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A number of recent criticisms relating to education for library and information work are discussed. These criticisms are interpreted as centring on the level of "meaningfulness" of such education, in terms of deep critical understanding; relevance of content to working practice; and development of personal qualities additional to narrower "tradition" academic abilities. The author argues that despite the need for strong programmes of post-qualification study, and improved interaction between teachers, researchers and practitioners, a high value must be placed on good quality initial full-time education. [To mark the 25th Anniversary edition of "Education for Information", editors re-visited articles published in the inaugural issue "to look again at them through the telescopic lens of a quarter century and to ponder how much has changed and how much has remained constant in educational issues relating to information studies." This article is a reprint of EJ312275.]

Steve Kanters,1,3 Margaret Nansubuga,2 Daniel Mwehire,2 Mary Odiit,2 Margaret Kasirye,2 William Musoke,2 Eric Druyts,3 Sanni Yaya,3 Anna Funk,3 Nathan Ford,4,5 Edward J Mills3,61Faculty of Health Science, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada, 2Mildmay Uganda, Kampala, Uganda; 3Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada; 4Médecins Sans Frontières, Geneva, Switzerland; 5Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Research, University of Cape Town, South Africa; 6Stanford Prevention Research Center, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USABackground: We aimed to assess the relationship between gender and survival among adult patients newly enrolled on antiretroviral therapy (ART) in Uganda. We also specifically examined the role of antenatal services in favoring women's access to HIV care.Methods: From an observational cohort study, we assessed survival and used logistic regression and differences in means to compare men and women who did not access care through antenatal services. Differences were assessed on measures of disease progression (WHO stage and CD4 count) and demographic (age, marital status, and education), behavioral (sexual activity, disclosure to partner, and testing), and clinical variables (hepatitis B and C, syphilis, malaria, and anemia). A mediational analysis that considered gender as the initial variable, time to death as the outcome, initial CD4 count as the mediator, and age as a covariate was performed using an accelerated failure time model with a Weibull distribution.Results: Between 2004 and 2011, a total of 4775 patients initiated ART, and after exclusions 4537 (93.2%) were included in analysis. Men initiating ART were more likely to have a WHO disease stage III or IV (odds ratio: 1.46, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.29–1.66), and lower CD4 cell counts compared to women (median baseline CD4 124 cells/mm3, interquartile range [IQR]: 43–205 versus 147 cells/mm3, IQR: 68–212, P-value < 0.0001). Men were at an increased risk of death compared to women (hazard ratio: 1.38, 95% CI: 1.03–1.83). Baseline CD4 cell counts accounted for 43% of the increased risk of death in men (95% CI: 22%–113%). Access to care via antenatal services did not explain differences in outcomes.Conclusion: In this cohort there is a marked increase in risk of mortality for men and approximately half of it can be attributed to their later engagement in care. More effort is required to engage men in care in a timely manner.Keywords: HIV, antiretroviral therapy, gender, Uganda, antenatal care, mortality

Janice Soo Fern Lee1, Alexandra Calmy1,2, Isabelle Andrieux-Meyer1, Nathan Ford1,31Médecins Sans Frontières, 2HIV/AIDS Unit, Infectious Disease Service, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland; 3Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Research, University of Cape Town, South AfricaAbstract: Integrase inhibitors represent an important new class of antiretroviral drugs. Elvitegravir, the second available integrase inhibitor to be submitted for regulatory approval appears to be a promising once-daily agent when combined with other antiretroviral drugs. Elvitegravir has demonstrated good efficacy and safety, with minimal side effects and no specific requirements in terms of laboratory monitoring. In addition, elvitegravir is available as a fixed-dose combination. However, the drug requires boosting and this leads to a number of drug–drug interactions and necessary dose adjustment when dosing with certain drugs, including dose reduction in the presence of atazanavir, lopinavir, rifabutin, and ketoconazole, and dose increase for ethinyl estradiol when co-administered with boosted elvitegravir. The main advantage of elvitegravir lies in its potential to be administered as a once-daily, single pill. Limitations include dose adjustment requirements, a relatively low genetic barrier to resistance, high price, and lack of data for use in children. Clinical trials addressing specific challenges encountered in resources-limited settings should be encouraged.Keywords: elvitegravir, efficacy, safety, resistance, resource-limited settings

Nathan Ford1,2, Janice Lee1, Isabelle Andrieux-Meyer1, Alexandra Calmy1,31Médecins Sans Frontières, Geneva, Switzerland; 2Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Research, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; 3Service of Infectious Diseases, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, SwitzerlandAbstract: The vast majority of people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immune deficiency syndrome reside in the developing world, in settings characterized by limited health budgets, critical shortages of doctors, limited laboratory monitoring, a substantial burden of HIV in children, and high rates of coinfection, in particular tuberculosis. Therefore, the extent to which new antiretrovirals will contribute to improvements in the management of HIV globally will depend to a large extent on their affordability, ease of use, low toxicity profile, availability as pediatric formulations, and compatibility with tuberculosis and other common drugs. We undertook a systematic review of the available evidence regarding drug interactions, and the efficacy and safety of rilpivirine (also known as TMC-278), and assessed our findings in view of the needs and constraints of resource-limited settings. The main pharmacokinetic interactions relevant to HIV management reported to date include reduced bioavailability of rilpivirine when coadministered with rifampicin, rifabutin or acid suppressing agents, and reduced bioavailability of ketoconazole. Potential recommendations for dose adjustment to compensate for these interactions have not been elaborated. Trials comparing rilpivirine and efavirenz found similar outcomes up to 96 weeks in intent-to-treat analysis; failure of rilpivirine was mainly virological, whereas failure among those exposed to efavirenz was mainly related to the occurrence of adverse events. Around half of the patients who fail rilpivirine develop non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor resistance mutations. The incidence of Grade 2–4 events was lower for rilpivirine compared with efavirenz. Grade 3–4 adverse events potentially related to the drugs were infrequent and statistically similar for both drugs. No dose-response relationship was observed for efficacy or safety, and the lowest dose (25 mg) was selected for further clinical development. The potential low cost and dose of the active pharmaceutical ingredient means that rilpivirine can potentially be manufactured at a low price. Moreover, its long half-life suggests the potential for monthly dosing via nonoral routes, with promising early results from studies of a long-acting injectable formulation. These characteristics make rilpivirine an attractive drug for resource-limited settings. Future research should assess the potential to improve robustness and assess the clinical significance of interaction with antituberculosis drugs.Keywords: rilpivirine, TMC-278, efficacy, pharmacology, safety

Examines how readers react to a journalist's ethnicity. Finds that (1) a Hispanic author was highly likely to be associated in readers' minds with a glowing article about Hispanics but was unlikely to be credited with authorship of a positive article about Anglos; and (2) the Hispanic author was evaluated no differently than was the Anglo-American author of comparable skill. (SR)

Examines the effects of gender on news article evaluation. Finds that college students judge stories similarly regardless of whether the byline is male or female. Finds that bylines of unclear gender tend to be evaluated somewhat lower. Finds that unsophisticated news readers tend to evaluate women higher on trustworthiness, writing style, and accuracy. (RS)

Problem In Cambodia, care for people with HIM/AIDS (prevalence 1.9%) is expanding, but care for people with type II diabetes (prevalence 5-10%), arterial hypertension and other treatable chronic diseases remains very limited. Approach We describe the experience and outcomes of offering integrated care for HIM/AIDS, diabetes and hypertension within the setting of chronic disease clinics. Local setting Chronic disease clinics were set up in the provincial referral hospitals of Siem Reap and Takeo, 2 provincial capitals in Cambodia. Relevant changes At 24 months of care, 87.7% of all HIM/AIDS patients were alive and in active follow-up. For diabetes patients, this proportion was 71%. Of the HIM/AIDS patients, 9.3% had died and 3% were lost to follow-up, while for diabetes this included 3 (0.1%) deaths and 28.9% lost to follow-up. Of all diabetes patients who stayed more than 3 months in the cohort, 90% were still in follow-up at 24 months. Lessons learned Over the first three years, the chronic disease clinics have demonstrated the feasibility of integrating care for HIM/AIDS with non-communicable chronic diseases in Cambodia. Adherence support strategies proved to be complementary, resulting in good outcomes. Services were well accepted by patients, and this has had a positive effect on HIM/AIDS- related stigma. This experience shows how care for HIM/AIDS patients can act as an impetus to tackle other common chronic diseases. Resume Problematique Au Cambodge, l&apos;offre de soins a l&apos;intention des personnes vivant avec le VIH/sida (prevalence : 1,9 %) est en developpement, mais pour les personnes atteintes de diabetes de type II (prevalence 5 a 10 %), d&apos;une hypertension arterielle ou d&apos;une autre maladie chronique pouvant etre traitee, elle reste tres limitee. Demarche Nous decrivons l&apos;experience et les resultats obtenus avec une offre de soins integree a l&apos;intention des personnes vivant avec le VIH/sida, un diabete ou une hypertension, dans le cadre de dispensaires specialises dans les maladies chroniques. Contexte local Des dispensaires specialises dans les maladies chroniques ont ete mis en place dans les hopitaux specialises de Siem Reap et Takeo, deux capitales provinciales du Cambodge. Modifications pertinentes Au bout de 24 mois de soins, sur l&apos;ensemble des patients vivant avec le VIH/sida, 87,7 % etaient encore vivants et faisaient l&apos;objet d&apos;un suivi actif. S&apos;agissant des patients diabetiques, cette proportion etait de 71%. Parmi les patients contamines par le VIH, 9,3 % etaient morts et 3 % etaient perdus de vue, tandis que parmi les diabetiques, on enregistrait 3 deces (0,1%) et une proportion de 28,9 % de perdus de vue. Parmi l&apos;ensemble des patients diabetiques restes plus de 3 mois dans la cohorte, 90 % etaient encore suivis au bout de 24 mois. Enseignements tires Sur les trois premieres annees, les dispensaires specialises dans les maladies chroniques ont prouve la faisabilite d&apos;une offre de soins integree pour les personnes vivant avec le VIH/sida et atteintes d&apos;une maladie chronique non transmissible au Cambodge. La complementarite des strategies d&apos;aide a l&apos;observance a egalement ete demontree, d&apos;ou l&apos;obtention de bons resultats. Ces services sont bien acceptes par ces patients, ce qui a un effet positif sur la stigmatisation dont ils souffrent. Cette experience montre a quel point la prise en charge des personnes vivant avec le VIH/sida peuvent donner une impulsion a celle d&apos;autres maladies chroniques courantes. Une traduction en francais de ce resume figure a la fin de l&apos;article. Resumen Problema En Camboya se esta extendiendo masivamente la atencion a las personas con infeccion por VIH/SIDA (prevalencia del 1,9%), pero la atencion a las personas con diabetes de tipo 2 (prevalencia: 5%-10%), hipertension arterial y otras enfermedades cronicas tratables sigue siendo muy limitada. Enfoque Describimos la experiencia y los resultados de la oferta de atencion integrada para la infeccion por VIH/SIDA, la diabetes y la hipertension en el entorno de los dispensarios de enfermedades cronicas. Contexto local Se establecieron dispensarios de enfermedades cronicas en los hospitales de referencia provinciales de Siem Reap y Takeo, dos capitales de provincia de Camboya. Cambios destacables Tras 24 meses de aplicacion de ese regimen de atencion, el 87,7% de todos los pacientes con VIH/ SIDA permanecian con vida y sometidos a seguimiento activo. Entre los pacientes con diabetes esa proporcion era del 71%. De los pacientes con VIH/SIDA, el 9,3% habian muerto y un 3% se habian perdido en el seguimiento, mientras que las cifras para la diabetes fueron de 3 (0,1%) defunciones y un 28,9% perdidos en el seguimiento. De todos los pacientes con diabetes que permanecieron mas de 3 meses en la cohorte, el 90% se encontraban aun sometidos a seguimiento a los 24 meses. Ensenianzas extraidas Durante los tres primeros anos, los dispensarios de enfermedades cronicas han demostrado la viabilidad de la integracion de la atencion contra el VIH/SIDA y la proporcionada contra las enfermedades cronicas no transmisibles en Camboya. Las estrategias de apoyo a la observancia tuvieron un efecto complementario, lo que se tradujo en buenos resultados. Los servicios fueron bien aceptados por los pacientes, y eso tuvo un efecto positivo en la estigmatizacion relacionada con el VIH/ SIDA. Esta experiencia demuestra que la atencion a los pacientes con VIH/SIDA puede ser un estimulo para hacer frente a otras enfermedades cronicas comunes. Al final del articulo se facilita una traduccion al espanol. [TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII.], Introduction At the end of 2004, there were an estimated 100 000 people living with HIV/ AIDS in Cambodia, of whom approximately 25 000 were estimated to urgently require care [...]

Household sector plays a major role in energy use. For this purpose, the conceptual divide between energy saving behaviors in the home, related to habitual and personal action to conserve energy is examined. These conclusions assist policy makers who are seeking to encourage energy conservation practices, according to the Devon study.