gerland, S., Gilson, John, Gobron, Nadine, Goldenberg, Stanley B., Goni, Gustavo, Gonzalez, Idelmis T., Goto, A., Greenhough, Marianna D., Grooss, J. -u., Gruber, Alexander, Guard, Charles, Gupta, S. K., Gutierrez, J. M., Haas, C., Hagos, S., Hahn, Sebastian, Haimberger, Leo, Hall, Brad D., Halpert, Michael S., Hamlington, Benjamin D., Hanna, E., Hanssen-bauer, I, Hare, Jon, Harris, Ian, Heidinger, Andrew K., Heim, Richard R., Jr., Hendricks, S., Hernandez, Marieta, Hernandez, Rafael, Hidalgo, Hugo G., Ho, Shu-peng, Hobbs, William R., Huang, Boyin, Huelsing, Hannah K., Hurst, Dale F., Ialongo, I., Ijampy, J. A., Inness, Antje, Isaksen, K., Ishii, Masayoshi, Jevrejeva, Svetlana, Jimenez, C., Jin Xiangze, John, Viju, Johns, William E., Johnsen, B., Johnson, Bryan, Johnson, Gregory C., Johnson, Kenneth S., Jones, Philip D., Jumaux, Guillaume, Kabidi, Khadija, Kaiser, J. W., Kass, David, Kato, Seiji, Kazemi, A., Kelem, G., Keller, Linda M., Kelly, B. P., Kendon, Mike, Kennedy, John, Kerr, Kenneth, Kholodov, A. L., Khoshkam, Mahbobeh, Killick, Rachel, Kim, Hyungjun, Kim, S. -j., Kimberlain, Todd B., Klotzbach, Philip J., Knaff, John A., Kochtubajda, Bob, Kohler, J., Korhonen, Johanna, Korshunova, Natalia N., Kramarova, Natalya, Kratz, D. P., Kruger, Andries, Kruk, Michael C., Krumpen, T., Lakatos, M., Lakkala, K., Lanckmann, J. -p., Lander, Mark A., Landschuetzer, Peter, Landsea, Chris W., Lankhorst, Matthias, Lantz, Kathleen, Lazzara, Matthew A., Leuliette, Eric, Lewis, Stephen R., L'Heureux, Michelle, Lieser, Jan L., Lin, I-i, Liu, Hongxing, Liu, Yinghui, Locarnini, Ricardo, Loeb, Norman G., Long, Craig S., Loranty, M., Lorrey, Andrew M., Loyola, Diego, Lu, Mong-ming, Lumpkin, Rick, Luo, Jing-jia, Luojus, K., Lyman, John M., Macara, Gregor, Macdonald, Alison M., Macias-fauria, M., Malkova, G. V., Manney, G., Marchenko, S. S., Marengo, Jose A., Marra, John J., Marszelewski, Wlodzimierz, Martens, B., Martinez-gueingla, Rodney, Massom, Robert A., Mathis, Jeremy T., May, Linda, Mayer, Michael, Mazloff, Matthew, Mcbride, Charlotte, Mccabe, M. F., Mccarthy, Gerard, Mccarthy, M., Mcdonagh, Elaine L., Mcgree, Simon, Mcvicar, Tim R., Mears, Carl A., Meier, W., Mekonnen, A., Menezes, V. V., Mengistu Tsidu, G., Menzel, W. Paul, Merchant, Christopher J., Meredith, Michael P., Merrifield, Mark A., Minnis, Patrick, Miralles, Diego G., Mistelbauer, T., Mitchum, Gary T., Mitro, Srkani, Monselesan, Didier, Montzka, Stephen A., Mora, Natalie, Morice, Colin, Morrow, Blair, Mote, T., Mudryk, L., Muehle, Jens, Mullan, A. Brett, Mueller, R., Nash, Eric R., Nerem, R. Steven, Newman, Louise, Newman, Paul A., Nieto, Juan Jose, Noetzli, Jeannette, O'Neel, S., Osborn, Tim J., Overland, J., Oyunjargal, Lamjav, Parinussa, Robert M., Park, E-hyung, Pasch, Richard J., Pascual-ramirez, Reynaldo, Paterson, Andrew M., Pearce, Petra R., Pellichero, Violaine, Pelto, Mauri S., Peng, Liang, Perkins-kirkpatrick, Sarah E., Perovich, D., Petropavlovskikh, Irina, Pezza, Alexandre B., Phillips, C., Phillips, David, Phoenix, G., Pinty, Bernard, Pitts, Michael C., Pons, M. R., Porter, Avalon O., Quintana, Juan, Rahimzadeh, Fatemeh, Rajeevan, Madhavan, Rayner, Darren, Raynolds, M. 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K., Stackhouse, Paul W., Jr., Stammerjohn, Sharon, Steinbrecht, Wolfgang, Stella, Jose L., Stennett-brown, Roxann, Stephenson, Tannecia S., Strahan, Susan, Streletskiy, Dimitri A., Sun-mack, Sunny, Swart, Sebastiaan, Sweet, William, Tamar, Gerard, Taylor, Michael A., Tedesco, M., Thoman, R. L., Thompson, L., Thompson, Philip R., Timmermans, M. -l., Timofeev, Maxim A., Tirnanes, Joaquin A., Tobin, Skie, Trachte, Katja, Trewin, Blair C., Trotman, Adrian R., Tschudi, M., Tweedy, Olga, Van As, D., Van De Wal, R. S. W., Van Der Schalie, Robin, Van Der Schrier, Gerard, Van Der Werf, Guido R., Van Meerbeeck, Cedric J., Velicogna, I., Verburg, Piet, Vieira, G., Vincent, Lucie A., Voemel, Holger, Vose, Russell S., Wagner, Wolfgang, Wahlin, Anna, Walker, D. A., Walsh, J., Wang, Bin, Wang, Chunzai, Wang, Junhong, Wang, Lei, Wang, M., Wang, Sheng-hung, Wanninkhof, Rik, Watanabe, Shohei, Weber, Mark, Weller, Robert A., Weyhenmeyer, Gesa A., Whitewood, Robert, Wiese, David N., Wijffels, Susan E., Wilber, Anne C., Wild, Jeanette D., Willett, Kate M., Willie, Shem, Willis, Josh K., Wolken, G., Wong, Takmeng, Wood, E. F., Woolway, R. Iestyn, Wouters, B., Xue, Yan, Yim, So-young, Yin, Xungang, Yu, Lisan, Zambrano, Eduardo, Zhang, Huai-min, Zhang, Peiqun, Zhao, Guanguo, Zhao, Lin, Ziemke, Jerry R., Zilberman, Nathalie, Arndt, D. S., Blunden, J., Dunn, R. J. H., Aaron-morrison, Arlene P., Abdallah, A., Ackerman, Steven A., Adler, Robert, Alfaro, Eric J., Allan, Richard P., Allan, Rob, Alvarez, Luis A., Alves, Lincoln M., Amador, Jorge A., Andreassen, L. M., Arce, Dayana, Argueez, Anthony, Arndt, Derek S., Arzhanova, N. M., Augustine, John, Awatif, E. M., Azorin-molina, Cesar, Baez, Julian, Bardin, M. U., Barichivich, Jonathan, Baringer, Molly O., Barreira, Sandra, Baxter, Stephen, Beck, H. E., Becker, Andreas, Bedka, Kristopher M., Behrenfeld, Michael J., Bell, Gerald D., Belmont, M., Benedetti, Angela, Bernhard, G. H., Berrisford, Paul, Berry, David I., Bettolli, Maria L., Bhatt, U. S., Bidegain, Mario, Biskaborn, B., Bissolli, Peter, Bjerke, J., Blake, Eric S., Blunden, Jessica, Bosilovich, Michael G., Boucher, Olivier, Boudet, Dagne, Box, J. E., Boyer, Tim, Braathen, Geir O., Brimelow, Julian, Bromwich, David H., Brown, R., Buehler, S., Bulygina, Olga N., Burgess, D., Calderon, Blanca, Camargo, Suzana J., Campbell, Jayaka D., Cappelen, J., Caroff, P., Carrea, Laura, Carter, Brendan R., Chambers, Don P., Chandler, Elise, Cheng, Ming-dean, Christiansen, Hanne H., Christy, John R., Chung, Daniel, Chung, E. -s., Clem, Kyle R., Coelho, Caio A. S., Coldewey-egbers, Melanie, Colwell, Steve, Cooper, Owen R., Copland, L., Cross, J. N., Crouch, Jake, Cutie, Virgen, Davis, Sean M., De Eyto, Elvira, De Jeu, Richard A. M., De Laat, Jos, Degasperi, Curtis L., Degenstein, Doug, Demircan, M., Derksen, C., Di Girolamo, Larry, Diamond, Howard J., Dindyal, S., Dlugokencky, Ed J., Dohan, Kathleen, Dokulil, Martin T., Dolman, A. Johannes, Domingues, Catia M., Donat, Markus G., Dong, Shenfu, Dorigo, Wouter A., Drozdov, D. S., Dunn, Robert J. H., Duran-quesada, Ana M., Dutton, Geoff S., Elkharrim, M., Elkins, James W., Epstein, H. E., Espinoza, Jhan C., Etienne-leblanc, Sheryl, Famiglietti, James S., Farrell, S., Fateh, S., Fausto, R. S., Feely, Richard A., Feng, Z., Fenimore, Chris, Fettweis, X., Fioletov, Vitali E., Flannigan, Mike, Flemming, Johannes, Fogt, Ryan L., Folland, Chris, Fonseca, C., Forbes, B. C., Foster, Michael J., Francis, S. D., Franz, Bryan A., Frey, Richard A., Frith, Stacey M., Froidevaux, Lucien, Ganter, Catherine, Gerland, S., Gilson, John, Gobron, Nadine, Goldenberg, Stanley B., Goni, Gustavo, Gonzalez, Idelmis T., Goto, A., Greenhough, Marianna D., Grooss, J. -u., Gruber, Alexander, Guard, Charles, Gupta, S. K., Gutierrez, J. M., Haas, C., Hagos, S., Hahn, Sebastian, Haimberger, Leo, Hall, Brad D., Halpert, Michael S., Hamlington, Benjamin D., Hanna, E., Hanssen-bauer, I, Hare, Jon, Harris, Ian, Heidinger, Andrew K., Heim, Richard R., Jr., Hendricks, S., Hernandez, Marieta, Hernandez, Rafael, Hidalgo, Hugo G., Ho, Shu-peng, Hobbs, William R., Huang, Boyin, Huelsing, Hannah K., Hurst, Dale F., Ialongo, I., Ijampy, J. A., Inness, Antje, Isaksen, K., Ishii, Masayoshi, Jevrejeva, Svetlana, Jimenez, C., Jin Xiangze, John, Viju, Johns, William E., Johnsen, B., Johnson, Bryan, Johnson, Gregory C., Johnson, Kenneth S., Jones, Philip D., Jumaux, Guillaume, Kabidi, Khadija, Kaiser, J. W., Kass, David, Kato, Seiji, Kazemi, A., Kelem, G., Keller, Linda M., Kelly, B. P., Kendon, Mike, Kennedy, John, Kerr, Kenneth, Kholodov, A. L., Khoshkam, Mahbobeh, Killick, Rachel, Kim, Hyungjun, Kim, S. -j., Kimberlain, Todd B., Klotzbach, Philip J., Knaff, John A., Kochtubajda, Bob, Kohler, J., Korhonen, Johanna, Korshunova, Natalia N., Kramarova, Natalya, Kratz, D. P., Kruger, Andries, Kruk, Michael C., Krumpen, T., Lakatos, M., Lakkala, K., Lanckmann, J. -p., Lander, Mark A., Landschuetzer, Peter, Landsea, Chris W., Lankhorst, Matthias, Lantz, Kathleen, Lazzara, Matthew A., Leuliette, Eric, Lewis, Stephen R., L'Heureux, Michelle, Lieser, Jan L., Lin, I-i, Liu, Hongxing, Liu, Yinghui, Locarnini, Ricardo, Loeb, Norman G., Long, Craig S., Loranty, M., Lorrey, Andrew M., Loyola, Diego, Lu, Mong-ming, Lumpkin, Rick, Luo, Jing-jia, Luojus, K., Lyman, John M., Macara, Gregor, Macdonald, Alison M., Macias-fauria, M., Malkova, G. V., Manney, G., Marchenko, S. S., Marengo, Jose A., Marra, John J., Marszelewski, Wlodzimierz, Martens, B., Martinez-gueingla, Rodney, Massom, Robert A., Mathis, Jeremy T., May, Linda, Mayer, Michael, Mazloff, Matthew, Mcbride, Charlotte, Mccabe, M. F., Mccarthy, Gerard, Mccarthy, M., Mcdonagh, Elaine L., Mcgree, Simon, Mcvicar, Tim R., Mears, Carl A., Meier, W., Mekonnen, A., Menezes, V. V., Mengistu Tsidu, G., Menzel, W. Paul, Merchant, Christopher J., Meredith, Michael P., Merrifield, Mark A., Minnis, Patrick, Miralles, Diego G., Mistelbauer, T., Mitchum, Gary T., Mitro, Srkani, Monselesan, Didier, Montzka, Stephen A., Mora, Natalie, Morice, Colin, Morrow, Blair, Mote, T., Mudryk, L., Muehle, Jens, Mullan, A. Brett, Mueller, R., Nash, Eric R., Nerem, R. Steven, Newman, Louise, Newman, Paul A., Nieto, Juan Jose, Noetzli, Jeannette, O'Neel, S., Osborn, Tim J., Overland, J., Oyunjargal, Lamjav, Parinussa, Robert M., Park, E-hyung, Pasch, Richard J., Pascual-ramirez, Reynaldo, Paterson, Andrew M., Pearce, Petra R., Pellichero, Violaine, Pelto, Mauri S., Peng, Liang, Perkins-kirkpatrick, Sarah E., Perovich, D., Petropavlovskikh, Irina, Pezza, Alexandre B., Phillips, C., Phillips, David, Phoenix, G., Pinty, Bernard, Pitts, Michael C., Pons, M. R., Porter, Avalon O., Quintana, Juan, Rahimzadeh, Fatemeh, Rajeevan, Madhavan, Rayner, Darren, Raynolds, M. K., Razuvaev, Vyacheslav N., Read, Peter, Reagan, James, Reid, Phillip, Reimer, Christoph, Remy, Samuel, Renwick, James A., Revadekar, Jayashree V., Richter-menge, J., Rimmer, Alon, Robinson, David A., Rodell, Matthew, Rollenbeck, Ruetger, Romanovsky, Vladimir E., Ronchail, Josyane, Roquet, F., Rosenlof, Karen H., Roth, Chris, Rusak, James A., Sallee, Jean-bapiste, Sanchez-lugo, Ahira, Santee, Michelle L., Sarmiento, Jorge L., Sawaengphokhai, P., Sayouri, Amal, Scambos, Ted A., Schemm, Jae, Schladow, S. Geoffrey, Schmid, Claudia, Schmid, Martin, Schoeneich, P., Schreck, Carl J., Iii, Schuur, Ted, Selkirk, H. B., Send, Uwe, Sensoy, Serhat, Sharp, M., Shi, Lei, Shiklomanov, Nikolai I., Shimaraeva, Svetlana V., Siegel, David A., Signorini, Sergio R., Silov, Eugene, Sima, Fatou, Simmons, Adrian J., Smeed, David A., Smeets, C. J. P. P., Smith, Adam, Smith, Sharon L., Soden, B., Spence, Jaqueline M., Srivastava, A. K., Stackhouse, Paul W., Jr., Stammerjohn, Sharon, Steinbrecht, Wolfgang, Stella, Jose L., Stennett-brown, Roxann, Stephenson, Tannecia S., Strahan, Susan, Streletskiy, Dimitri A., Sun-mack, Sunny, Swart, Sebastiaan, Sweet, William, Tamar, Gerard, Taylor, Michael A., Tedesco, M., Thoman, R. L., Thompson, L., Thompson, Philip R., Timmermans, M. -l., Timofeev, Maxim A., Tirnanes, Joaquin A., Tobin, Skie, Trachte, Katja, Trewin, Blair C., Trotman, Adrian R., Tschudi, M., Tweedy, Olga, Van As, D., Van De Wal, R. S. W., Van Der Schalie, Robin, Van Der Schrier, Gerard, Van Der Werf, Guido R., Van Meerbeeck, Cedric J., Velicogna, I., Verburg, Piet, Vieira, G., Vincent, Lucie A., Voemel, Holger, Vose, Russell S., Wagner, Wolfgang, Wahlin, Anna, Walker, D. A., Walsh, J., Wang, Bin, Wang, Chunzai, Wang, Junhong, Wang, Lei, Wang, M., Wang, Sheng-hung, Wanninkhof, Rik, Watanabe, Shohei, Weber, Mark, Weller, Robert A., Weyhenmeyer, Gesa A., Whitewood, Robert, Wiese, David N., Wijffels, Susan E., Wilber, Anne C., Wild, Jeanette D., Willett, Kate M., Willie, Shem, Willis, Josh K., Wolken, G., Wong, Takmeng, Wood, E. F., Woolway, R. Iestyn, Wouters, B., Xue, Yan, Yim, So-young, Yin, Xungang, Yu, Lisan, Zambrano, Eduardo, Zhang, Huai-min, Zhang, Peiqun, Zhao, Guanguo, Zhao, Lin, Ziemke, Jerry R., and Zilberman, Nathalie

Abstract

In 2016, the dominant greenhouse gases released into Earth's atmosphere-carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide-continued to increase and reach new record highs. The 3.5 +/- 0.1 ppm rise in global annual mean carbon dioxide from 2015 to 2016 was the largest annual increase observed in the 58-year measurement record. The annual global average carbon dioxide concentration at Earth's surface surpassed 400 ppm (402.9 +/- 0.1 ppm) for the first time in the modern atmospheric measurement record and in ice core records dating back as far as 800000 years. One of the strongest El Nino events since at least 1950 dissipated in spring, and a weak La Nina evolved later in the year. Owing at least in part to the combination of El Nino conditions early in the year and a long-term upward trend, Earth's surface observed record warmth for a third consecutive year, albeit by a much slimmer margin than by which that record was set in 2015. Above Earth's surface, the annual lower troposphere temperature was record high according to all datasets analyzed, while the lower stratospheric temperature was record low according to most of the in situ and satellite datasets. Several countries, including Mexico and India, reported record high annual temperatures while many others observed near-record highs. A week-long heat wave at the end of April over the northern and eastern Indian peninsula, with temperatures surpassing 44 degrees C, contributed to a water crisis for 330 million people and to 300 fatalities. In the Arctic the 2016 land surface temperature was 2.0 degrees C above the 1981-2010 average, breaking the previous record of 2007, 2011, and 2015 by 0.8 degrees C, representing a 3.5 degrees C increase since the record began in 1900. The increasing temperatures have led to decreasing Arctic sea ice extent and thickness. On 24 March, the sea ice extent at the end of the growth season saw its lowest maximum in the 37-year satellite record, tying with 2015 at 7.2% below the 1981-2010 av

Published
2017
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39. Biomass offsets little or none of permafrost carbon release from soils, streams, and wild␣re: an expert assessment

Author

Abbott, B. W., Jones, J. B., Schuur, E. A. G., Chapin, F. S., Bowden, W. B., Bret-Harte, M. S., Epstein, H. E., Flannigan, M. D., Harms, T. K., Hollingsworth, T. N., Mack, M. C., Mcguire, A. D., Natali, S. M., Rocha, A. V., Tank, S. E., Turetsky, M. R., Vonk, J. E., Wickland, K. P., Aiken, G. R., Alexander, H. D., Amon, R. M. W., Benscoter, B. W., Bergeron, Y., Bishop, K., Blarquez, O., Bond-Lamberty, B., Breen, A. L., Buffam, I., Cai, Y. H., Christopher Carcaillet, Carey, S. K., Chen, J. M., Chen, H. Y. H., Christensen, T. R., Cooper, L. W., Cornelissen, J. H. C., Groot, W. J., Deluca, T. H., Dorrepaal, E., Fetcher, N., Finlay, J. C., Forbes, B. C., French, N. H. F., Gauthier, S., Girardin, M. P., Goetz, S. J., Goldammer, J. G., Gough, L., Grogan, P., Guo, L. D., Higuera, P. E., Hinzman, L., Hu, F. S., Hugelius, G., Jafarov, E. E., Jandt, R., Johnstone, J. F., Karlsson, J., Kasischke, E. S., Kattner, G., Kelly, R., Keuper, F., Kling, G. W., Kortelainen, P., Kouki, J., Kuhry, P., Laudon, H., Laurion, I., Macdonald, R. W., Mann, P. J., Martikainen, P. J., Mcclelland, J. W., Molau, U., Oberbauer, S. F., Olefeldt, D., Pare, D., Parisien, M. A., Payette, S., Peng, C. H., Pokrovsky, O. S., Rastetter, E. B., Raymond, P. A., Raynolds, M. K., Rein, G., Reynolds, J. F., Robards, M., Rogers, B. M., Schadel, C., Schaefer, K., Schmidt, I. K., Shvidenko, A., Sky, J., Spencer, R. G. M., Starr, G., Striegl, R. G., Teisserenc, R., Tranvik, L. J., Virtanen, T., Welker, J. M., Zimov, S., Institute of Arctic Biology and Department of Biology & Wildlife, University of Alaska [Fairbanks] (UAF), Ecosystèmes, biodiversité, évolution [Rennes] (ECOBIO), Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut Ecologie et Environnement (INEE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Rennes (OSUR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'Ecologie des Hydrosystèmes Naturels et Anthropisés (LEHNA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-École Nationale des Travaux Publics de l'État (ENTPE), McMaster University [Hamilton, Ontario], 955713, National Science Foundation, OPP-0806394, Office of Polar Programs, Future Forest (Mistra), SITES (Swedish Science Foundation), TOMCAR-Permafrost #277059, Marie Curie International Reintegration, Institute of Arctic Biology, Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut Ecologie et Environnement (INEE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Rennes (OSUR), Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Rennes 2 (UR2)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Rennes 2 (UR2)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-École Nationale des Travaux Publics de l'État (ENTPE)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Rennes (OSUR)-Institut Ecologie et Environnement (INEE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES), Earth and Climate, Systems Ecology, Amsterdam Global Change Institute, Environmental Sciences, Tarmo Virtanen / Principal Investigator, and Environmental Change Research Unit (ECRU)

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Biomass, F800, SEQUESTRATION, Permafrost, 01 natural sciences, FIRE, wildfire, Klimatforskning, Arctic, вечная мерзлота, Dissolved organic carbon, ECOSYSTEMS, SDG 13 - Climate Action, boreal, General Environmental Science, Total organic carbon, ARCTIC TUNDRA, CLIMATE-CHANGE, Carbon, Climate change, Miljövetenskap, Permafrost carbon cycle, Earth and Related Environmental Sciences, STORAGE, углеродный баланс, particulate organic carbon, Climate Research, permafrost carbon, Soil science, 010603 evolutionary biology, BOREAL FOREST, биомасса, Ecosystem, SDG 14 - Life Below Water, 1172 Environmental sciences, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, INTERIOR ALASKA, coastal erosion, Hydrology, VULNERABILITY, NITROGEN DEPOSITION, Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment, coastal erosion Supplementary material for this article is available, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Geovetenskap och miljövetenskap, 15. Life on land, dissolved organic carbon, Tundra, 13. Climate action, Soil water, Environmental science, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, Environmental Sciences
Abstract

CT3 ; EnjS4; International audience; As the permafrost region warms, its large organic carbon pool will be increasingly vulnerable to decomposition, combustion, and hydrologic export. Models predict that some portion of this release will be offset by increased production of Arctic and boreal biomass; however, the lack of robust estimates of net carbon balance increases the risk of further overshooting international emissions targets. Precise empirical or model-based assessments of the critical factors driving carbon balance are unlikely in the near future, so to address this gap, we present estimates from 98 permafrost-region experts of the response of biomass, wild␣re, and hydrologic carbon ␣ux to climate change. Results suggest that contrary to model projections, total permafrost-region biomass could decrease due to water stress and disturbance, factors that are not adequately incorporated in current models. Assessments indicate that end-of-the-century organic carbon release from Arctic rivers and collapsing coastlines could increase by 75% while carbon loss via burning could increase four-fold. Experts identi␣ed water balance, shifts in vegetation community, and permafrost degradation as the key sources of uncertainty in predicting future system response. In combination with previous ␣ndings, results suggest the permafrost region will become a carbon source to the atmosphere by 2100 regardless of warming scenario but that 65%–85% of permafrost carbon release can still be avoided if human emissions are actively reduced.

Published
2016

40. State of the Climate in 2010

Author

Achberger, Christine, Ackerman, Steven A., Ahlstrom, A., Alfaro, Eric J., Allan, Robert J., Alves, Robert J., Amador, Jorge A., Amelie, Vincent, Andrianjafinirina, Solonomenjanahary, Antonov, John, Arndt, Derek S., Ashik, Igor, Atheru, Zachary, Attaher, Samar M., Baez, Julian, Banzon, Viva, Baringer, Molly O., Barreira, Sandra, Barriopedro, David, Barthia, Pawan K., Beal, Lisa M., Becker, Andreas, Behrenfeld, Michael J., Bell, Gerald D., Belward, Alan S., Benedetti, Angela, Berrisford, Paul, Berry, David I., Beszczynska-Moeller, Agnieszka, Bhatt, Uma S., Bidegain, Mario, Bindoff, Nathaniel L., Bissolli, Peter, Blake, Eric S., Blunden, Jessica, Booneeady, Prithiviraj, Bosilovich, Michael G., Boudet, Dagne R., Box, Jason E., Boyer, Timothy P., Bromwich, David H., Brown, Ross, Bryden, Harry L., Bulygina, Olga N., Burrows, John, Butler, J., Cais, Philippe, Calderon, Blanca, Callaghan, T. V., Camargo, Suzana J., Cappelen, John, Carmack, Eddy, Chambers, Don P., Chelliah, Muthuvel, Chidichimo, Maria P., Christiansen, H., Christy, John, Coehlo, Caio A. S., Colwell, Steve, Comiso, Josefino C., Compo, Gilber P., Crouch, Jake, Cunningham, Stuart A., Cutie, Virgen C., Dai, Aiguo, Davydova-Belitskaya, Valentina, Jeu, Richard, Decker, David, Dee, Dick, Demircan, M., Derksen, Chris, Diamond, Howard J., Dlugokencky, Howard, Dohan, Kathleen, Dolman, A. Johannes, Dorigo, Wouter, Drozdov, Dmitry S., Durack, Paul J., Dutton, Geoffrey S., Easterling, David, Ebita, Ayataka, Eischeid, Jon, Elkins, James W., Epstein, Howard E., Euscategui, Christian, Faijka-Williams, Eleanor, Famiglietti, James S., Faniriantsoa, Rija, Feely, Richard A., Fekete, Balazs M., Fenimore, Chris, Fettweis, Xavier, Field, Eric, Fioletov, Vitali E., Fogarty, Vitali E., Fogt, Ryan L., Forbes, B. C., Foster, Michael J., Frajka-Williams, E., Free, Melissa, Frolov, Ivan, Ganesan, A. L., Ganter, Catherine, Gibney, Ethan J., Gill, Stephen, Gill, M., Gitau, Wilson, Gleason, Karin L., Gobron, Nadine, Goldenberg, Stanley B., Goni, Gustavo J., Gonzalez, Idelmis G., Good, Simon A., Gottschalck, Jonathan, Gould, William A., Gouveia, Celia M., Griffiths, Georgina M., Guard, Chip, Guevara, Vladimir V., Haas, C., Hall, Bradley D., Halpert, Michael S., Heidinger, Andrew K., Heil, A., Heim, Richard R., Hennon, Paula A., Henry, Greg H. R., Hidalgo, Hugo G., Hilburn, Kyle, Hirschi, Joel J. M., Ho, Shu-Peng, Hobgood, Jay S., Hoerling, Martin, Holgate, Simon, Hook, Simon J., Hugony, Sebastien, Hurst, D., Ishihara, Hiroshi, Itoh, M., Jaimes, Ena, Jeffries, Martin, Jia, Gensu J., Jin, Xiangze, John, William E., Johnson, Bryan, Johnson, Gregory C., Jones, Philip D., Jumaux, Guillaume, Kabidi, Khadija, Kaiser, Johannes W., Kanzow, Torsten O., Kaplan, Alexey, Kearns, Edward J., Keller, Linda M., Kennedy, John J., Khatiwala, Samar, Kholodov, Alexander, Khoshkam, Mahbobeh, Kikuchi, T., Kimberlain, Todd B., Knaff, John A., Kobayashi, Shinya, Kokelj, Steve V., Korshunova, Natalia N., Kratz, David P., Krishfield, Richard, Kruger, Andries, Kruk, Michael C., Kumar Arun, Lammers, Richard B., Lander, Mark A., Landsea, Chris W., Lantuit, Hugues, Lantz, Trevor C., Lapinel, Braulio P., Lareef, Zubair, Lazzara, Matthew A., Leon, Antonia L., Leon, Gloria, Lauliette, Eric, Levitus, Sydney, Levy, Joel M., L Heureux, Michelle, Lin, I. I., Liu, Hongxing, Liu, Yanju, Liu, Yi, Loeb, Norman G., Long, Craig S., Lorrey, Andrew M., Lumpkin, Rick, Luo, Jing-Jia, Lyman, John M., Macdonald, Alison M., Maddux, Brent C., Maier, Frank, Malkova, Galina, Marchenko, Sergey, Marengo, Jose A., Maritorena, Stephane, Marotzke, Jochem, Martinez Guingla, Rodney, Maslanik, Jochem, Masson, Robert A., Mcbride, Charlotte, Mcgree, Simon, Mclaughlin, Fiona, Mcpeters, Rich, Mcvicar, Tim R., Mears, Carl A., Medany, Mahmoud A., Meier, Walt, Meinen, Christopher S., Merrifield, Mark A., Miller, Laury, Mitchum, Gary T., Montzka, Steve, Morcrette, Jean-Jacques, Mote, Thomas, Muhle, Jens, Mullan, A. Brett, Murray, Don, Nash, Eric R., Nerem, Steven R., Newman, Paul A., Nishino, S., Njau, Leonard, Noetzli, J., Oberbauer, S. F., Oberman, Naum, Obregon, Andre, Ogallo, Laban, Oludhe, Christopher, O Malley, Robert T., Overland, James, Park, Geun-Ha, Parker, David E., Pasch, Richard J., Pegion, Phil, Peltier, Alexandre, Pelto, Mauri S., Penalba, Olga C., Perez, Ramon S., Perlwitz, Judith, Perovich, Donald, Peterson, Thomas C., Pezza, Alexandre B., Phillips, David, Pinzon, Jorge E., Pitts, Michael C., Proshutinsky, A., Quegan, S., Quintana, Juan, Quintero, Alexander, Rabe, B., Rahimzadeh, Fatemeh, Rajeevan, Madhavan, Rayner, Darren, Rayner, Nick A., Raynolds, Martha K., Razuvaev, Vyacheslav N., Reagan, James R., Reid, Phillip, Renwick, James A., Revadekar, Jayashree, Reynolds, Richard W., Richter-Menge, Jacqueline, Rignot, Eric, Robinson, David A., Rodell, Matthew, Rogers, Mark, Romanovsky, Vladimir, Romero-Cruz, Fernando, Ronchail, Josyane, Rosenlof, Karen, Rossi, Shawn, Rutledge, Glenn, Saatchi, Sassan, Sabine, Christopher L., Saha, Suranjana, Sanchez-Lugo, Ahira, Santee, Michelle L., Sato, Hitoshi, Sawaengphokhai, P., Sayouri, Amal, Scambos, Ted A., Schauer, U., Schemm, Jae, Schmid, Claudia, Schneider, Philipp, Schueller, Dominique, Sensoy, Serhat, Sharp, Martin, Shaver, Gus R., Shiklomanov, Alexander, Shiklomanov, N., Shimada, Koji, Siegel, David A., Simmons, Adrian, Skansi, Maria, Smith, Adam, Smith, Cathy, Smith, S., Smith, Thomas M., Sokolov, Vladimir, Spence, Jacqueline M., Srivastava, Arvind Kumar, Stackhouse, Paul W., Stammerjohn, Sharon, Steele, Mike, Steinbrecht, Wolfgang, Stephenson, Tannecia S., Stolarski, Richard S., Tahani, Lloyd, Takahashi, Taro, Taylor, Michael A., Thepaut, Jean-Noel, Thiaw, Wassila M., Thorne, Peter W., Timmermans, M. L., Tobin, Skie, Toole, John, Trewin, Blair C., Trigo, Ricardo M., Tucker, Compton J., Tweedie, Craig E., As, D., Wal, R. S. W., A, Ronald J., Werf, G. R., Vautard, Robert, Vieira, G., Vincent, Lucie A., Vinther, Lucie A., Vinther, B., Vose, Russell, Wagner, Wolfgang, Wahr, John, Walker, David A., Walsh, John, Wang, Chunzai, Wang, Junhong, Wang, Lei, Wang, Muyin, Wang, Sheng-Hung, Wanninkhof, Rik, Weaver, Scott, Webber, Patrick J., Weber, Mark, Weller, Robert A., Weyman, James, Whitewood, Robert, Wijffels, Susan E., Wilber, Anne C., Willett, Katharine M., Williams, W., Willis, Joshua K., Wolken, Gabriel, Wong, Takmeng, Woodgate, Rebecca, Woodworth, Philip, Wovrosh, Alex J., Xue, Yan, Michiyo Yamamoto-Kawai, Yin, Xungang, Yu, Lisan, Zhang, Liangying, Zhang, Peiqun, Zhao, L., Zhou, Xinjia, and Zimmermann, S.

Subjects
Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, 13. Climate action, Earth science, Environmental science, Thermal state, 14. Life underwater, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 16. Peace & justice, Permafrost, 01 natural sciences, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract

Several large-scale climate patterns influenced climate conditions and weather patterns across the globe during 2010. The transition from a warm El Niño phase at the beginning of the year to a cool La Niña phase by July contributed to many notable events, ranging from record wetness across much of Australia to historically low Eastern Pacific basin and near-record high North Atlantic basin hurricane activity. The remaining five main hurricane basins experienced below- to well-below-normal tropical cyclone activity. The negative phase of the Arctic Oscillation was a major driver of Northern Hemisphere temperature patterns during 2009/10 winter and again in late 2010. It contributed to record snowfall and unusually low temperatures over much of northern Eurasia and parts of the United States, while bringing above-normal temperatures to the high northern latitudes. The February Arctic Oscillation Index value was the most negative since records began in 1950. The 2010 average global land and ocean surface temperature was among the two warmest years on record. The Arctic continued to warm at about twice the rate of lower latitudes. The eastern and tropical Pacific Ocean cooled about 1°C from 2009 to 2010, reflecting the transition from the 2009/10 El Niño to the 2010/11 La Niña. Ocean heat fluxes contributed to warm sea surface temperature anomalies in the North Atlantic and the tropical Indian and western Pacific Oceans. Global integrals of upper ocean heat content for the past several years have reached values consistently higher than for all prior times in the record, demonstrating the dominant role of the ocean in the Earth's energy budget. Deep and abyssal waters of Antarctic origin have also trended warmer on average since the early 1990s. Lower tropospheric temperatures typically lag ENSO surface fluctuations by two to four months, thus the 2010 temperature was dominated by the warm phase El Niño conditions that occurred during the latter half of 2009 and early 2010 and was second warmest on record. The stratosphere continued to be anomalously cool. Annual global precipitation over land areas was about five percent above normal. Precipitation over the ocean was drier than normal after a wet year in 2009. Overall, saltier (higher evaporation) regions of the ocean surface continue to be anomalously salty, and fresher (higher precipitation) regions continue to be anomalously fresh. This salinity pattern, which has held since at least 2004, suggests an increase in the hydrological cycle. Sea ice conditions in the Arctic were significantly different than those in the Antarctic during the year. The annual minimum ice extent in the Arctic—reached in September—was the third lowest on record since 1979. In the Antarctic, zonally averaged sea ice extent reached an all-time record maximum from mid-June through late August and again from mid-November through early December. Corresponding record positive Southern Hemisphere Annular Mode Indices influenced the Antarctic sea ice extents. Greenland glaciers lost more mass than any other year in the decade-long record. The Greenland Ice Sheet lost a record amount of mass, as the melt rate was the highest since at least 1958, and the area and duration of the melting was greater than any year since at least 1978. High summer air temperatures and a longer melt season also caused a continued increase in the rate of ice mass loss from small glaciers and ice caps in the Canadian Arctic. Coastal sites in Alaska show continuous permafrost warming and sites in Alaska, Canada, and Russia indicate more significant warming in relatively cold permafrost than in warm permafrost in the same geographical area. With regional differences, permafrost temperatures are now up to 2°C warmer than they were 20 to 30 years ago. Preliminary data indicate there is a high probability that 2010 will be the 20th consecutive year that alpine glaciers have lost mass. Atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations continued to rise and ozone depleting substances continued to decrease. Carbon dioxide increased by 2.60 ppm in 2010, a rate above both the 2009 and the 1980–2010 average rates. The global ocean carbon dioxide uptake for the 2009 transition period from La Niña to El Niño conditions, the most recent period for which analyzed data are available, is estimated to be similar to the long-term average. The 2010 Antarctic ozone hole was among the lowest 20% compared with other years since 1990, a result of warmer-than-average temperatures in the Antarctic stratosphere during austral winter between mid-July and early September.

Published
2011
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42. America's 30 richest own $3.68 billion.

Author

Forbes, B. C.

Subjects
RICH people
Abstract

The article offers information on the top 30 richest people in the U.S. whose total assets are valued at 3.68 billion dollars in 1983. Topics discussed include the fortune of oil magnate John D. Rockefeller, names of the three wealthiest women on the list and the second place ranking of industrialist H.C. Frick. Also mentioned is the 85 million dollar inheritance of Standard Oil stockholder Edward S. Harkness.

Published
1983

43. They All Knew He Would Reach the Top.

Author

Forbes, B. C.

Subjects
CORPORATE presidents, PETROLEUM industry
Abstract

The article profiles William Alton Jones, president of the petroleum company Cities Service Co. in 1940. Company founder Henry L. Doherty reveals that he had selected Jones as his most likely replacement. Jones has served as chairman of the executive committee of Henry L. Doherty & Co., as the first vice president of Cities Service and as director of various affiliated companies of the Doherty business. He was born in Missouri in 1891 and worked as a janitor, farmhand and a grocery store clerk.

Published
1940

44. Keller of Chrysler Motors.

Author

FORBES, B. C.

Subjects
EMPLOYEE recruitment, PERSONNEL management, MANAGEMENT, EMPLOYEES
Abstract

The article presents the second half of a biography of U.S. automobile producer General Motors' former executive K. T. Keller and his work for car manufacturer Chrysler Corporation. Topics include Keller's appointment as vice-president of Chrysler by its founder Walter P. Chrysler in 1926, his personnel management philosophy, and his choice of workers. Special attention is paid to Keller's organization of Chrysler's financial budget.

Published
1939

45. Zemurray Steers A Memorable Comeback.

Author

Forbes, B. C.

Subjects
CORPORATE turnarounds, FRUIT industry, CORPORATIONS, CORPORATE finance, EXECUTIVES
Abstract

The article focuses on Samuel Zemurray, head of the United Fruit Company. According to the author, before Zemurray took over the company, the shares of United Fruit had dropped to within a fraction of 10 U.S. dollars while earnings declined to 51 cents for six months. The author adds that under Zemurray's management, United Fruit Company entered 1938 with about 45 million U.S. dollars in cash and U.S. government securities.

Published
1938

46. Dave Wilson: Auto Miracle-Worker.

Author

Forbes, B. C.

Subjects
SALES personnel, AUTOMOBILE engine cylinders, SOCIAL background, CORPORATE turnarounds
Abstract

The article presents a biography of David R. Wilson, a salesman of cylinders for automobiles. Information is provided on the family background of Wilson and the various odd jobs he has taken as a young boy before trying his hand at selling. It offers information on how Wilson came to be the sole supplier of cylinders for automobile manufacturer Willys-Overland Co. in 1936, helping the company on the brink of bankruptcy back on a sound basis.

Published
1938

47. FACT AND COMMENT.

Author

Forbes, B. C.

Subjects
ECONOMIC conditions in Great Britain -- 1918-1945, BRITISH politics & government, 1936-1945, LEADERSHIP, STOCKS (Finance), PRICE inflation
Abstract

The author comments on economic and political issues in Great Britain as of Septmeber 15, 1937. He supports the attitude of some leaders of issuing cautionary statements against overbuilding at current inflated costs. He finds it logical that a skeptical attitude towards most foreign stocks be adopted.

Published
1937

48. B. C. FORBES SAYS: Foundations for Prosperity Strengthened During 1936.

Author

FORBES, B. C.

Subjects
BUSINESS forecasting, POLITICAL forecasting, EMPLOYMENT reentry, STOCK exchanges, HOUSING
Abstract

In this article, the author provides predictions for financial and political scenario in the U.S. in 1937. Topics discussed include moderate expansion in re-employment, very substantial progress in all fields despite heavy government finances and a chart depicting stock exchange figures. Other topics include endorsement of President Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal policies and housing requirement figures as per the National Association of Manufacturers.

Published
1936

49. Business Leaders Tell Where U. S. Should Now Go.

Author

FORBES, B. C.

Subjects
UNITED States economy, 1918-1945, ECONOMIC recovery
Abstract

The article presents comments from American businessmen on the topic concerning the path to economic recovery that the U.S. should take under the administration of U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt as of August 1935. Among these businessmen include Alfred P. Sloan, president of General Motors Corp., Fred W. Sargent, president of Chicago and Northwestern Railway Co. and E. T. Weir, chairman of National Steel Corp.

Published
1935

50. FACT AND COMMENT.

Author

Forbes, B. C.

Subjects
LEGISLATIVE amendments, LEGISLATIVE bills, BUSINESSPEOPLE, PUBLIC utility holding companies
Abstract

This section provides information and commentaries regarding socio-economic and political issues affecting the U.S. as of May 1935. It supports the vote of the House of Representatives to defeat the Townsend Plan and turned down other demagogic amendments to the Administration's Social Security Bill. It also comments on the need for business leaders to heed public sentiments, the administration's policy towards public utility holding companies, and recasting the National Recovery Act (NRA).

Published
1935

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